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Lam TS, Mak PSK, Siu WS, Lam MY, Cheung TF, Rainer TH. Validation of a Modified Early Warning Score (Mews) in Emergency Department Observation Ward Patients. HONG KONG J EMERG ME 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/102490790601300102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) is a simple physiological scoring system, which can easily be applied at the bedside. The ability of MEWS to identify patients at risk of deterioration in a busy ward was investigated. Method In a prospective cohort study, we applied MEWS to patients admitted to the 16-bed emergency department observation ward (EDOW) of a tertiary teaching hospital. Results Data on 427 consecutive EDOW admissions were collected from 7 June to 4 July 2004. Main outcome measures were death, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and inpatient hospital admission. Scores of > 4 were associated with increased risk of death (OR 54.4, 95% CI = 4.7–633.7), ICU admission (OR 12.7, 95% CI = 1.1–147.3) and hospital admission (OR 9.5, 95% CI = 3.3–27.9). Conclusion MEWS is suitable for bedside application in an EDOW setting and may help identify patients at risk of deterioration who require increased levels of care as hospital inpatients and in ICU. Where experienced staff is not available to closely monitor patients in an EDOW, the use of the MEWS system may aid close monitoring and identification of high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - PSK Mak
- Prince of Wales Hospital, Accident & Emergency Department, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
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Abstract
Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a debilitating condition that occurs in approximately 30% of patients undergoing general anesthesia. Premedication with 5-HT3 receptor antagonists and glucocorticoids is effective in clinical practice; however, 10% to 20% of patients still develop PONV. Currently, little is known about the treatment of refractory PONV. We present a case that illustrates the use of fosaprepitant for the treatment of refractory postoperative nausea and vomiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh H Tran
- Pharmacist, Department of Pharmacy, Stanford Health Care , Stanford, California
| | - Magdalena Cudny
- Pharmacist, Department of Pharmacy, Stanford Health Care , Stanford, California
| | - Dat Ngo
- Pharmacist, Department of Pharmacy, Stanford Health Care , Stanford, California
| | - Samit Patel
- Pharmacist, Department of Pharmacy, Stanford Health Care , Stanford, California
| | - Manuel Y Lam
- Hospitalist & Clinical Instructor, Stanford Health Care , Stanford, California
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Novikov A, Lam MY, Mermel LA, Casey AL, Elliott TS, Nightingale P. Impact of catheter antimicrobial coating on species-specific risk of catheter colonization: a meta-analysis. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2012. [PMID: 23206897 PMCID: PMC3562262 DOI: 10.1186/2047-2994-1-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial catheters have been utilized to reduce risk of catheter colonization and infection. We aimed to determine if there is a greater than expected risk of microorganism-specific colonization associated with the use of antimicrobial central venous catheters (CVCs). Methods We performed a meta-analysis of 21 randomized, controlled trials comparing the incidence of specific bacterial and fungal species colonizing antimicrobial CVCs and standard CVCs in hospitalized patients. Results The proportion of all colonized minocycline-rifampin CVCs found to harbor Candida species was greater than the proportion of all colonized standard CVCs found to have Candida. In comparison, the proportion of colonized chlorhexidine-silver sulfadiazine CVCs specifically colonized with Acinetobacter species or diphtheroids was less than the proportion of similarly colonized standard CVCs. No such differences were found with CVCs colonized with staphylococci. Conclusion Commercially-available antimicrobial CVCs in clinical use may become colonized with distinct microbial flora probably related to their antimicrobial spectrum of activity. Some of these antimicrobial CVCs may therefore have limited additional benefit or more obvious advantages compared to standard CVCs for specific microbial pathogens. The choice of an antimicrobial CVC may be influenced by a number of clinical factors, including a previous history of colonization or infection with Acinetobacter, diphtheroids, or Candida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey Novikov
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Brown, USA.
