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Alotaibi MD, Alharbi BH, Al-Shamsi MA, Alshahrani TS, Al-Namazi AA, Alharbi SF, Alotaibi FS, Qian Y. Assessing the response of five tree species to air pollution in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia, for potential green belt application. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:29156-29170. [PMID: 32436090 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09226-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tree species (including Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Ziziphus spina-christi, Albizia lebbeck, Prosopis juliflora, Pithecellobium dulce, and Ficus altissima) were investigated to elucidate their appropriates for green belt application. Leaf samples were collected from four different locations in Riyadh: (1) residential; (2) dense traffic; (3) industrial; and (4) reference sites located approximately 20 km away from the city of Riyadh. Leaves collected from the industrial site showed the highest leaf area reduction. The smallest reduction of leaf areas was observed for F. altissima (11.6%), while the highest reduction was observed for P. juliflora (34.8%). Variations in the air pollution tolerance index (APTI) coupled with the anticipated performance index (API) for each species were examined. The APTI value of Z. spina-christi was highest (58.5) at the industrial site while the lowest APTI value was for P. juliflora (14) at the reference site. Correlation coefficient and linear regression analyses determined that the correlation between the ascorbic acid content and APTI is positive and significantly strong. Our findings indicate that urban green planning in Riyadh should include growing F. altissima on roadsides as well as in heavy industrial locations followed by Z. spina-christi and A. lebbeck according to their API and APTI performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed D Alotaibi
- Life Science and Environmental Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box: 6086, Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Badr H Alharbi
- Life Science and Environmental Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box: 6086, Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Al-Shamsi
- Life Science and Environmental Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box: 6086, Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thobayet S Alshahrani
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 14451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A Al-Namazi
- Life Science and Environmental Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box: 6086, Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saif F Alharbi
- Life Science and Environmental Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box: 6086, Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad S Alotaibi
- Life Science and Environmental Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box: 6086, Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yaling Qian
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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Alharbi BH, Pasha MJ, Alotaibi MD, Alduwais AK, Al-Shamsi MAS. Contamination and risk levels of metals associated with urban street dust in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:18475-18487. [PMID: 32193734 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Urban street dust was collected from 22 locations in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and nine metals (Pb, Cr, Zn, Co, Cu, Al, Fe, Mn, and Ni) were investigated. The concentrations of these metals were employed in several common contamination evaluation indices to examine the contamination and the health risk caused by metals. Evaluation of these indices showed that they had variable degrees of contamination sensitivity. For individual contaminating elements (Pb, Cr, Zn, Co, Cu, and Ni), the sensitivities of the contamination of contamination factor (CF), the potential ecological risk (Ei), and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) were very similar. Therefore, these indices should yield very similar results. However, enrichment factor (EF) exhibited a different sensitivity pattern for determining the contamination caused by metals compared with the contamination level indicated by the other indices used in this study. Therefore, to avoid potential false indication of contamination, it is not recommended to use EF alone for determining contamination level. As indicated by four contamination evaluation indices (CF, Ei, Igeo, and EF), Riyadh was mainly contaminated by Pb. However, the health risk assessment results revealed that the Pb contamination level did not exceed the significant risk level for non-cancer effects. The cancer risk values indicated a negligible cancer risk to inhabitants of Riyadh exposed to metals associated with street dust. Considering the comprehensive contamination evaluation indices, the ecological risk index (RI) showed that about 77% of the sampling locations featured high ecological risk of which approximately 41% also featured high contamination indicated by pollution load index (PLI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Badr H Alharbi
- National Centre for Environmental Technology (NCET), Life Science & Environment Research Institute (LSERI), King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST), 6086 Prince Turky 1st St., Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad J Pasha
- National Centre for Environmental Technology (NCET), Life Science & Environment Research Institute (LSERI), King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST), 6086 Prince Turky 1st St., Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed D Alotaibi
- National Centre for Agricultural Technology (NCRT), Life Science & Environment Research Institute (LSERI), King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulilah K Alduwais
- National Centre for Environmental Technology (NCET), Life Science & Environment Research Institute (LSERI), King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST), 6086 Prince Turky 1st St., Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ahmad S Al-Shamsi
- National Centre for Environmental Technology (NCET), Life Science & Environment Research Institute (LSERI), King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST), 6086 Prince Turky 1st St., Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia.
