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De Jesús-Martínez X, Rivero-Pérez N, Zamilpa A, González-Cortazar M, Olivares-Pérez J, Zaragoza-Bastida A, Mendoza-de Gives P, Villa-Mancera A, Olmedo-Juárez A. In vitro ovicidal and larvicidal activity of a hydroalcoholic extract and its fractions from Cyrtocarpa procera fruits on Haemonchus contortus. Exp Parasitol 2024; 262:108777. [PMID: 38735520 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
This study describes the in vitro anthelmintic effect of a hydroalcoholic extract (HA-E) and its fractions from Cyrtocarpa procera fruits against Haemonchus contortus eggs and infective larvae. The HA-E was subjected to bipartition using ethyl acetate, which resulted in an aqueous fraction (Aq-F) and an organic fraction (EtOAc-F). The HA-E and both fractions were tested using the egg hatching inhibition assay (EHIA) and the larval mortality test (LMT). Fractionation of the EtOAc-F was achieved using different chromatographic processes, i.e., open glass column and HPLC analysis. Fractionation of the EtOAc-F gave 18 subfractions (C1R1-C1R18), and those that showed the highest yields (C1R15, C1R16, C1R17 and C1R18) were subjected to anthelmintic assays. The HA-E and the EtOAc-F displayed 100% egg hatching inhibition at 3 and 1 mg/mL, respectively, whereas Aq-F exhibited 92.57% EHI at 3 mg/mL. All subfractions tested showed ovicidal effect. Regarding the larval mortality test, HA-E and EtOAc-F exhibited a larvicidal effect higher than 50% at 50 and 30 mg/mL, respectively. The subfractions that showed the highest larval mortality against H. contortus were C1R15 and C1R17, with larval mortalities of 53.57% and 60.23% at 10 mg/mL, respectively. Chemical analysis of these bioactive subfractions (C1R15 and C1R17) revealed the presence of gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, and ellagic acid. This study shows evidence about the ovicidal and larvicidal properties of C. procera fruits that could make these plant products to be considered as a natural potential anthelmintic agents for controlling haemonchosis in goats and sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xochitl De Jesús-Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Rancho Universitario Av. Universidad km 1, Ex-Hda. de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo, C.P. 43600, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Nallely Rivero-Pérez
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Rancho Universitario Av. Universidad km 1, Ex-Hda. de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo, C.P. 43600, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Zamilpa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No.1 Col, Centro, CP 62790, Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Manases González-Cortazar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No.1 Col, Centro, CP 62790, Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Jaime Olivares-Pérez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Ciudad Altamirano, Guerreo, Mexico
| | - Adrian Zaragoza-Bastida
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Rancho Universitario Av. Universidad km 1, Ex-Hda. de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo, C.P. 43600, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Pedro Mendoza-de Gives
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad (CENID SAI-INIFAP), Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534/Col. Progreso, Jiutepec, C.P. 62550, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Abel Villa-Mancera
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Tecamachalco Puebla, Mexico
| | - Agustín Olmedo-Juárez
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad (CENID SAI-INIFAP), Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534/Col. Progreso, Jiutepec, C.P. 62550, Morelos, Mexico.
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Becerril-Gil MMN, Estrada-Flores JG, González-Cortazar M, Zamilpa A, Endara-Agramont ÁR, Mendoza-de Gives P, López-Arellano ME, Olmedo-Juárez A. Bioactive compounds from the parasitic plant Arceuthobium vaginatum inhibit Haemonchus contortus egg hatching. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2023; 33:e013223. [PMID: 38126572 PMCID: PMC10878698 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612024004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the in vitro ovicidal activity of an ethyl acetate extract from Arceuthobium vaginatum (EtOAc-E) and their subfractions (AvR5-AvR14) against Haemonchus contortus using the egg hatching inhibition (EHI) test. The EtOAc-E and subfractions were tested at 0.12-2.00 and at 0.015-2.0 mg/mL, respectively. Distilled water and methanol (2%) were used as negative controls and Thiabendazole (0.10 mg/mL) as a positive control. Treatments with a dependent effect on concentration were subjected to regression analysis to determine the effective concentrations (EC50 and EC90). The major secondary compounds present in the extract and subfractions were identified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The EtOAc-E and AvR9 exhibited the best ovicidal effect recording 97.5 and 100% of EHI at 0.25 mg/mL, respectively. The EtOAc-E and AvR9 displayed an EC50= 0.12 and 0.08 mg/mL, respectively. The HPLC analysis in the EtOAc-E and bioactive fractions indicated the presence of a polyphenol, glycosylated flavanones, quercetin glucoside, cinnamates, coumarin, cinnamic acid derivative, ferulic acid, coumarate, naringenin, protocatechuic acid and naringin. Results demonstrated that A. vaginatum extract and fraction is able to inhibit the egg hatch process of H. contortus and could be a viable option for the control of small ruminant haemonchosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manases González-Cortazar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Xochitepec, Morelos, México
| | - Alejandro Zamilpa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Xochitepec, Morelos, México
| | - Ángel Rolando Endara-Agramont
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Rurales, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Pedro Mendoza-de Gives
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad – CENID SAI-INIFAP, Jiutepec, Morelos, México
| | - María Eugenia López-Arellano
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad – CENID SAI-INIFAP, Jiutepec, Morelos, México
| | - Agustín Olmedo-Juárez
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad – CENID SAI-INIFAP, Jiutepec, Morelos, México
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Islas-Garduño AL, Romero-Cerecero O, Jiménez-Aparicio AR, Tortoriello J, Montiel-Ruiz RM, González-Cortazar M, Zamilpa A. Pharmacological and Chemical Analysis of Bauhinia divaricata L. Using an In Vitro Antiadipogenic Model. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:3799. [PMID: 38005696 PMCID: PMC10674420 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by an excessive and abnormal accumulation of fat. According to the 2022 National Health and Nutrition Survey, in Mexico, the prevalence of overweight and obesity-diagnosed if one's body mass index (BMI) was ≥25 kg/m2-in adults was 75.2%. A strong association between the amount of visceral fat and diseases such as diabetes mellitus type II has been recognized. Species of the Bauhinia genus have lipid-lowering and antidiabetic properties. The aim of this work was to evaluate the lipolytic and antiadipogenic activity of Bauhinia divaricata L. in 3T3-L1 cells and to identify the major compounds in the bioactive treatments. The extraction of aerial parts allowed us to obtain hexanic (BdHex), ethyl acetate (BdEAc), and hydroalcoholic (BdHA) extracts. Lipid levels were measured in 3T3-L1 cells differentiated into adipocytes. Our evaluation of cell viability identified an IC50 > 1000 μg/mL in all the extracts, and our evaluation of the antiadipogenic activity indicated that there was a significant reduction (p < 0.001) in the accumulation of lipids with hydroalcoholic (60%) and ethyl acetate (75%) extracts of B. divaricate compared with metformin at 30 mM (65%). The major compounds identified in these extracts were as follows: triacetin (1), 2,3-dihydroxypropyl acetate (2), (3E)-2-methyl-4-(1,3,3-trimethyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hept-2-yl)-3-buten-2-ol (3), 2,5-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (4), (3R)-3-hydroxydodecanoic acid (5), kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside (6), and quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside (7). Some of these naturally occurring compounds have been related to the anti-obesity effects of other medicinal plants; therefore, these compounds isolated from B. divaricata could be responsible for inhibiting the differentiation process from preadipocytes to mature adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura Islas-Garduño
- Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Yautepec 62739, Mexico;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Xochitepec 62790, Mexico; (O.R.-C.); (J.T.); (R.M.M.-R.); (M.G.-C.)