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Ng CF, Koon CM, Cheung DWS, Lam MY, Leung PC, Lau CBS, Fung KP. The anti-hypertensive effect of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) and Gegen (Pueraria lobata) formula in rats and its underlying mechanisms of vasorelaxation. J Ethnopharmacol 2011; 137:1366-1372. [PMID: 21855622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae (Danshen) and Radix Puerariae lobatae (Gegen) have long been used in traditional Chinese Medicine and serve as the principal herbs in treating cardiovascular disease. AIMS OF THE STUDY In the present study, an aqueous extract comprising Danshen and Gegen in the ratio of 7:3 (DG) was investigated for its anti-hypertension in vivo and vasodilative activities ex vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-hypertensive effect of DG extract was investigated in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) by measuring systolic blood pressure (SBP). Oral administration of DG extract was started at age of 6 weeks and 14 weeks for the preventive and therapeutic studies, respectively. Blood pressure was measured by tail-cuff method biweekly for 12 weeks. The ex vivo vasodilative activities of DG extract, its dependency on endothelium and the involvement of nitric oxide, prostacyclin and potassium channels were investigated using isolated rat aorta ring in organ bath. RESULTS For in vivo study, systolic blood pressure was significantly reduced in DG extract-treated groups (90.2 and 300 mg/kg) as compared with the SHR control in both preventive and therapeutic studies. However, DG extract was unable to suppress or delay the onset of hypertension in the preventive study. For ex vivo study, the results showed that DG extract induced a concentration-dependent relaxation in aorta and persisted response was observed with the removal of endothelium. Besides, pretreatment with a non-selective potassium channel inhibitor tetraethylammonium (TEA) also significantly inhibited DG extract-induced vasodilation. Further investigations on specific potassium channel blockers revealed that ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channel inhibitor glibenclamide, inward rectifier potassium (Kir) inhibitor barium chloride and voltage-dependent potassium (K(v)) channel inhibitor 4-aminopyridine, but not BK(Ca) channel inhibitor iberiotoxin, exerted significant inhibition on DG extract-induced vasodilation. CONCLUSIONS The results of in vivo SHR animal model suggested that DG aqueous extract possessed blood pressure lowering effect on both pre- and post-hypertensive rats, which could be explained by its endothelium-independent vasodilation via the opening of K(ATP), Kir and K(v) channels.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antihypertensive Agents/administration & dosage
- Antihypertensive Agents/isolation & purification
- Antihypertensive Agents/pharmacology
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiopathology
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/isolation & purification
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Epoprostenol/metabolism
- Hypertension/drug therapy
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- Hypertension/prevention & control
- KATP Channels/drug effects
- KATP Channels/metabolism
- Male
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Plants, Medicinal
- Potassium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying/drug effects
- Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying/metabolism
- Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated/drug effects
- Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated/metabolism
- Pueraria/chemistry
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred SHR
- Rats, Inbred WKY
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Salvia miltiorrhiza/chemistry
- Time Factors
- Vasodilation/drug effects
- Vasodilator Agents/administration & dosage
- Vasodilator Agents/isolation & purification
- Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Ng
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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Lam MY, Lee H, Bright R, Korzenik JR, Sands BE. Validation of interactive voice response system administration of the Short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15:599-607. [PMID: 19023897 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (SIBDQ) is a written, self-administered instrument measuring quality of life in IBD. We assessed the validity of an interactive voice response system (IVRS) as a new mode of administering the SIBDQ. METHODS An IVRS was designed using prerecorded questions to collect data via touchtone telephone. Subjects with Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) were randomized into 2 groups with different orders of administration: written, self-administered followed by IVRS (S-I) or IVRS followed by written, self-administered (I-S). Half of the S-I group was also randomized to receive a second IVRS. Sixty-four subjects were studied: 30 in S-I, 34 in I-S. RESULTS The mean SIBDQ scores were not different between written and IVRS modes (P = 0.26) with r = 0.93. IVRS scores were lower in active than inactive CD (36.1 +/- 9.6 versus 54.7 +/- 8.6, P < 0.001) and lower in active than inactive UC (40.8 +/- 9.6 versus 59.8 +/- 10.0, P < 0.001). Mean scores correlated highly with disease activity indices, and were not different between first and second IVRS administrations (P = 0.85) with r = 0.92. IVRS had excellent internal consistency (Cronbach alpha = 0.90). CONCLUSIONS IVRS administration of the SIBDQ yields results similar to written self-administration, with excellent procedural validity, test-retest reliability, and internal consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Y Lam
- MGH Crohn's & Colitis Center and Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Lam MY, Feller ER, Lonks JR, Shah SA. Inflammatory bowel disease potpourri: a vignette-based discussion. Med Health R I 2009; 92:121-124. [PMID: 19452754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Y Lam
