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Rabaan AA, Alenazy MF, Alshehri AA, Alshahrani MA, Al-Subaie MF, Alrasheed HA, Al Kaabi NA, Thakur N, Bouafia NA, Alissa M, Alsulaiman AM, AlBaadani AM, Alhani HM, Alhaddad AH, Alfouzan WA, Ali BMA, Al-Abdulali KH, Khamis F, Bayahya A, Al Fares MA, Sharma M, Dhawan M. An updated review on pathogenic coronaviruses (CoVs) amid the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants: A look into the repercussions and possible solutions. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:1870-1883. [PMID: 37839310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, responsible for COVID-19, shares 79% and 50% of its identity with SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV, respectively. It uses the same main cell attachment and entry receptor as SARS-CoV-1, which is the ACE-2 receptor. However, key residues in the receptor-binding domain of its S-protein seem to give it a stronger affinity for the receptor and a better ability to hide from the host immune system. Like SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV, cytokine storms in critically ill COVID-19 patients cause ARDS, neurological pathology, multiorgan failure, and increased death. Though many issues remain, the global research effort and lessons from SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV are hopeful. The emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants and subvariants raised serious concerns among the scientific community amid the emergence of other viral diseases like monkeypox and Marburg virus, which are major concerns for healthcare settings worldwide. Hence, an updated review on the comparative analysis of various coronaviruses (CoVs) has been developed, which highlights the evolution of CoVs and their repercussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan.
| | - Maha Fahad Alenazy
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid university hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh 4545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad A Alshehri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Abdulrahman Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha F Al-Subaie
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; Research Center, Dr. Sulaiman Alhabib Medical Group, Riyadh 13328, Saudi Arabia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Dr. Sulaiman Alhabib Medical Group, Riyadh 13328, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayam A Alrasheed
- Department of pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia; Pharmacy Department, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal A Al Kaabi
- Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi Health Services Company (SEHA), Abu Dhabi, 51900, United Arab Emirates; College of Medicine and Health Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nanamika Thakur
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India
| | - Nabiha A Bouafia
- Infection prevention and control centre of Excellence, Prince Sultan Medical Military City, Riyadh 12233, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alissa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abeer M AlBaadani
- Internal Medicine Department, Infectious Disease Division, London health science Center, London, Ontario N6G0X2, Canada
| | - Hatem M Alhani
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Maternity and Children Hospital, Dammam 31176, Saudi Arabia; Department of Infection Control, Maternity and Children Hospital, Dammam 31176, Saudi Arabia; Preventive Medicine and Infection Prevention and Control Department, Directorate of Ministry of Health, Dammam 32245, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali H Alhaddad
- Assistant Agency for Hospital Affairs, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 12382, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wadha A Alfouzan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait; Microbiology Unit, Department of Laboratories, Farwania Hospital, Farwania 85000, Kuwait
| | - Batool Mohammed Abu Ali
- Infectious disease section, Department of internal medicine, King Fahad Hospital Hofuf, Hofuf 36365, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khadija H Al-Abdulali
- Nursing Department, Home health care, Qatif Health Network, Qatif 31911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faryal Khamis
- Infection Diseases unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Royal Hospital, Muscat 1331, Oman
| | - Ali Bayahya
- Microbiology Department, Alqunfudah General Hospital, Alqunfudah 28813, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona A Al Fares
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Manish Sharma
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India
| | - Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India; Trafford College, Altrincham, Manchester WA14 5PQ, UK.
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Alenazy MF, Saheb Sharif-Askari F, Omair MA, El-Wetidy MS, Omair MA, Mitwalli H, Al-Muhsen S, Al-Masri A, Hamid Q, Halwani R. Author Correction: Abatacept enhances blood regulatory B cells of rheumatoid arthritis patients to a level that associates with disease remittance. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8462. [PMID: 33850239 PMCID: PMC8044154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87874-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maha Fahad Alenazy
- Immunology Research Lab, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammed A Omair
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad S El-Wetidy
- Immunology Research Lab, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha A Omair
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussam Mitwalli
- Immunology Research Lab, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Al-Muhsen
- Immunology Research Lab, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer Al-Masri
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qutayba Hamid
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rabih Halwani
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. .,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. .,Prince Abdullah Ben Khaled Celiac Disease Chair, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Alenazy MF, Saheb Sharif-Askari F, Omair MA, El-Wetidy MS, Omair MA, Mitwalli H, Al-Muhsen S, Al-Masri A, Hamid Q, Halwani R. Abatacept enhances blood regulatory B cells of rheumatoid arthritis patients to a level that associates with disease remittance. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5629. [PMID: 33707483 PMCID: PMC7952390 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83615-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abatacept, an inhibitor of CD28 mediated T-cell activation, has been shown to be effective in controlling inflammation during rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, its effects on immune regulatory B and T cells (Bregs and Tregs) has not been fully explored. Thirty-one RA patients treated with abatacept for ≥ 6 months along with 31 RA patients treated with other modalities as well as 30 healthy controls were recruited. Of these 62 RA patient, 49 (79%) were females with a mean age of 54 ± 12 years and disease duration of 10 ± 6 years. The blood levels of Tregs and Bregs and their production of immunosuppressive cytokines, were determined using FACS analysis and Luminex Multiplex assay. Treatment with abatacept significantly enhanced the blood level of IL-35+ IL-10+ Bregs (P = 0.0007). Their levels were higher in the blood of remitted patients (DAS28-CRP < 2.6) compared to the unremitted ones (P = 0.0173), 6 months following abatacept treatment initiation. Moreover, abatacept treatment significantly enhanced the blood levels of LAG3+ conventional and unconventional Tregs of RA patients. This increase in the blood levels of Bregs and Tregs was accompanied with an elevated serum level of IL-35 and IFN-β in abatacept-treated patients. Therefore, Abatacept efficiency to achieve remittance in RA could be attributed, in part, to its ability to enhance immune regulatory cells, especially IL-135+ IL-10+ Bregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Fahad Alenazy
- Immunology Research Lab, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammed A Omair
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad S El-Wetidy
- Immunology Research Lab, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha A Omair
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussam Mitwalli
- Immunology Research Lab, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Al-Muhsen
- Immunology Research Lab, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer Al-Masri
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qutayba Hamid
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rabih Halwani
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. .,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. .,Prince Abdullah Ben Khaled Celiac Disease Chair, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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