| | - Ofelia Romero-Cerecero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Xochitepec 62790, Mexico; (O.R.-C.); (J.T.); (R.M.M.-R.); (M.G.-C.)
| | | | - Jaime Tortoriello
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Xochitepec 62790, Mexico; (O.R.-C.); (J.T.); (R.M.M.-R.); (M.G.-C.)
| | - Rosa Mariana Montiel-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Xochitepec 62790, Mexico; (O.R.-C.); (J.T.); (R.M.M.-R.); (M.G.-C.)
| | - Manases González-Cortazar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Xochitepec 62790, Mexico; (O.R.-C.); (J.T.); (R.M.M.-R.); (M.G.-C.)
| | - Alejandro Zamilpa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Xochitepec 62790, Mexico; (O.R.-C.); (J.T.); (R.M.M.-R.); (M.G.-C.)
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Olmedo-Juárez A, Jimenez-Chino AL, Bugarin A, Zamilpa A, Gives PMD, Villa-Mancera A, López-Arellano ME, Olivares-Pérez J, Delgado-Núñez EJ, González-Cortazar M. Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids from Pithecellobium dulce (Robx.) Benth Leaves Exhibit Ovicidal Activity against Haemonchus contortus. Plants 2022; 11:plants11192555. [PMID: 36235423 PMCID: PMC9573131 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Pithecellobium dulce (Robx.) Benth is an arboreal legume used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several ailments, including a number of intestinal disorders, and as a natural deworming. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ovicidal activity of a hydroalcoholic extract (HA-E) and its fractions (aqueous, Aq-F and organic, EtOAc-F) from P. dulce leaves, as well as subfractions (C1F1–C17) obtained from EtOAc-F against Haemonchus contortus eggs. The HA-E, Aq-F, and EtOAc-F were assessed at 0.03–5.00 mg/mL and subfractions (C1F1–C17) were assessed at 0.06–1.00 mg/mL. The HA-E and Aq-F showed an ovicidal activity close to 100% at 2.5 mg/mL, and EtOAc-F displayed the highest anthelmintic effect (100% at 0.25 mg/mL). Meanwhile, the sub-fractions with the highest ovicidal effect were C1F6, C1F9, C1F10, C1F11, and CIF13. The main compounds identified in the most active fractions (C1F9, C1F11, and C1F13) were kaempferol (1), quercetin (2), coumaric acid (3), ferulic acid (4), luteolin 7-O-rhamnoside (5), quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside (6), and a caffeoyl derivate (NI). The results indicate that P. dulce leaves exhibit a potent anthelmintic activity and contain bioactive compounds able to inhibit egg hatching in H. contortus. Therefore, this plant could be used for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Olmedo-Juárez
- National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Jiutepec CP 62550, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Ana Laura Jimenez-Chino
- Biotechnology Engineering, Polytechnic University of the State of Morelos, Boulevard Cuauhnáhuac #566, Col. Lomas del Texcal, Jiutepec CP 62550, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Bugarin
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL 33965, USA
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (M.G.-C.)
| | - Alejandro Zamilpa
- South Biomedical Research Center, Social Security Mexican Institute (CIBIS-IMSS), Argentina No. 1, Xochitepec CP 62790, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Pedro Mendoza-de Gives
- National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Jiutepec CP 62550, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Abel Villa-Mancera
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla, 4 Sur 304 Col. Centro, Tecamachalco CP 75482, Puebla, Mexico
| | - María Eugenia López-Arellano
- National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Jiutepec CP 62550, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Jaime Olivares-Pérez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Altamirano, Km 3.0 Altamirano-Iguala Highway, Colonia Querendita, Altamirano CP 40660, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Edgar Jesús Delgado-Núñez
- Faculty of Agricultural, Livestock and Environmental Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Iguala CP 40040, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Manases González-Cortazar
- South Biomedical Research Center, Social Security Mexican Institute (CIBIS-IMSS), Argentina No. 1, Xochitepec CP 62790, Morelos, Mexico
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (M.G.-C.)
