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Jerabek T, Burkhart M, Goetz S, Greck B, Menthe A, Neef R, Otte K. Inefficient transcription is a production bottleneck for artificial therapeutic BiTE® proteins. N Biotechnol 2024; 79:91-99. [PMID: 38154615 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies are potent biopharmaceuticals used to treat severe diseases, including cancers. During the past decade, more complex modalities have been developed including bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE®) molecules, e.g. by Amgen. However, non-natural and complex molecule formats often prove to be difficult-to-express (DTE), which is the case for BiTE® molecules. Due to the growing importance of multispecific modalities such as half-life extended (HLE) BiTE® and HLE dual-targeting bispecific T-cell engager (dBiTE) molecules, this artificial class of therapeutic proteins was investigated for molecular bottlenecks in stable production cell lines, by analyzing all relevant steps of recombinant protein production. As a result, drastically reduced intracellular BiTE® molecule-encoding mRNA levels were identified as a potential production bottleneck. Using in vitro transcription (IVT), the transcription rate of the BiTE® molecule-encoding mRNA was identified as the root cause for reduced amounts of intracellular mRNA. In an attempt to improve the transcription rate of a BiTE® molecule, it could be demonstrated that the artificial and special structure of the BiTE® molecule was not the rate limiting step for reduced IVT rate. However, modulation of the primary DNA sequence led to significant improvement of IVT rate. The analyses presented provide insight into the HLE BiTE® / HLE d(BiTE®) class of DTE proteins and perhaps into other classes of DTE proteins, and therefore may lead to identification of further production bottlenecks and optimization strategies to overcome manufacturability challenges associated with various complex therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Jerabek
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Str. 35, 88400 Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
| | - Madina Burkhart
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Str. 35, 88400 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Selina Goetz
- Process Development, Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Staffelseestraße 2, 81477 Munich, Germany
| | - Benedikt Greck
- Process Development, Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Staffelseestraße 2, 81477 Munich, Germany
| | - Anika Menthe
- Process Development, Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Staffelseestraße 2, 81477 Munich, Germany
| | - Ruediger Neef
- Process Development, Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Staffelseestraße 2, 81477 Munich, Germany
| | - Kerstin Otte
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Str. 35, 88400 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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Klingler F, Naumann L, Schlossbauer P, Dreyer L, Burkhart M, Handrick R, Junker HD, Hesse F, Neusüß C, Otte K. A novel system for glycosylation engineering by natural and artificial miRNAs. Metab Eng 2023; 77:53-63. [PMID: 36906118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation is a crucial post-translational modification of many biopharmaceuticals, including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), capable of modifying their biological effect in patients and thus considered as a critical quality attribute (CQA). However, expression of desired and consistent glycosylation patterns remains a constant challenge for the biopharmaceutical industry and constitutes the need for tools to engineer glycosylation. Small non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) are known regulators of entire gene networks and have therefore the potential of being used as tools for modulation of glycosylation pathways and for glycoengineering. Here, we demonstrate that novel identified natural miRNAs are capable of altering N-linked glycosylation patterns on mAbs expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. We established a workflow for a functional high-throughput screening of a complete miRNA mimic library and identified 82 miRNA sequences affecting various moieties including galactosylation, sialylation, and α-1,6 linked core-fucosylation, an important glycan feature influencing antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC). Subsequent validation shed light on the intra-cellular mode of action and the impact on the cellular fucosylation pathway of miRNAs reducing core-fucosylation. While multiplex approaches increased phenotypic effects on the glycan structure, a synthetic biology approach utilizing rational design of artificial miRNAs further enhanced the potential of miRNAs as novel, versatile and tune-able tools for engineering of N-linked glycosylation pathways and expressed glycosylation patterns towards favourable phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Klingler
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Str. 35, 88400, Biberach, Germany.
| | - Lukas Naumann
- Department of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstraße 1, 73430, Aalen, Germany
| | - Patrick Schlossbauer
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Str. 35, 88400, Biberach, Germany
| | - Leonard Dreyer
- Department of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstraße 1, 73430, Aalen, Germany
| | - Madina Burkhart
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Str. 35, 88400, Biberach, Germany
| | - René Handrick
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Str. 35, 88400, Biberach, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Junker
- Department of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstraße 1, 73430, Aalen, Germany
| | - Friedemann Hesse
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Str. 35, 88400, Biberach, Germany
| | - Christian Neusüß
- Department of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstraße 1, 73430, Aalen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Otte
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Str. 35, 88400, Biberach, Germany
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Bonsmann A, Stoffel MH, Burkhart M, Hatt JM. Anatomical Atlas of the Quail's Ear (Coturnix coturnix). Anat Histol Embryol 2015; 45:399-404. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Bonsmann
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstr. 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - M. H. Stoffel
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Berne; Berne Switzerland
| | | | - J.-M. Hatt
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstr. 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland
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Snider JR, Wex H, Rose D, Kristensson A, Stratmann F, Hennig T, Henning S, Kiselev A, Bilde M, Burkhart M, Dusek U, Frank GP, Kiendler-Scharr A, Mentel TF, Petters MD, Pöschl U. Intercomparison of cloud condensation nuclei and hygroscopic fraction measurements: Coated soot particles investigated during the LACIS Experiment in November (LExNo). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Stevenson J, Tenhouse D, Krisher R, Lamb G, Larson J, Dahlen C, Pursley J, Bello N, Fricke P, Wiltbank M, Brusveen D, Burkhart M, Youngquist R, Garverick H. Detection of Anovulation by Heatmount Detectors and Transrectal Ultrasonography Before Treatment with Progesterone in a Timed Insemination Protocol. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:2901-15. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Iida-Klein A, Lu SS, Kapadia R, Burkhart M, Moreno A, Dempster DW, Lindsay R. Short-term continuous infusion of human parathyroid hormone 1-34 fragment is catabolic with decreased trabecular connectivity density accompanied by hypercalcemia in C57BL/J6 mice. J Endocrinol 2005; 186:549-57. [PMID: 16135674 DOI: 10.1677/joe.1.06270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates bone resorption as well as bone formation in vivo and in organ culture. The catabolic actions of PTH have been recognized in patients with hyperparathyroidism, or with acute infusion of the N-terminal 1-34 fragment of human PTH (hPTH1-34). Whereas the anabolic actions of daily injection with PTH have been well studied in both humans and mice, the catabolic actions of PTH on murine bone remain to be defined. To do this we sought to create a model with short-term, sustained hyperparathyroidism using osmotic infusion pumps. We treated 10-week-old female C57BL/J6 mice with continuous infusion of hPTH1-34 (8.1 pmol/0.25 microl per h, equivalent to 40 microg/kg per day) or vehicle for 2 weeks, using Alzet osmotic pumps. Bone mineral density (BMD), serum total calcium, hPTH1-34, mouse intact PTH (mPTH1-84), osteocalcin and mouse tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (mTRAP) activity, and microarchitectural variables of the distal femur were measured. Separately, we compared the effects of intermittent daily injection of hPTH1-34 (40 microg/kg per day) with continuous infusion of hPTH1-34 on BMD and bone markers. Exogenous hPTH1-34 was detected only in the PTH-infused mice. Both intermittent and continuous treatment with hPTH1-34 markedly suppressed endogenous mPTH1-84, but only the latter induced hypercalcemia. Daily PTH injection significantly increased both serum osteocalcin and mTRAP, while continuous PTH infusion showed a strong trend to stimulate mTRAP, with a slight but non-significant increase in osteocalcin. There were significant differences in BMD at all sites between animals treated with the same daily dose of intermittent and continuous hPTH1-34. Micro-computed tomography (muCT) analysis of the distal femurs revealed that hPTH1-34 infusion significantly decreased trabecular connectivity density (P<0.05). Thus, the murine bone response to continuous PTH infusion was quite different from that seen with daily PTH injection. Short-term infusion of hPTH1-34 appears to be a good model to study the mechanisms underlying the catabolic action of PTH in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Iida-Klein
- Regional Bone, Helen Hayes Hospital, West Haverstraw, New York 10993, USA.
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Burkhart M. Use of Cell Count and Differential to Identify Patients with Low Risk for Bacterial Meningitis. Acad Emerg Med 2004. [DOI: 10.1197/j.aem.2004.02.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Burkhart M, Wermelinger J, Setz W, Müller D. Suitability of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piping in pharmaceutical ultrapure water applications. PDA J Pharm Sci Technol 1996; 50:246-51. [PMID: 8810840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper discusses polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as an alternative to stainless steel in pharmaceutical ultrapure water piping systems. Two leading Swiss companies, a piping systems supplier and a pharmaceutical manufacturer, teamed together to jointly carryout the research. Issues addressed are metallic contamination, microbial concerns, piping system functionally and ozone resistance. Comparisons between PVDF and stainless steel are made when necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Burkhart
- Georg Fischer Piping Systems, Schaffhausen, Switzerland
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Deng H, Liu R, Ellmeier W, Choe S, Unutmaz D, Burkhart M, Di Marzio P, Marmon S, Sutton RE, Hill CM, Davis CB, Peiper SC, Schall TJ, Littman DR, Landau NR. Identification of a major co-receptor for primary isolates of HIV-1. Nature 1996; 381:661-6. [PMID: 8649511 DOI: 10.1038/381661a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2761] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Entry of HIV-1 into target cells requires cell-surface CD4 and additional host cell cofactors. A cofactor required for infection with virus adapted for growth in transformed T-cell lines was recently identified and named fusin. However, fusin does not promote entry of macrophage-tropic viruses, which are believed to be the key pathogenic strains in vivo. The principal cofactor for entry mediated by the envelope glycoproteins of primary macrophage-tropic strains of HIV-1 is CC-CKR-5, a receptor for the beta-chemokines RANTES, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Deng
- Skirball Institute for BioMolecular Medicine, New York University Medical Center, 10016, USA
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Hoffman R, Mann J, Calderone J, Trumbull J, Burkhart M. Acute fluoride poisoning in a New Mexico elementary school. Pediatrics 1980; 65:897-900. [PMID: 7367136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Thirty-four persons became ill with acute fluoride poisoning shortly after drinking water in an elementary school in Los Lunas, NM. The water supply of the school was supplemented with a concentrated sodium fluoride solution designed to raise fluoride levels in drinking water to 1 to 5 ppm. Two water samples taken after the incident was reported showed elevated fluoride levels of 375 and 93.5 ppm. Malfunction of a relay switch controlling dilution of the fluoride solution produced toxic fluoride levels in the water. The symptoms of all patients were mild and generally of short duration, with two thirds of patients reporting complete resolution within 24 hours. The bitter, salty taste of the water deterred consumption of large amounts and prevented serious intoxication.
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