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Janeiro MH, Solas M, Orbe J, Rodríguez JA, Sanchez de Muniain L, Escalada P, Yip PK, Ramirez MJ. Trimethylamine N-Oxide as a Mediator Linking Peripheral to Central Inflammation: An In Vitro Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17557. [PMID: 38139384 PMCID: PMC10743393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the plausible role of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a microbiota metabolite, was investigated as a link between peripheral inflammation and the inflammation of the central nervous system using different cell lines. TMAO treatment favored the differentiation of adipocytes from preadipocytes (3T3-L1 cell line). In macrophages (RAW 264.7 cell line), which infiltrate adipose tissue in obesity, TMAO increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The treatment with 200 μM of TMAO seemed to disrupt the blood-brain barrier as it induced a significant decrease in the expression of occludin in hCMECs. TMAO also increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in primary neuronal cultures, induced a pro-inflammatory state in primary microglial cultures, and promoted phagocytosis. Data obtained from this project suggest that microbial dysbiosis and increased TMAO secretion could be a key link between peripheral and central inflammation. Thus, TMAO-decreasing compounds may be a promising therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel H. Janeiro
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.H.J.); (M.S.); (L.S.d.M.); (P.E.)
| | - Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.H.J.); (M.S.); (L.S.d.M.); (P.E.)
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Josune Orbe
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, CIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS)-Ictus, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A. Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, CIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- CIBER Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Leyre Sanchez de Muniain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.H.J.); (M.S.); (L.S.d.M.); (P.E.)
| | - Paula Escalada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.H.J.); (M.S.); (L.S.d.M.); (P.E.)
| | - Ping K. Yip
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK;
| | - Maria J. Ramirez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.H.J.); (M.S.); (L.S.d.M.); (P.E.)
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Lanz M, Janeiro MH, Milagro FI, Puerta E, Ludwig IA, Pineda-Lucena A, Ramírez MJ, Solas M. Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) drives insulin resistance and cognitive deficiencies in a senescence accelerated mouse model. Mech Ageing Dev 2022; 204:111668. [PMID: 35341897 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2022.111668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been established that ageing is the major risk factor for cognitive deficiency and it is becoming increasingly evident that insulin resistance is another factor. Biological plausibility for a link between insulin resistance and dementia is relevant for understanding disease etiology, and to form bases for prevention efforts to decrease disease burden. In the present study, peripheral and central insulin resistance was found in SAMP8 mice (aging mouse model) accompanied by cognitive deficiencies. Furthermore, a marked peripheral inflammatory state was observed in SAMP8 mice, followed by neuroinflammation that could be due to a higher cytokine leaking into the brain across an aging-disrupted blood brain barrier. Moreover, aging-induced gut dysbiosis produces higher TMAO that could also contribute to the peripheral and central inflammatory tone as well as to the cognitive deficiencies observed in SAMP8 mice. All those alterations were reversed by DMB, a treatment that decreases TMAO levels. Data obtained from this project suggest that microbial dysbiosis and increased TMAO secretion could be a key link between aging, insulin resistance and dementia. Thus, pharmacological intervention that leads to decreased TMAO levels, such as DMB, could open a new avenue for the future treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Lanz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Manuel H Janeiro
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fermin I Milagro
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERobn, CIBER Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Puerta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iziar A Ludwig
- Program of Molecular Therapeutics, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII 55, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Antonio Pineda-Lucena
- Program of Molecular Therapeutics, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII 55, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J Ramírez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.
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Janeiro MH, Ardanaz CG, Sola-Sevilla N, Dong J, Cortés-Erice M, Solas M, Puerta E, Ramírez MJ. Biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease. Adv Lab Med 2021; 2:27-50. [PMID: 37359199 PMCID: PMC10197496 DOI: 10.1515/almed-2020-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. AD is the main cause of dementia worldwide and aging is the main risk factor for developing the illness. AD classical diagnostic criteria rely on clinical data. However, the development of a biological definition of AD using biomarkers that reflect the underling neuropathology is needed. Content The aim of this review is to describe the main outcomes when measuring classical and novel biomarkers in biological fluids or neuroimaging. Summary Nowadays, there are three classical biomarkers for the diagnosis of AD: Aβ42, t-Tau and p-Tau. The diagnostic use of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers is limited due to invasive collection by lumbar puncture with potential side effects. Plasma/serum measurements are the gold standard in clinics, because they are minimally invasive and, in consequence, easily collected and processed. The two main proteins implicated in the pathological process, Aβ and Tau, can be visualized using neuroimaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography. Outlook As it is currently accepted that AD starts decades before clinical symptoms could be diagnosed, the opportunity to detect biological alterations prior to clinical symptoms would allow early diagnosis or even perhaps change treatment possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel H. Janeiro
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IDISNA, Navarra’s Health Research Institute, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos G. Ardanaz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IDISNA, Navarra’s Health Research Institute, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Noemí Sola-Sevilla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IDISNA, Navarra’s Health Research Institute, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jinya Dong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IDISNA, Navarra’s Health Research Institute, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Cortés-Erice
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IDISNA, Navarra’s Health Research Institute, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IDISNA, Navarra’s Health Research Institute, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena Puerta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IDISNA, Navarra’s Health Research Institute, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J. Ramírez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IDISNA, Navarra’s Health Research Institute, Pamplona, Spain
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