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Olmedo-Juárez A, Delgado-Núñez EJ, Bahena-Vicencio A, Villa-Mancera A, Zamilpa A, González-Cortazar M, Rivero-Pérez N, Flores-Franco G, López-Arellano ME, Mendoza de Gives P. In Vitro Nematocidal Properties from Two Extracts: Lippia graveolens Leaves and Delonix regia Flowers Against Eggs and Infective Larvae of Haemonchus contortus. J Med Food 2021; 25:329-337. [PMID: 34860124 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2021.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assay the ovicidal and larvicidal effects of two hydroalcoholic extracts (HA-E) and their aqueous fractions (Aq-F) and organic fractions (EtOAc-F) from Lippia graveolens (leaves) and Delonix regia (flowers) against the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. The egg hatching inhibition test (% EHI) and mortality of infective larvae (% mortality) were used as biological models. The treatments of each plant (mg/mL, % EHI, and % mortality) were assigned as follows: HA-E (12.5-50, EHI; 25-200, mortality), Aq-F (6.25-25.00, EHI; 12.5-50, mortality), EtOAc-F (0.37-25, EHI; 3.12-50, mortality), negative controls (distilled water and methanol at 2% and 4%), and positive control (ivermectin at 5 mg/mL). Data were analyzed using a completely randomized design through an analysis of variance, considering the EHI and mortality percentages as the response variables. To identify the secondary metabolites, both plants were subjected to qualitative chemical analysis and HPLC. The results showed that both plants exhibited highly ovicidal and larvicidal effects. The bipartition in each HA extract allowed the increase of the anthelmintic effect in EtOAc-F, achieving a total ovicidal activity at 1.56 mg/mL and a larvicidal effect higher than 90% at 25 mg/mL. The qualitative chemical profile of both vegetal species identified alkaloids, flavonoids, condensed tannins, terpenes, and saponins. These results suggest that either L. graveolens leaves or D. regia flowers could be potential candidates for the control of parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants. However, in vivo studies with experimental animals to evaluate their possible toxicity and anthelmintic effect are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Olmedo-Juárez
- National Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Livestock Research, National Center for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Safety, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Edgar Jesús Delgado-Núñez
- Autonomous University of the State o Morelos, Phytochemistry and Natural Products Laboratory of the Centre for Research in Biodiversity and Conservation (CIByC-UAEM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | - Abel Villa-Mancera
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Benemerita Autonomous University of Puebla, Tecamachalco, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Zamilpa
- Mexican Institute of Social, Security, Southern Biomedical Research Center, Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Manases González-Cortazar
- Mexican Institute of Social, Security, Southern Biomedical Research Center, Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Nallely Rivero-Pérez
- Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Academic Area of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rancho Universitario, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Flores-Franco
- Autonomous University of the State o Morelos, Phytochemistry and Natural Products Laboratory of the Centre for Research in Biodiversity and Conservation (CIByC-UAEM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Maria Eugenia López-Arellano
- National Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Livestock Research, National Center for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Safety, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Pedro Mendoza de Gives
- National Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Livestock Research, National Center for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Safety, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
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Martínez-Hernández GB, Jiménez-Ferrer E, González-Cortazar M, Román-Ramos R, Tortoriello J, Vargas-Villa G, Herrera-Ruiz M. Antidepressant and anxiolytic compounds isolated from Salvia elegans interact with serotonergic drugs. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2021; 394:2419-2428. [PMID: 34568977 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Salvia elegans belongs to a genus plants with biological activities in central nervous system. In this work, the purpose was to evaluate the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of fractions and compounds isolated from S. elegans and its interaction with serotoninergic drugs by using behavioral tests in mice. Fractions from aerial parts of S. elegans were obtained by column chromatography, SeF1, SeF2, SeF3, and SeF4. Each of them was administered to 25 mg/k in ICR mice subject to forced swimming test (FST), or elevated plus maze test (EPM), or open field test (OFT). The most active fractions were chemically separated until compounds, which were analyzed as anxiolytic or antidepressant and the coadministration of these treatments with 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 drugs was measured in the different biological tests. All fractions were anxiolytic and antidepressant, oleanolic acid (OA) was found in SeF2, and from SeF3, a mixture of terpenes was found; a GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of two main compounds: rosifoliol and agaraspirol (TM, mixture of terpenes). TM (doses-response curve, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg) and OA (5 mg/kg) were also evaluated demonstrating an antidepressant and anxiolytic effect, respectively. The combination of TM (0.5 mg/kg) with 8-OH (selective 5-HT1A receptor agonist) induced an increment of antidepressant activity, while with the antagonist WAY-100635, the effect diminished. But with DOI (5-HT1c/5-HT2 receptor agonist), there was no change, and with KET (5-HT2 receptor antagonist), the activity was increased. When OA is co-administered with 8-OH or with DOI, the anxiolytic activity of this terpene, diminished; but with the combination with antagonists, the effect of OA shows no change. TM and OA were antidepressant and anxiolytic, respectively, on mice exposed to different tests, and these are able to interact with serotoninergic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Belen Martínez-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina 1, 62790, Xochitepec, Morelos, México
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas Y de La Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas Y de La Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), México City, México
- Departamento de Ciencias de La Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas Y de La Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No.186, Col. Vicentina C.P.09340, Iztapalapa, México D.F., México
| | - Enrique Jiménez-Ferrer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina 1, 62790, Xochitepec, Morelos, México
| | - Manases González-Cortazar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina 1, 62790, Xochitepec, Morelos, México
| | - Rubén Román-Ramos
- Departamento de Ciencias de La Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas Y de La Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No.186, Col. Vicentina C.P.09340, Iztapalapa, México D.F., México
| | - Jaime Tortoriello
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina 1, 62790, Xochitepec, Morelos, México
| | - Gabriela Vargas-Villa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina 1, 62790, Xochitepec, Morelos, México
| | - Maribel Herrera-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina 1, 62790, Xochitepec, Morelos, México.
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Torrescano-De Labra L, Jiménez-Ferrer E, Camacho-Díaz BH, Vargas-Villa G, González-Cortazar M, Herrera-Ruiz M, Ávila Reyes SV, Solorza-Feria J, Jiménez-Aparicio AR. Corneal Healing and Recovery of Ocular Crystallinity with a Dichloromethane Extract of Sedum dendroideum D.C. in a Novel Murine Model of Ocular Pterygium. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154502. [PMID: 34361655 PMCID: PMC8348182 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pterygium is a corneal alteration that can cause visual impairment, which has been traditionally treated with the sap of Sedum dendroideum D.C. The pharmacological effect of a dichloromethane extract of S. dendroideum was demonstrated and implemented in a pterygium model on the healing process of corneal damage caused by phorbol esters. In mice of the ICR strain, a corneal lesion was caused by intravitreal injection of tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA). The evolution of the corneal scarring process was monitored with vehicle, dexamethasone, and dichloromethane extract of S. dendroideum treatments by daily ophthalmic administration for fifteen days. The lesions were evaluated in situ with highlighted images of fluorescence of the lesions. Following treatment levels in eyeballs of IL-1α, TNF-α, and IL-10 cytokines were measured. The effective dose of TPA to produce a pterygium-like lesion was determined. The follow-up of the evolution of the scarring process allowed us to define that the treatment with S. dendroideum improved the experimental pterygium and had an immunomodulatory effect by decreasing TNF-α, IL-1α, and maintaining the level of IL-10 expression, without difference with respect to the healthy control. Traditional medical use of S. dendroideum sap to treat pterygium is fully justified by its compound composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiselva Torrescano-De Labra
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur (IMSS), Argentina No. 1, Col Centro, Xochitepec C.P. 62790, Morelos, Mexico; (L.T.-D.L.); (G.V.-V.); (M.G.-C.); (M.H.-R.)
- Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Yautepec-Jojutla, Km. 6, Calle CEPROBI No. 8, Col. San Isidro, Yautepec C.P. 62731, Morelos, Mexico; (B.H.C.-D.); (J.S.-F.)
| | - Enrique Jiménez-Ferrer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur (IMSS), Argentina No. 1, Col Centro, Xochitepec C.P. 62790, Morelos, Mexico; (L.T.-D.L.); (G.V.-V.); (M.G.-C.); (M.H.-R.)
- Correspondence: (E.J.-F.); (A.R.J.-A.); Tel.: +52-(777)-361-2155 (E.J.-F.); +52-(735)-394-1896 (A.R.J.-A.); Fax: +52-(777)-361-2194 (E.J.-F.); +52-(735)-394-2020 (A.R.J.-A.)
| | - Brenda Hildeliza Camacho-Díaz
- Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Yautepec-Jojutla, Km. 6, Calle CEPROBI No. 8, Col. San Isidro, Yautepec C.P. 62731, Morelos, Mexico; (B.H.C.-D.); (J.S.-F.)
| | - Gabriela Vargas-Villa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur (IMSS), Argentina No. 1, Col Centro, Xochitepec C.P. 62790, Morelos, Mexico; (L.T.-D.L.); (G.V.-V.); (M.G.-C.); (M.H.-R.)
| | - Manases González-Cortazar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur (IMSS), Argentina No. 1, Col Centro, Xochitepec C.P. 62790, Morelos, Mexico; (L.T.-D.L.); (G.V.-V.); (M.G.-C.); (M.H.-R.)
| | - Maribel Herrera-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur (IMSS), Argentina No. 1, Col Centro, Xochitepec C.P. 62790, Morelos, Mexico; (L.T.-D.L.); (G.V.-V.); (M.G.-C.); (M.H.-R.)
| | - Sandra Victoria Ávila Reyes
- CONACyT—Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Yautepec-Jojutla, Km. 6, Calle CEPROBI, No. 8, Col. San Isidro, Yautepec C.P. 62731, Morelos, Mexico;
| | - Javier Solorza-Feria
- Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Yautepec-Jojutla, Km. 6, Calle CEPROBI No. 8, Col. San Isidro, Yautepec C.P. 62731, Morelos, Mexico; (B.H.C.-D.); (J.S.-F.)
| | - Antonio Ruperto Jiménez-Aparicio
- Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Yautepec-Jojutla, Km. 6, Calle CEPROBI No. 8, Col. San Isidro, Yautepec C.P. 62731, Morelos, Mexico; (B.H.C.-D.); (J.S.-F.)
- Correspondence: (E.J.-F.); (A.R.J.-A.); Tel.: +52-(777)-361-2155 (E.J.-F.); +52-(735)-394-1896 (A.R.J.-A.); Fax: +52-(777)-361-2194 (E.J.-F.); +52-(735)-394-2020 (A.R.J.-A.)
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Pineda-Alegría JA, Sánchez JE, Ventura-Zapata E, González-Cortazar M, Aguilar-Marcelino L. Nematicidal Effect of Shiitake ( Lentinula edodes) Extracts Against Haemonchus contortus. J Med Food 2021; 24:953-959. [PMID: 33733862 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2020.0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the previous decades, the indiscriminate use of anthelmintics for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes has generated anthelmintic resistance in different parts of the world. It is necessary to search for new sustainable control alternatives, such as the use of extracts from plants and edible mushrooms. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the nematicidal activity of extracts and fractions of the edible mushroom Lentinula edodes against Haemonchus contortus eggs and infective larvae. The basidiomata of L. edodes ECS-401 were provided by the Tropical Fungi Laboratory of El Colegio de la Frontera Sur and were extracted with ethyl acetate, methanol, and water. Fractionation of the most active extract was carried out by open column chromatography. The bioassays were performed in 96-well microtiter plates using 100 eggs/larvae, a final volume of 100 μL, and different concentrations of extracts/fractions (n = 4). Bioassay readings were taken at 48 h for egg hatching inhibition (EHI) and at 24, 48 and 72 h for larval mortality (LM). The ethyl acetate extract exhibited the highest percentage of EHI (100%). For the LM bioassay, the aqueous extract was the most active (69%), but its fractions did not show larvicidal activity. The chemical profile of the aqueous extract was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, which showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, and terpenes. L. edodes extracts showed ovicidal and/or larvicidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José E Sánchez
- Tropical Mushroom Laboratory, Southern Frontier College, Tapachula, Mexico
| | - Elsa Ventura-Zapata
- Biotechnology Department, Center for the Development of Biotic Products, Yautepec, Mexico
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9
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Cortés A J, Sánchez-Mendoza E, Zamilpa A, González-Cortazar M, Herrera-Ruiz M, Almanza-Pérez JC, Terán-Cabanillas E, Condé R, Domínguez-Ramírez L, Arcos EM, Jiménez-Ferrer JE. Steroidal saponin from Agave marmorata Roezl modulates inflammatory response by inhibiting NF-κB and AP-1. Nat Prod Res 2020; 36:1123-1128. [PMID: 33342288 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1855638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Agave marmorata Roezl is an endemic succulent specie from the Oaxaca-Puebla area of Mexico. This plant is a medicinal recourse and contain a rich variety of saponins-type compounds with multiples biological effects. Some of them have been shown to be anticancer, antibacterial, or having anti-inflammatory and immunoregulation effects. This paper is the first scientific report to describe the pharmacological activity and chemistry of the saponin smilagenin-3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→2)-β-D-galactopyranoside] (1), isolated from Agave marmorata Roezl. Saponin (1) displayed immunomodulating activity when assayed on cultured macrophages. It inhibits NO production (EC50 = 5.6 mg/ml, Emax = 101%), as well as NF-κB expression (EC50 = 0.086 mg/ml, Emax = 90%). Using bioinformatic molecular docking, we identified a new smilagenin- PI3K kinase interaction site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cortés A
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas del Sur- IMSS, Xochitepec Morelos, Mexico.,Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Sánchez-Mendoza
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Zamilpa
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas del Sur- IMSS, Xochitepec Morelos, Mexico
| | | | | | - Julio Cesar Almanza-Pérez
- División de Ciencias Biologicas y de la Salud Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana- Iztapalapa. Av, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Eli Terán-Cabanillas
- Facultad de Nutrición, Unidad Académica de Ciencias de la Nutrición y Gastronomía Culiacán, Culiacan Sinaloa, México
| | - Renaud Condé
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Lenin Domínguez-Ramírez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Escuela de Ciencias, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, Santa Catarina Mártir, Cholula, Mexico
| | - Elizur Montiel Arcos
- Laboratorio de Micología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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Olmedo-Juárez A, Zarza-Albarran MA, Rojo-Rubio R, Zamilpa A, González-Cortazar M, Mondragón-Ancelmo J, Rivero-Pérez N, Mendoza-de Gives P. Acacia farnesiana pods (plant: Fabaceae) possesses anti-parasitic compounds against Haemonchus contortus in female lambs. Exp Parasitol 2020; 218:107980. [PMID: 32877640 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acacia farnesiana pods are rich in secondary metabolites and their biological activities have been recorded as antibacterial, antioxidant and anthelmintic. Previously, an in vitro bioguided study showed the important ovicidal and larvicidal effects of an organic fraction (EtOAc-F) from a hydroalcoholic extract of A. farnesiana pods against Haemonchus contortus. The present study aimed to assess the in vivo anthelmintic effect of EtOAc-F from A. farnesiana pods on the H. contortus faecal egg elimination in female lambs and on the infective larvae (L3) population reduction in coprocultures. The EtOAc-F was obtained from a hydroalcoholic extract from A. farnesiana pods through chromatographic procedures; additionally, some secondary compounds were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Twenty-one 'Katahdin' crossbred female lambs ranging from three to four months of age, with body weights 21.9 ± 0.39 kg were used. Animals were orally infected with H. contortus (L3) by a single dose of 350 L3/kg BW. Three experimental groups (n = 7) were assigned as follows: 1) Control (untreated), 2) Albendazole, as a positive control (at 7.5 mg/kg BW, unique dose) and 3) EtOAc-F (at 100 mg/kg BW, once every third day, with three applications in total). Individual faecal samples were collected once a week for 5 weeks (at days 38, 45, 52, 59 and 66) post-treatment, to measure the faecal egg counts (FEC) and to obtain the H. contortus (L3) population from faecal cultures. The highest FEC reduction caused by EtOAc-F was 67.7%; meanwhile, albendazole showed a total FEC reduction after the second week post-treatment (day 45). On the other hand, the fraction caused an important reduction in the larval population in coprocultures (54.3-68.5%). The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of galloyl derivatives and flavonoids as major compounds. The A. farnesiana pods could serve as a natural anthelmintic for the control of H. contortus, and perhaps for controlling other parasites of veterinary importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Olmedo-Juárez
