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Hebenstreit M, Jozsa R, Kraus B, Strelchuk S, Yoganathan M. All Pure Fermionic Non-Gaussian States Are Magic States for Matchgate Computations. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 123:080503. [PMID: 31491201 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.080503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Magic states were introduced in the context of Clifford circuits as a resource that elevates classically simulatable computations to quantum universal capability, while maintaining the same gate set. Here we study magic states in the context of matchgate (MG) circuits, where the notion becomes more subtle, as MGs are subject to locality constraints. Nevertheless a similar picture of gate-gadget constructions applies, and we show that every pure fermionic state which is non-Gaussian, i.e., which cannot be generated by MGs from a computational basis state, is a magic state for MG computations. This result has significance for prospective quantum computing implementation in view of the fact that MG circuit evolutions coincide with the quantum physical evolution of noninteracting fermions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hebenstreit
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 21A, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - R Jozsa
- DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
| | - B Kraus
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 21A, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S Strelchuk
- DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
| | - M Yoganathan
- DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
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Jull J, Whitehead M, Petticrew M, Kristjansson E, Gough D, Petkovic J, Volmink J, Weijer C, Taljaard M, Edwards S, Mbuagbaw L, Cookson R, McGowan J, Lyddiatt A, Boyer Y, Cuervo LG, Armstrong R, White H, Yoganathan M, Pantoja T, Shea B, Pottie K, Norheim O, Baird S, Robberstad B, Sommerfelt H, Asada Y, Wells G, Tugwell P, Welch V. When is a randomised controlled trial health equity relevant? Development and validation of a conceptual framework. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e015815. [PMID: 28951402 PMCID: PMC5623521 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Randomised controlled trials can provide evidence relevant to assessing the equity impact of an intervention, but such information is often poorly reported. We describe a conceptual framework to identify health equity-relevant randomised trials with the aim of improving the design and reporting of such trials. METHODS An interdisciplinary and international research team engaged in an iterative consensus building process to develop and refine the conceptual framework via face-to-face meetings, teleconferences and email correspondence, including findings from a validation exercise whereby two independent reviewers used the emerging framework to classify a sample of randomised trials. RESULTS A randomised trial can usefully be classified as 'health equity relevant' if it assesses the effects of an intervention on the health or its determinants of either individuals or a population who experience ill health due to disadvantage defined across one or more social determinants of health. Health equity-relevant randomised trials can either exclusively focus on a single population or collect data potentially useful for assessing differential effects of the intervention across multiple populations experiencing different levels or types of social disadvantage. Trials that are not classified as 'health equity relevant' may nevertheless provide information that is indirectly relevant to assessing equity impact, including information about individual level variation unrelated to social disadvantage and potentially useful in secondary modelling studies. CONCLUSION The conceptual framework may be used to design and report randomised trials. The framework could also be used for other study designs to contribute to the evidence base for improved health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jull
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Whitehead
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - M Petticrew
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - E Kristjansson
- Centre for Research on Educational and Community Services, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Gough
- Department of Social Science, Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-ordinating Centre, Social Science Research Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - J Petkovic
- Bruyère Continuing Care, Bruyère Research Institute, Elisabeth Bruyere Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Volmink
- The South African Cochrane Center, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - C Weijer
- Rotman Institute of Philosophy, University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Taljaard
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Edwards
- Research Ethics and Governance, University College London, London, UK
| | - L Mbuagbaw
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Biostatistics Unit, Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Centre, St Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Cookson
- Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK
| | - J McGowan
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Lyddiatt
- Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group, Ontario, Canada
| | - Y Boyer
- Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada
| | - L G Cuervo
- Office of Knowledge Management, Bioethics and Research, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - R Armstrong
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - H White
- Campbell Collaboration, New Delhi, India
| | - M Yoganathan
- Bruyère Continuing Care, Bruyère Research Institute, Elisabeth Bruyere Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - T Pantoja
- Department of Family Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - B Shea
- Bruyère Continuing Care, Bruyère Research Institute, Elisabeth Bruyere Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - O Norheim