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Alotaibi MD, Alshammari BA, Saba N, Alothman OY, Sanjay M, Almutairi Z, Jawaid M. Characterization of natural fiber obtained from different parts of date palm tree (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 135:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Alshammari BA, Saba N, Alotaibi MD, Alotibi MF, Jawaid M, Alothman OY. Evaluation of Mechanical, Physical, and Morphological Properties of Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Different Date Palm Fillers. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:ma12132145. [PMID: 31277304 PMCID: PMC6651275 DOI: 10.3390/ma12132145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study deals with the fabrication of epoxy composites reinforced with 50 wt% of date palm leaf sheath (G), palm tree trunk (L), fruit bunch stalk (AA), and leaf stalk (A) as filler by the hand lay-up technique. The developed composites were characterized and compared in terms of mechanical, physical and morphological properties. Mechanical tests revealed that the addition of AA improves tensile (20.60–40.12 MPa), impact strength (45.71–99.45 J/m), flexural strength (32.11–110.16 MPa) and density (1.13–1.90 g/cm3). The water absorption and thickness swelling values observed in this study were higher for AA/epoxy composite, revealing its higher cellulosic content, compared to the other composite materials. The examination of fiber pull-out, matrix cracks, and fiber dislocations in the microstructure and fractured surface morphology of the developed materials confirmed the trends for mechanical properties. Overall, from results analysis it can be concluded that reinforcing epoxy matrix with AA filler effectively improves the properties of the developed composite materials. Thus, date palm fruit bunch stalk filler might be considered as a sustainable and green promising reinforcing material similarly to other natural fibers and can be used for diverse commercial, structural, and nonstructural applications requiring high mechanical resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basheer A Alshammari
- Materials Science Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Naheed Saba
- Department of Bio Composite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Majed D Alotaibi
- Life Science and Environmental Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed F Alotibi
- Materials Science Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Jawaid
- Department of Bio Composite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Othman Y Alothman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
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Alotaibi MD, Patterson BM, McKinley AJ, Reeder AY, Furness AJ, Donn MJ. Fate of benzotriazole and 5-methylbenzotriazole in recycled water recharged into an anaerobic aquifer: column studies. Water Res 2015; 70:184-195. [PMID: 25528548 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The fate of benzotriazole (BTri) and 5-methylbenzotriazole (5-MeBT) was investigated under anaerobic conditions at nano gram per litre concentrations in large-scale laboratory columns to mimic a managed aquifer recharge replenishment strategy in Western Australia. Investigations of BTri and 5-MeBT sorption behaviour demonstrated mobility of the compounds with retardation coefficients of 2.0 and 2.2, respectively. Degradation processes over a period of 220 days indicated first order biodegradation of the BTri and 5-MeBT under anaerobic aquifer conditions after a biological lag-time of approximately 30-60 days. Biodegradation half-lives of 29 ± 2 and 26 ± 1 days for BTri and 5-MeBT were respectively observed, with no threshold effect to biodegradation observed at the 200 ng L(-1). The detection of degradation products provided further evidence of BTri and 5-MeBT biodegradation. These results suggested that if BTri and 5-MeBT were present in recycled water recharged to the Leederville aquifer, biodegradation during aquifer passage is likely given sufficient aquifer residence times or travel distances between recycled water injection and groundwater extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Alotaibi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, Private Bag 5, Wembley, 6913, WA, Australia; Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - B M Patterson
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, Private Bag 5, Wembley, 6913, WA, Australia.
| | - A J McKinley
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - A Y Reeder
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterization and Analysis, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - A J Furness
- CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, Private Bag 5, Wembley, 6913, WA, Australia
| | - M J Donn
- CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, Private Bag 5, Wembley, 6913, WA, Australia
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Alotaibi MD, Patterson BM, McKinley AJ, Reeder AY, Furness AJ. Benzotriazole and 5-methylbenzotriazole in recycled water, surface water and dishwashing detergents from Perth, Western Australia: analytical method development and application. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2015; 17:448-457. [PMID: 25564248 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00484a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A simplified and sensitive liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method without requiring sample pre-concentration was successfully developed for detecting the occurrence of ultra-low (ng L(-1)) concentrations of benzotriazole (BTri), and its derivative 5-methyl benzotriazole (5-MeBT) in various Western Australian environmental water samples. The method detection limit was 2 ng L(-1), providing similar detection limits to other more process intensive methods where pre-concentration using solid phase extraction (SPE) was employed. The method was used to assess the occurrence of BTri and 5-MeBT in wastewater and surface water samples. Over a period of 12 months, BTri and 5-MeBT concentrations in secondary treated wastewater were measured, with the highest BTri and 5-MeBT concentrations observed during winter months at 78 ng L(-1) and 21 ng L(-1), respectively. The method was also used to assess the removal efficiency of BTri and 5-MeBT through an advanced water recycling plant (AWRP). While BTri was more persistent than 5-MeBT, both compounds were removed from the AWRP to <10 ng L(-1) (BTri) and <2 ng L(-1) (5-MeBT), with reverse osmosis (RO) providing the most effective treatment process for their removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Alotaibi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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