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, INIFAP, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No., 8534, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - M A Zarza-Albarran
- Centro Universitario UAEM Temascaltepec, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km 67.5 Carr. Fed. Toluca-Tejupilco, Temascaltepec, México, Mexico
| | - R Rojo-Rubio
- Centro Universitario UAEM Temascaltepec, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km 67.5 Carr. Fed. Toluca-Tejupilco, Temascaltepec, México, Mexico.
| | - A Zamilpa
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Argentina No. 1, C.P. 62790 Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - M González-Cortazar
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Argentina No. 1, C.P. 62790 Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - J Mondragón-Ancelmo
- Centro Universitario UAEM Temascaltepec, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km 67.5 Carr. Fed. Toluca-Tejupilco, Temascaltepec, México, Mexico
| | - N Rivero-Pérez
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Rancho Universitario Av. Universidad km 1, Ex-Hda. De Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo, C.P, 43600, Mexico
| | - P Mendoza-de Gives
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, INIFAP, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No., 8534, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico.
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11
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Zarza-Albarrán MA, Olmedo-Juárez A, Rojo-Rubio R, Mendoza-de Gives P, González-Cortazar M, Tapia-Maruri D, Mondragón-Ancelmo J, García-Hernández C, Blé-González EA, Zamilpa A. Galloyl flavonoids from Acacia farnesiana pods possess potent anthelmintic activity against Haemonchus contortus eggs and infective larvae. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 249:112402. [PMID: 31739102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd is a shrub legume used as condiment, medicinal plant and bioactive herbage. This species is used in traditional medicine of several countries to relieve the symptoms of gastrointestinal diseases, diarrhoea, stomach pain and typhoid as well as astringent, antidysenteric and anthelmintic. Some studies have shown that this plant displayed anthelmintic activity against several gastrointestinal nematode parasites of livestock, and also against parasites of human beings, such as malaria. AIM OF THE STUDY This work describes the isolation and chemical identification of the anthelmintic compounds of Acacia farnesiana pods against eggs and infective larvae of the sheep parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. The bio-guided chemical fractioning of A. farnesiana pods using ethyl acetate against H. contortus eggs and infective larvae allowed for the identification of naringenin 7-O-(6″-galloylglucoside) (flavonol group) as the compound responsible for the anthelmintic activity against this important parasitic nematode. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anthelmintic activity was assessed using the egg hatching inhibition assay (EHI) and mortality tests. A complete hydroalcoholic extract (HA-E) at 12.5-50 mg/mL, an aqueous fraction (Aq-F) at 3.12-25 mg/mL and an ethyl acetate fraction (EtOAc-F) at 3.12-25 mg/mL were analysed in the first selection phase. The purification of compounds through the chromatographic separation of the organic fraction resulted in nine less complex mixtures (C1F1, C1F2, C1F3, C1F4, C2F1, C2F2, C2F3, C2F4 and C2F5) that were assessed at 0.62-5 mg/mL concentrations. In addition, thiabendazole (0.6 mg/mL) and ivermectin (5 mg/mL) were used as positive controls. Likewise, distilled water and 4% methanol were used as negative controls. The bioactive compounds of EtOAc-F were obtained and characterised through chromatographic processes like open column chromatography, thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and gass chromatography-mass detection (GC-MS). Bioactive compounds were identified by spectroscopy (1H and 13C NMR) and mass spectrometric analysis. Additionally, the H. contortus eggs and infective larvae exposed to the bioactive compounds were observed through environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Data were analysed based on a completely randomised design using ANOVA through a general linear model. RESULTS The EtOAc-F fraction showed the highest ovicidal and larvicidal activities, at close to 100% at 3.12 and 6.25 mg/mL, respectively. The treatments C1F2, C1F3 and C2F3 displayed the main ovicidal activity (80-100%) at 2.5 mg/mL. The major compounds found in these sub-fractions were identified as galloyl derivatives and flavanones, including gallic acid (1), methyl gallate (2), ethyl gallate (3), naringin (4), naringenin 7-O-(4″, 6″-digalloylglucoside) (5), naringenin 7-O-(6″-galloylglucoside) (6) and naringenin (7). Likewise, the ESEM and CLSM images showed that the assessed compounds adhered to the eggshell and the external cuticle of the larvae. CONCLUSION These results indicate that A. farnesiana pods contain nematocidal compounds and might be promising natural anthelmintic agents against H. contortus. This leguminous plant could be used as a nutraceutical food source for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Zarza-Albarrán
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico; Centro Universitario UAEM Temascaltepec, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km 67.5 Carr. Fed, Toluca-Tejupilco, Temascaltepec, Mexico, Mexico
| | - A Olmedo-Juárez
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - R Rojo-Rubio
- Centro Universitario UAEM Temascaltepec, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km 67.5 Carr. Fed, Toluca-Tejupilco, Temascaltepec, Mexico, Mexico
| | - P Mendoza-de Gives
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - M González-Cortazar
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Argentina No. 1, Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - D Tapia-Maruri
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Yautepec-Jojutla Km 6, calle CEPROBI N°8, Col. San Isidro, Yautepec, Morelos, C.P. 62731, Mexico
| | - J Mondragón-Ancelmo
- Centro Universitario UAEM Temascaltepec, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km 67.5 Carr. Fed, Toluca-Tejupilco, Temascaltepec, Mexico, Mexico
| | - C García-Hernández
- Centro Universitario UAEM Temascaltepec, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km 67.5 Carr. Fed, Toluca-Tejupilco, Temascaltepec, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Ever A Blé-González
- Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carretera Cunduacán-Jalpa Km. 0.5, 86690, Cunduacán, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - A Zamilpa
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Argentina No. 1, Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico.