- Centre for Intervention Science in Matnernal and Child Health (CISMAC), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - S Baird
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - B Robberstad
- Centre for Intervention Science in Matnernal and Child Health (CISMAC), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - H Sommerfelt
- Centre for Intervention Science in Matnernal and Child Health (CISMAC), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Y Asada
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - G Wells
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - P Tugwell
- Bruyère Continuing Care, Bruyère Research Institute, Elisabeth Bruyere Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - V Welch
- Bruyère Continuing Care, Bruyère Research Institute, Elisabeth Bruyere Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Welch V, Doull M, Yoganathan M, Jull J, Boscoe M, Coen SE, Marshall Z, Pardo JP, Pederson A, Petkovic J, Puil L, Quinlan L, Shea B, Rader T, Runnels V, Tudiver S. Reporting of sex and gender in randomized controlled trials in Canada: a cross-sectional methods study. Res Integr Peer Rev 2017; 2:15. [PMID: 29451565 PMCID: PMC5803639 DOI: 10.1186/s41073-017-0039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate reporting on sex and gender in health research is integral to ensuring that health interventions are safe and effective. In Canada and internationally, governments, research organizations, journal editors, and health agencies have called for more inclusive research, provision of sex-disaggregated data, and the integration of sex and gender analysis throughout the research process. Sex and gender analysis is generally defined as an approach for considering how and why different subpopulations (e.g., of diverse genders, ages, and social locations) may experience health conditions and interventions in different or similar ways.The objective of this study was to assess the extent and nature of reporting about sex and/or gender, including whether sex and gender analysis (SGA) was carried out in a sample of Canadian randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with human participants. METHODS We searched MEDLINE from 01 January 2013 to 23 July 2014 using a validated filter for identification of RCTs, combined with terms related to Canada. Two reviewers screened the search results to identify the first 100 RCTs that were either identified in the trial publication as funded by a Canadian organization or which had a first or last author based in Canada. Data were independently extracted by two people from 10% of the RCTs during an initial training period; once agreement was reached on this sample, the remainder of the data extraction was completed by one person and verified by a second. RESULTS The search yielded 1433 records. We screened 256 records to identify 100 RCTs which met our eligibility criteria. The median sample size of the RCTs was 107 participants (range 12-6085). While 98% of studies described the demographic composition of their participants by sex, only 6% conducted a subgroup analysis across sex and 4% reported sex-disaggregated data. No article defined "sex" and/or "gender." No publication carried out a comprehensive sex and gender analysis. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight poor uptake of sex and gender considerations in the Canadian RCT context and underscore the need for better articulated guidance on sex and gender analysis to improve reporting of evidence, inform policy development, and guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Welch
- Bruyère Research Institute, Bruyère Continuing Care, 304b-85 Primrose Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1R 6 M1 Canada
- University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - M. Doull
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, T223-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5 Canada
| | - M. Yoganathan
- Bruyère Research Institute, Bruyère Continuing Care, 304b-85 Primrose Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1R 6 M1 Canada
| | - J. Jull
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
| | - M. Boscoe
- Research Sex/gender, Health Equity, Primary Care Consultant, 906 Bowron Court, North Vancouver, BC V7H 2S7 Canada
| | - S. E. Coen
- Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s University, Mackintosh-Corry Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3 N6 Canada
| | - Z. Marshall
- Renison University College, University of Waterloo, 240 Westmount Road North, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G4 Canada
| | - J. Pardo Pardo
- Cochrane Musculoskeletal, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, General Campus, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6 Canada
| | - A. Pederson
- B.C. Women’s Hospital + Health Centre, E305, 4500 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3E1 Canada
| | - J. Petkovic
- Bruyère Research Institute, Bruyère Continuing Care, 304b-85 Primrose Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1R 6 M1 Canada
- University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - L. Puil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - L. Quinlan
- Bruyère Research Institute, Bruyère Continuing Care, 304b-85 Primrose Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1R 6 M1 Canada
| | - B. Shea
- Bruyère Research Institute, Bruyère Continuing Care, 304b-85 Primrose Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1R 6 M1 Canada
- University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - T. Rader
- Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technology in Health, 865 Carling Ave, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
| | - V. Runnels
- Globalization and Health Equity Research Unit, School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, 850 Peter Morand Crescent, Ottawa, Ontario K1G 5Z3 Canada
| | - S. Tudiver
- Gender and Health Consultant, 161 Northwestern Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 0 M1 Canada
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