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, USA
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Hack AA, Lam MY, Cordier L, Shoturma DI, Ly CT, Hadhazy MA, Hadhazy MR, Sweeney HL, McNally EM. Differential requirement for individual sarcoglycans and dystrophin in the assembly and function of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex. J Cell Sci 2000; 113 ( Pt 14):2535-44. [PMID: 10862711 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.113.14.2535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoglycan is a multimeric, integral membrane glycoprotein complex that associates with dystrophin. Mutations in individual sarcoglycan subunits have been identified in inherited forms of muscular dystrophy. To evaluate the contributions of sarcoglycan and dystrophin to muscle membrane stability and muscular dystrophy, we compared muscle lacking specific sarcoglycans or dystrophin. Here we report that mice lacking (delta)-sarcoglycan developed muscular dystrophy and cardiomyopathy similar to mice lacking (gamma)-sarcoglycan. However, unlike muscle lacking (gamma)-sarcoglycan, (delta)-sarcoglycan-deficient muscle was sensitive to eccentric contraction-induced disruption of the plasma membrane. In the absence of (delta)-sarcoglycan, (alpha)-, (beta)- and (gamma)-sarcoglycan were undetectable, while dystrophin was expressed at normal levels. In contrast, without (gamma)-sarcoglycan, reduced levels of (alpha)-, (beta)- and (delta)-sarcoglycan were expressed, glycosylated and formed a complex with each other. Thus, the elimination of (gamma)- and (delta)-sarcoglycan had different molecular consequences for the assembly and function of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex. Furthermore, these molecular differences were associated with different mechanical consequences for the muscle plasma membrane. Through this in vivo analysis, a model for sarcoglycan assembly is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Hack
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, Section of Cardiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear whether follow-up by a thoracic surgeon after lung cancer resection alters survival. METHODS The charts of 245 early stage (< or = IIB) non-small cell lung cancer patients, diagnosed between 1988 and 1995, were reviewed. Follow-up data were complete to January 1, 1997, in 96.3% (236 of 245) of cases. RESULTS Ninety of the 111 recurrences were detected before discharge from the thoracic clinic. Despite clinic follow-up, 66.7% (60 of 90) were identified by the family physician, and only 28.9% (26 of 90) by the surgeon. The remaining 4.4% (4 of 90) were detected by other physicians. Ninety-six percent (25 of 26) surgeon-detected recurrences had suspicious clinical or chest radiographic findings, compared with 92% for family physician-detected recurrences (55 of 60; not significant). The cost per recurrence detected by surgeons was Can $4,367. A 75% cost savings could ensure if patients were followed up by their family physician. There was no 5-year survival benefit for patients whose recurrence was detected by the surgeon. CONCLUSIONS Long-term follow-up after limited-stage non-small cell lung cancer resection could possibly be performed by a family physician alone without compromising overall survival, and with significant cost savings.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gilbert
- Department of Surgery, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Hack AA, Cordier L, Shoturma DI, Lam MY, Sweeney HL, McNally EM. Muscle degeneration without mechanical injury in sarcoglycan deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:10723-8. [PMID: 10485893 PMCID: PMC17950 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.19.10723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, mutations in the genes encoding components of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex cause muscular dystrophy. Specifically, primary mutations in the genes encoding alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-sarcoglycan have been identified in humans with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. Mice lacking gamma-sarcoglycan develop progressive muscular dystrophy similar to human muscular dystrophy. Without gamma-sarcoglycan, beta- and delta-sarcoglycan are unstable at the muscle membrane and alpha-sarcoglycan is severely reduced. The expression and localization of dystrophin, dystroglycan, and laminin-alpha2, a mechanical link between the actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix, appears unaffected by the loss of sarcoglycan. We assessed the functional integrity of this mechanical link and found that isolated muscles lacking gamma-sarcoglycan showed normal resistance to mechanical strain induced by eccentric muscle contraction. Sarcoglycan-deficient muscles also showed normal peak isometric and tetanic force generation. Furthermore, there was no evidence for contraction-induced injury in mice lacking gamma-sarcoglycan that were subjected to an extended, rigorous exercise regimen. These data demonstrate that mechanical weakness and contraction-induced muscle injury are not required for muscle degeneration and the dystrophic process. Thus, a nonmechanical mechanism, perhaps involving some unknown signaling function, likely is responsible for muscular dystrophy where sarcoglycan is deficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Hack