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García-Hernández C, Rojo-Rubio R, Olmedo-Juárez A, Zamilpa A, Mendoza de Gives P, Antonio-Romo IA, Aguilar-Marcelino L, Arece-García J, Tapia-Maruri D, González-Cortazar M. Galloyl derivatives from Caesalpinia coriaria exhibit in vitro ovicidal activity against cattle gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes. Exp Parasitol 2019; 200:16-23. [PMID: 30914262 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) are responsible for enormous economic losses worldwide. The use of anthelmintic drugs reduces the parasitic burden in ruminants. However, the excessive use of these drugs triggers anthelmintic resistance in these parasites, which leads to a worrisome inefficacy of most of the commercially available antiparasitic drugs. Caesalpinia coriaria is an arboreal legume possessing medical properties, although the antiparasitic potential of this plant against animal parasitic nematodes has not yet been studied. The aim of this study was to assess the in vitro ovicidal activity of a hydro-alcoholic extract (HA-E) from C. coriaria fruits against GIN and to identify the compounds responsible for this activity through an egg hatch inhibition (EHI) assay. GIN eggs obtained from cattle faeces were used in bio-guided assays. The HA-E was subjected to a liquid-liquid extraction using water and ethyl acetate to obtain two fractions, an organic fraction (EtOAc-F, 27% yield) and an aqueous (Aq-F, 73% yield) fraction. The chromatographic fractionation of the EtOAc-F (2 gr) was performed on a glass column packed with silica gel and eluted with dichloromethane/methanol with 10% ascending polarity. The bioactive compounds were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy (MS). The HA-E extract and the EtOAc-F showed ovicidal activity at a LC50 of 0.92 and 0.16 mg/mL, respectively. A concentration-dependant effect was observed in both treatments. Chromatographic fractionation of the EtOAc-F, allowed for the isolation and characterisation of three important compounds: methyl gallate (1), gallic acid (2) and an unidentified compound (UC). The bioactive molecules (2 and UC) displayed an ovicidal activity close to 100% at 1 mg/mL concentration. The results of this work show that gallic acid (2) isolated from C. coriaria fruits is responsible for its ovicidal activity. The use of Caesalpinia coriaria could be explored in future studies as an environmentally-friendly alternative for the control of GIN in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- C García-Hernández
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Parasitología Veterinaria, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico; Centro Universitario UAEM Temascaltepec, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de México, Km 67.5 Carr. Fed. Toluca-Tejupilco, Temascaltepec, México, Mexico
| | - R Rojo-Rubio
- Centro Universitario UAEM Temascaltepec, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de México, Km 67.5 Carr. Fed. Toluca-Tejupilco, Temascaltepec, México, Mexico
| | - A Olmedo-Juárez
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Parasitología Veterinaria, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - A Zamilpa
- Instituto Mexicano Del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica Del Sur, Argentina No. 1, Centro, Xochitepec, Morelos, 62790, Mexico
| | - P Mendoza de Gives
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Parasitología Veterinaria, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - I A Antonio-Romo
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Parasitología Veterinaria, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - L Aguilar-Marcelino
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Parasitología Veterinaria, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - J Arece-García
- Estación Experimental de Pastos y Forrajes Indio Hatuey, Universidad de Matanzas. Central España Republicana, CP 44280, Matanzas, Cuba
| | - D Tapia-Maruri
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Carretera Yautepec-Jojutla Km 6, Calle CEPROBI N°8, Col. San Isidro, Yautepec, Morelos, CP 62731, Mexico
| | - M González-Cortazar
- Instituto Mexicano Del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica Del Sur, Argentina No. 1, Centro, Xochitepec, Morelos, 62790, Mexico.
