Angiogenic Potential of Various Oral Cavity-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Cell-Derived Secretome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Recent evidence suggests the immense potential of human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) secretome conditioned medium-mediated augmentation of angiogenesis. However, angiogenesis potential varies from source and origin. The hMSCs derived from the oral cavity share an exceptional quality due to their origin from a hypoxic environment. Our systematic review aimed to compare the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from various oral cavity sources and cell-derived secretomes, and evaluate their angiogenic potential. A literature search was conducted using PubMed and Scopus from January 2000 to September 2020. Source-wise outcomes were systematically analyzed using in vitro, in vivo, and in ovo studies, emphasizing endothelial cell migration, tube formation, and blood vessel formation. Ninety-four studies were included in the systematic review, out of which 4 studies were subsequently included in the meta-analysis. Prominent growth factors and other bioactive components implicated in improving angiogenesis were included in the respective studies. The findings suggest that oral tissues are a rich source of hMSCs. The meta-analysis revealed a positive correlation between dental pulp-derived MSCs (DPMSCs) and stem cells derived from apical papilla (SCAP) compared to human umbilical cord-derived endothelial cell lines as a control. It shows a statistically significant positive correlation between the co-culture of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and DPMSCs with tubule length formation and total branching points. Our meta-analysis revealed that oral-derived MSCs (dental pulp stem cells and SCAP) carry a better angiogenic potential in vitro than endothelial cell lines alone. The reviewed literature illustrates that oral cavity-derived MSCs (OC-MSCs) increased angiogenesis. The present literature reveals a dearth of investigations involving sources other than dental pulp. Even though OC-MSCs have revealed more significant potential than other MSCs, more comprehensive, target-oriented interinstitutional prospective studies are warranted to determine whether oral cavity-derived stem cells are the most excellent sources of significant angiogenic potential.

Narrative Review of Anti-CD3 Antibody and Anti-CD20 Antibody: Immunotherapeutic Strategies to Treat and Prevent Type 1 Diabetes

Background and Objective:

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a complex disease defined by the loss of pancreatic cells, which leads to complete insulin insufficiency. The Diabetes Control and Problems Trial defines the aims of Type 1 diabetes therapy as achieving adequate glycaemic control, and preventing and avoiding recurrent bouts of hypoglycaemia. Despite ongoing efforts to improve insulin therapy regimens, the actual hormone substitute therapy treats just the symptoms of the disease, with no influence on disease pathology or etiopathogenesis. In recent decades, there has been a lot of interest in preventative techniques in high-risk patients, based on the theory that if a therapeutic intervention is adopted early in the disease, it can help maintain endogenous cell function by protecting the remaining cell reservoir from autoimmune attack.

Methods:

Based on preclinical and clinical data, we have discussed some immunotherapeutic in this meta-analysis. We referred to the preclinical and clinical studies for teplizumab and rituximab from authentic databases and compiled the data. We used statistical analysis to do a meta-analysis.

Results:

In two immunotherapeutic anti-CD3 antibodies and anti-CD20 antibodies examples, teplizumab and rituximab, respectively, shows better efficacy as well as fewer side effects. We have discussed this drug briefly based on their mechanism of action and meta-analysis, which compare clinical efficacy.

Conclusion:

Immunotherapeutic can be a better option for preventing and protecting type one diabetes. Since, the existing literature does not have enough data to support any single drug concluding the same will not be appropriate. Hence further studies are required wherein different drugs can be compared with similar sample sizes for each group of drugs.

Insulin-producing cell clusters derived from human gingival mesenchymal stem cells as a model for diabetes research

BACKGROUND

The human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hGMSCs) possess a great potential to develop the cell-based therapy for diabetes due to its unscarred healing capacity and reparative potential. In this current study, we isolated, cultured and characterised the GMSCs and explored their potential to differentiate into Insulin Producing Cell Clusters (IPCCs).

METHODS

The cells derived from gingival tissues exhibited fibroblast-like morphology. The flow cytometric analysis revealed positive expression of CD73(97.43%), CD90(95.05%), and CD105(93.17%) and negative expression of CD34(0.05%), CD45(0.09%), and HLA-DR (0.025) surface markers. We then converted this adherent fibroblast-like GMSCs into floating IPCCs using a sequential three-step protocol containing a different combination of differentiating agents. Initially, the presence of insulin in IPCCs was confirmed by dithizone staining. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) assay confirmed that IPCCs secrete insulin in response to glucose.

RESULTS

Generated IPCCs express pancreatic markers such as insulin, pdx1, glucagon, GLUT4 and GLUT2 as evidenced by RT-PCR analysis. Our results unequivocally showed that IPCCs can be generated from gingiva which is a potential source of postnatal MSCs. Our results offer the IPCCs generated from hGMSCs a platform for screening anti-diabetic drugs and a new autologous source of tissue for islet transplantation for the treatment of diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results unequivocally demonstrate for the first time that hGMSCs can be used as an attractive non-invasive tissue source for generating IPCCs, which can be employed in diabetes research for screening antidiabetic agents and also for transplantation in type 1 diabetic patients as autologous source without the need of immunosuppression.

The marriage between nanotechnology and stem cells secretome for COPD

Abstract:

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a disorder characterized by narrow alveoli as a result of emphysema. As such, there is no treatment to cure this disorder completely, and existing drugs only delay the progression of the disease. In recent years, the stem cell secretome as a drug is remarkably used as a regenerative therapy. In particular, cell-free therapy approaches offer great opportunities for the treatment of COPD. However, a few issues such as the delivery of stem cell secretome as a drug to the alveolar region have obstructed their application in clinical scales. To address these challenges, a combination of stem-cells secretome as a drug with nanotechnology could be a smart solution. We suggest that the combinational approach of delivering nanoparticles loaded with stem cell secretome could be a translational medicine approach for the successful outcome of COPD.

Oral candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy

Human immunodeficiency virus has plagued mankind since the 1980's when the first case was documented. Human immunodeficiency virus-induced immunocompromised state can lead to several systemic and local manifestations, which often culminates in mortality. Oral candidiasis was one of the most prevalent opportunistic infections noted in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. The advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy has led to a significant reduction in both the mortality and the morbidity of infected patients. The combined antiretroviral therapy has also led to a decrease in the incidence of opportunistic infections including oral candidiasis. Thus, the presence of well-established oral candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy could be considered as an indicator of potential treatment failure. The present manuscript aims to review the published literature assessing the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the incidence of oral candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.