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, Section of Cardiology, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Lam MY. Ratio analysis for the development office of health care institutions. Hosp Cost Manag Account 1997; 9:1-6. [PMID: 10169167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Lam MY, McGroarty EJ, Kropinski AM, MacDonald LA, Pedersen SS, Høiby N, Lam JS. Occurrence of a common lipopolysaccharide antigen in standard and clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27:962-7. [PMID: 2501356 PMCID: PMC267463 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.27.5.962-967.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 contains two species of O polysaccharide termed A and B bands. The high-molecular-weight B-band LPS determines the O specificity of the bacterium, while the antigenically distinct A-band LPS consists of only shorter-chain polysaccharides. Seven hybridomas secreting A-band-specific monoclonal antibodies were produced and used to study the LPS of standard and clinical strains. Although A-band antibodies did not agglutinate any of the serotype strains presently in the International Antigenic Typing Scheme, Western immunoblots revealed that 11 of the 17 serotype strains possessed A-band LPS. In a group of 250 clinical isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis, 170 (68%) had A-band LPS on the basis of agglutination tests, but in silver-stained gels all were shown to be deficient in O-antigen-containing B band. Investigation of serial isolates from a single patient revealed a pattern of antigenic variation. During the course of the infection, serotypeable isolates became nontypeable, and the O antigen was replaced with A band as the major LPS antigen. These results suggest that A-band LPS may be the major LPS antigen in nontypeable clinical isolates and a common antigen among other P. aeruginosa strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Lam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
A panel of 22 monoclonal antibodies against 8 of the 17 International Antigenic Typing Scheme (IATS) serotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was produced. The antibodies were characterized for cross-reactivities, isotypes, titers, and epitope specificities. The results complemented those of our previous study and marked the completion of a set of monoclonal antibodies for serotyping P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Lam
- Department of Microbiology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Lam JS, Lam MY, MacDonald LA, Hancock RE. Visualization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa O antigens by using a protein A-dextran-colloidal gold conjugate with both immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M monoclonal antibodies. J Bacteriol 1987; 169:3531-8. [PMID: 2440850 PMCID: PMC212429 DOI: 10.1128/jb.169.8.3531-3538.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Two lipopolysaccharide O-antigen-specific monoclonal antibodies, MA1-8 (an immunoglobulin G1 [IgG1]) and MF15-4 (an IgM), were used to localize the O antigen of the lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. A protein A-dextran-gold conjugate with an average particle diameter of 12.5 nm was used to label bacterial cells treated with MA1-8, while a second antibody (goat anti-mouse IgM) was required before the same probe could interact with cells treated with the IgM antibody MF15-4. Both antibodies resulted in exclusive labeling of the surface of P. aeruginosa PAO1 but not that of an isogenic O-antigen-lacking rough mutant. When the monoclonal antibodies became attached to the cell surface of P. aeruginosa PAO1, resulting in an even coating, the foldings and other topographic details could not be discerned by negative staining. In thin sections of monoclonal-antibody-treated bacteria, a 20- and a 30- to 40-nm thick amorphous layer was observed around the outside of the outer membrane when MA1-8 (IgG) and MF15-4 (IgM) plus goat anti-mouse IgM antibodies were used, respectively. This amorphous layer presumably resulted from the stabilization of the lipopolysaccharide structure by the monoclonal antibodies which prevented the long O-antigen chains from collapsing owing to dehydration.
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Lam JS, MacDonald LA, Lam MY, Duchesne LG, Southam GG. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against serotype strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Immun 1987; 55:1051-7. [PMID: 2437030 PMCID: PMC260467 DOI: 10.1128/iai.55.5.1051-1057.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies against 12 of the 17 IATS serotype strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were produced. Eighty-seven hybridoma clones were isolated, and the antibodies secreted were found to be reactive with both Formalin-fixed whole cells and purified lipopolysaccharide of homologous strains in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Among these monoclonal antibodies, the predominant antibody class was immunoglobulin M (IgM) (76%), although antibodies of the IgG2a and IgG3 isotypes were also produced. The monoclonal antibodies could further be divided into two groups based on their ability to agglutinate whole cells of homologous strains. The agglutinating monoclonal antibodies were found to immunoblot with the O side chains of homologous lipopolysaccharide, while the nonagglutinating monoclonal antibodies were found to be reactive with outer membrane protein-associated lipopolysaccharide. The applicability of monoclonal antibodies for serotyping was examined, and several antibodies were found to agglutinate whole cells and immunoblot with the O antigen of corresponding serotypes of clinical isolates from cystic fibrosis patients. In conclusion, a set of monoclonal antibodies against the IATS serotype strains of P. aeruginosa have been produced. These antibodies represent a bank of invaluable immunological reagents which may have application in serotyping, epitope mapping, lipopolysaccharide structural determination, and studies of protection against P. aeruginosa.
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Lam MY, Amidon RL. A cross sectional study of the supply and distribution of physicians in South Carolina in 1980. J S C Med Assoc 1984; 80:351-3. [PMID: 6332237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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