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Cortes-Morales J, Olmedo-Juárez A, Trejo-Tapia G, González-Cortazar M, Domínguez-Mendoza B, Mendoza-de Gives P, Zamilpa A. In vitro ovicidal activity of Baccharis conferta Kunth against Haemonchus contortus. Exp Parasitol 2019; 197:20-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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von Son-de Fernex E, Alonso-Díaz Miguel Á, Valles-de la Mora B, Mendoza-de Gives P, Castillo-Gallegos E, Zamilpa A, González-Cortazar M. Effect of Gliricidia sepium leaves intake on larval establishment of Cooperia punctata in calves and bio-guided fractionation of bioactive molecules. Vet Parasitol 2018; 252:137-141. [PMID: 29559135 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were: 1) to assess the anthelmintic effect of Gliricidia sepium on the establishment of C. punctata third-stage larvae (L3) in calves, and 2) to isolate and to elucidate an anti-exsheathment phytochemical from the plant offered during the trial. Twelve ¾ Holstein × Zebu calves were divided in two experimental groups: control (T1) and treatment (T2) (n = 6). After adaptation, each calf was infected with an oral dose of 400 C. punctata L3/Kg LW. Basal diet consisted of Digitaria decumbens hay (6.27% CP) and commercial concentrate (12% CP). In addition, during the experimental period T2 received fresh G. sepium leaves (26.88% CP) ad libitum. On day 9 post-infection, three calves per treatment were randomly selected for slaughter, and worm counts were performed. Larval establishment rates obtained were 13.44 ± 0.13% and 3.1 ± 1.42% for T1 and T2, respectively (P < .05). The reduction of larval establishment was 76.9%. The total length of worms recovered from the animals was also affected by the intake of G. sepium (P < .05). Phytochemicals present in G. sepium leaves offered to calves were isolated through silica gel columns and elucidated through Magnetic Nuclear Resonance (1H and 13C). Bio-guided isolation procedures lead to the elucidation of Oxytroside (Kaempferol 3-O-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-D-glucopyranoside-7-O-rhamnopyranoside), which fully inhibited the C. punctata exsheathment process (2400 μg mL-1). Gliricidia sepium represents an alternative to prevent severe C. punctata infections by reducing larval establishment in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke von Son-de Fernex
- Centro de Enseñanza Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, C.P. 93600, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Ángel Alonso-Díaz Miguel
- Centro de Enseñanza Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, C.P. 93600, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Braulio Valles-de la Mora
- Centro de Enseñanza Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, C.P. 93600, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Pedro Mendoza-de Gives
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones en Parasitologla Veterinaria, INIFAP, SARH, Km 11.5 Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla, Jiutepec, A.P. 206 CIVAC, 62500, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Epigmenio Castillo-Gallegos
- Centro de Enseñanza Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, C.P. 93600, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Zamilpa
- Centro De Investigación Biomédica Del Sur, CIBIS, IMSS. Argentina1, Col. Centro, Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Manases González-Cortazar
- Centro De Investigación Biomédica Del Sur, CIBIS, IMSS. Argentina1, Col. Centro, Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico
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Pineda-Alegría JA, Sánchez-Vázquez JE, González-Cortazar M, Zamilpa A, López-Arellano ME, Cuevas-Padilla EJ, Mendoza-de-Gives P, Aguilar-Marcelino L. The Edible Mushroom Pleurotus djamor Produces Metabolites with Lethal Activity Against the Parasitic Nematode Haemonchus contortus. J Med Food 2017; 20:1184-1192. [PMID: 28767008 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus djamor is an edible mushroom that has medicinal properties. This study aimed to assess the in vitro activity of P. djamor extracts and fractions against Haemonchus contortus eggs and exsheathed infective larvae (L3). Crude hydroalcoholic extracts were obtained by maceration and fractions were obtained through chromatography. Metabolite identity was determined using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The results showed that P. djamor extracts had no significant activity against eggs at the concentrations used. However, the extract showed 98.7% and 77% larval mortality 72 h postconfrontation at 320 and at 160 mg/mL, respectively. The chromatography analysis resulted in 23 fractions that were eventually grouped into three fractions (E1, E2, and E3). These fractions showed the following egg hatching inhibition percentages: E1 = 100, E2 = 38.7, and E3 = 5.5 at 10 mg/mL concentration 72 h postexposure. Likewise, larval mortality percentages after this period were 90.6, 100, and 0.44 at 40 mg/mL (P < .05), respectively. The GC-MS showed five major compounds in E1 fraction, including four fatty acids: (i) pentadecanoic, (ii) hexadecanoic, (iii) octadecadienoic, (iv) octadecanoic acid, and one terpene identified as β-sitosterol. We concluded that the edible mushroom P. djamor possesses nematicidal metabolites, which could be used as an alternative anthelmintic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Antonio Pineda-Alegría
- 1 Area of Helminthology, CENID-Veterinary Parasitology, National Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Livestock Research - Helminthology , Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | - Manases González-Cortazar
- 3 Southern Biomedical Research Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security , Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Zamilpa
- 3 Southern Biomedical Research Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security , Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - María Eugenia López-Arellano
- 1 Area of Helminthology, CENID-Veterinary Parasitology, National Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Livestock Research - Helminthology , Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Edgar Josúe Cuevas-Padilla
- 1 Area of Helminthology, CENID-Veterinary Parasitology, National Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Livestock Research - Helminthology , Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Pedro Mendoza-de-Gives
- 1 Area of Helminthology, CENID-Veterinary Parasitology, National Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Livestock Research - Helminthology , Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Liliana Aguilar-Marcelino
- 1 Area of Helminthology, CENID-Veterinary Parasitology, National Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Livestock Research - Helminthology , Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
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von Son-de Fernex E, Alonso-Díaz MÁ, Valles-de la Mora B, Mendoza-de Gives P, González-Cortazar M, Zamilpa A. Anthelmintic effect of 2H-chromen-2-one isolated from Gliricidia sepium against Cooperia punctata. Exp Parasitol 2017; 178:1-6. [PMID: 28483658 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gliricidia sepium is a tropical legume with known anthelmintic-like properties. The aim of this study was to: (1) perform a bio-guided fractionation of an acetonic extract of G. sepium leaves using the egg hatch assay (EHA); (2) elucidate the anthelmintic (AH)-like phytochemical using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR); and (3) assess the ultrastructural damage of the Cooperia punctata treated eggs. The anthelmintic activity of G. sepium was traced from an acetonic extract using the EHA. Phytochemicals were isolated through silica gel columns and elucidated through spectroscopic measurements (1H and 13C). Final fraction was evaluated with EHA at decreasing concentrations of: 1.100; 0.500, 0.250, 0.125, 0.060, 0.001 and 0.00001 mg mL-1. Egg hatching inhibition was calculated using the formula: 100*(1-HT/HC). The maximal half of effective concentration (EC50) was calculated with GraphPad. Bio-guided isolation procedures lead to the elucidation of 2H-chromen-2-one, which inhibited both hatching and embryo development of C. punctata (EC50 of 0.024 ± 0.082 mg mL-1) (P < 0.05). Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy (SEM and TEM) revealed electrodensity alterations and fractures in the eggshell layers. After toxicity evaluations and in vivo assessment, 2H-chromen-2-one can be suggested as a novel AH-phytochemical for reducing larval density in pastures and worm burdens inside the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke von Son-de Fernex
- Centro de Enseñanza Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, C.P. 93600, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Miguel Ángel Alonso-Díaz
- Centro de Enseñanza Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, C.P. 93600, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Braulio Valles-de la Mora
- Centro de Enseñanza Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, C.P. 93600, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Pedro Mendoza-de Gives
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones en Parasitologla Veterinaria, INIFAP, SARH, Km 11.5 Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla, Jiutepec, A.P. 206 CIVAC, 62500 Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Manases González-Cortazar
- Centro De Investigación Biomédica Del Sur, CIBIS, IMSS, Argentina 1, Col. Centro Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Alejandro Zamilpa
- Centro De Investigación Biomédica Del Sur, CIBIS, IMSS, Argentina 1, Col. Centro Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico.
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17
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Herrera-Ruiz M, Zamilpa A, González-Cortazar M, Reyes-Chilpa R, León E, García MP, Tortoriello J, Huerta-Reyes M. Antidepressant effect and pharmacological evaluation of standardized extract of flavonoids from Byrsonima crassifolia. Phytomedicine 2011; 18:1255-1261. [PMID: 21788126 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Byrsonima crassifolia (Malpighiaceae) has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of some mental-related diseases; however, its specific neuropharmacological activities remain to be defined. The present study evaluates the anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, sedative effects produced by the extracts of Byrsonima crassifolia, and their influence on motor activity in ICR mice. Additionally, we determine the acute toxicity profiles of the Byrsonima crassifolia extracts and the presence of neuroactive constituents. Our results show that the methanolic extract of Byrsonima crassifolia produces a significant (P<0.05) antidepressant effect in the forced swimming test in mice at 500 mg/kg dose. However, it does not possess anxiolytic, sedative, or anticonvulsant properties, and does not cause a reduction of mice locomotion (P>0.05). Although the main compound of the methanolic extract was identified as quercetin 3-O-xyloside (12 mg/kg), our findings suggest that flavonoids, such as rutin (4.4 mg/kg), quercetin (1.4 mg/kg) and hesperidin (0.7 mg/kg), may be involved in the antidepressant effects. To the best of our knowledge, the present study constitutes the first report on the presence of the flavonoids with neuropharmacological activity rutin and hesperidin in Byrsonima crassifolia. In conclusion, the present results showed that the methanolic extract standardized on flavonoids content of Byrsonima crassifolia possesses potential antidepressant-like effects in the FST in mice, and could be considered as relatively safe toxicologically with no deaths of mice when orally administered at 2000 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Herrera-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico.
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Jiménez-Ferrer E, Badillo FH, González-Cortazar M, Tortoriello J, Herrera-Ruiz M. Antihypertensive activity of Salvia elegans Vahl. (Lamiaceae): ACE inhibition and angiotensin II antagonism. J Ethnopharmacol 2010; 130:340-346. [PMID: 20488233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 05/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Salvia elegans Vahl. (Lamiaceae), recognized with the popular name of "mirto" is widely used in Mexico for healing purposes, and also them as antihypertensive treatment. AIM OF THE STUDY The high prevalence of this illness and the side effects of antihypertensive drugs conducted us to the evaluation of the Salvia elegans extract on angiotensin II action. MATERIALS AND METHODS The acute response of blood pressure to angiotensin II administration was measured in mice. We also tested in vitro the inhibitory effect on angiotensin convertase enzyme. Additionally, characterization of the pharmacological effect of the extract fraction was obtained. RESULTS We obtained dose-response curve for the administration of complete extract and extract fractions. Due to the hydroalcoholic extract (SeHA) treatment blood pressure decreased significantly from systolic dose of 0.75 mg kg(-1) (p<0.05) and even had an antihypertensive effect that was greater than that treatment with losartan. SeHA extract decreased the E(max) of the AG II hypertensive effect by about 20% in both systolic and diastolic pressures, treatment with losartan also decreased the same parameter between 6% and 8% for systolic and diastolic pressures, respectively. Fractions SeF8 and SeF8-8 showed similar levels of AG II ED(50) for both pressures compared with losartan, these fractions showed major compounds with maximum absorbance peaks at 221, 289 and 330 nm typical of flavonoids. In the inhibition assay the activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), the extract SeHA showed percentage inhibition (%IACE) of 50.27+/-5.09% (n=5). SeBuOH fraction is found to have greater inhibitory capacity of achieving a IACE 78.40+/-2.24% (n=5), which was similar to the values obtained in the presence of the SeF8-22 fraction (82.61+/-1.74%) and lisinopril (87.18+/-1.16%). The changes in the value of K(M) suggest that components of the extracts and fractions were recognized by the enzyme's active site. The main compounds of the fractions SeBuOH, SeF8-22 were by flavonoid and phenyl propanoid types, according to UV absorption spectra of the fractions. CONCLUSIONS The experimental results demonstrated the antihypertensive effect of Salvia elegans and it was due to the AG II antagonism and inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Jiménez-Ferrer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico
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Herrera-Ruiz M, Jiménez-Ferrer JE, De Lima TCM, Avilés-Montes D, Pérez-García D, González-Cortazar M, Tortoriello J. Anxiolytic and antidepressant-like activity of a standardized extract from Galphimia glauca. Phytomedicine 2006; 13:23-8. [PMID: 16360929 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2005.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Accepted: 03/04/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
An infusion prepared with aerial parts from Galphimia glauca has been widely used in Mexican traditional medicine as a remedy for nervous excitement. The sedative activity of a methanolic extract from this plant has been demonstrated by neuropharmacological tests. This effect was attributed to the nor-secotriterpene named galphimine B (GB). In the present work, the anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects of G. glauca methanolic extract (standardized on GB content, 8.3mg/g) were assayed by using the elevated plus-maze, light-dark test and the forced swimming paradigm, on ICR albino mice. This extract, administered orally, three times (24, 18 and 1h before the test), and in different doses (125, 250, 500, 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg) was able to increase significantly (p<0.05) the number of entries, as well as the time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus-maze, indicating an anxiolytic-like effect. A similar effect was observed in the light-dark paradigm test, the time spent in the light box was increased in treated mice. Nevertheless, this treatment was unable to change any parameter in the forced swimming test. Altogether, these results suggest an anxiolytic-like effect to the methanolic standardized extract of G. glauca on ICR inbred mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Herrera-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Argentina 1, Xochitepec, Morelos, México 62790
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