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Zalba S, Ten Hagen TLM, Burgui C, Garrido MJ. Stealth nanoparticles in oncology: Facing the PEG dilemma. J Control Release 2022; 351:22-36. [PMID: 36087801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (Nps) have revolutionized the landscape of many treatments, by modifying not only pharmacokinetic properties of the encapsulated agent, but also providing a significant protection of the drug from non-desired interactions, and reducing side-effects of the enclosed therapeutic, enabling co-encapsulation of possibly synergistic compounds or activities, allowing a controlled release of content and improving the therapeutic effect. Nevertheless, in systemic circulation, Nps suffer a rapid removal by opsonisation and the action of Mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). To overcome this problem, different polymers, in particular Polyethyleneglycol (PEG), have been used to cover the surface of these nanocarriers forming a hydrophilic layer that allows the delay of the removal. These advantages contrast with some drawbacks such as the difficulty to interact with cell membranes and the development of immunological reactions, conforming the known, "PEG dilemma". To address and minimize this phenomenon, different strategies have been applied. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the state of the art of Pegylation strategies, comment in depth on the principal characteristics of PEG and describe the main alternatives, which are the use of cleavable PEG, addition of different polymers or even use other derivatives of cell membranes to camouflage Nps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zalba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy & Nutrition, University of Navarra; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Timo L M Ten Hagen
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, and Nanomedicine Innovation Center Erasmus (NICE), Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carmen Burgui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy & Nutrition, University of Navarra
| | - María J Garrido
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy & Nutrition, University of Navarra; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.
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2
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Navarro-Ocón A, Blaya-Cánovas JL, López-Tejada A, Blancas I, Sánchez-Martín RM, Garrido MJ, Griñán-Lisón C, Calahorra J, Cara FE, Ruiz-Cabello F, Marchal JA, Aptsiauri N, Granados-Principal S. Nanomedicine as a Promising Tool to Overcome Immune Escape in Breast Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030505. [PMID: 35335881 PMCID: PMC8950730 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common type of malignancy and leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. Despite the current revolutionary advances in the field of cancer immunotherapy, clinical response in breast cancer is frequently below expectations, in part due to various mechanisms of cancer immune escape that produce tumor variants that are resistant to treatment. Thus, a further understanding of the molecular events underlying immune evasion in breast cancer may guarantee a significant improvement in the clinical success of immunotherapy. Furthermore, nanomedicine provides a promising opportunity to enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy by improving the delivery, retention and release of immunostimulatory agents in targeted cells and tumor tissues. Hence, it can be used to overcome tumor immune escape and increase tumor rejection in numerous malignancies, including breast cancer. In this review, we summarize the current status and emerging trends in nanomedicine-based strategies targeting cancer immune evasion and modulating the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, including the inhibition of immunosuppressive cells in the tumor area, the activation of dendritic cells and the stimulation of the specific antitumor T-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Navarro-Ocón
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.N.-O.); (J.L.B.-C.); (A.L.-T.); (R.M.S.-M.); (C.G.-L.); (J.C.); (F.E.C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain; (I.B.); (F.R.-C.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Jose L. Blaya-Cánovas
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.N.-O.); (J.L.B.-C.); (A.L.-T.); (R.M.S.-M.); (C.G.-L.); (J.C.); (F.E.C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain; (I.B.); (F.R.-C.); (J.A.M.)
- UGC de Oncología Médica, Complejo Hospitalario de Jaen, 23007 Jaen, Spain
| | - Araceli López-Tejada
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.N.-O.); (J.L.B.-C.); (A.L.-T.); (R.M.S.-M.); (C.G.-L.); (J.C.); (F.E.C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain; (I.B.); (F.R.-C.); (J.A.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Blancas
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain; (I.B.); (F.R.-C.); (J.A.M.)
- UGC de Oncología, Hospital Universitario “San Cecilio”, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Rosario M. Sánchez-Martín
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.N.-O.); (J.L.B.-C.); (A.L.-T.); (R.M.S.-M.); (C.G.-L.); (J.C.); (F.E.C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain; (I.B.); (F.R.-C.); (J.A.M.)
| | - María J. Garrido
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy & Nutrition, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), University of Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Carmen Griñán-Lisón
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.N.-O.); (J.L.B.-C.); (A.L.-T.); (R.M.S.-M.); (C.G.-L.); (J.C.); (F.E.C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain; (I.B.); (F.R.-C.); (J.A.M.)
- UGC de Oncología Médica, Complejo Hospitalario de Jaen, 23007 Jaen, Spain
| | - Jesús Calahorra
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.N.-O.); (J.L.B.-C.); (A.L.-T.); (R.M.S.-M.); (C.G.-L.); (J.C.); (F.E.C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain; (I.B.); (F.R.-C.); (J.A.M.)
- UGC de Oncología Médica, Complejo Hospitalario de Jaen, 23007 Jaen, Spain
| | - Francisca E. Cara
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.N.-O.); (J.L.B.-C.); (A.L.-T.); (R.M.S.-M.); (C.G.-L.); (J.C.); (F.E.C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain; (I.B.); (F.R.-C.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Cabello
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain; (I.B.); (F.R.-C.); (J.A.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology 3 and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan A. Marchal
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain; (I.B.); (F.R.-C.); (J.A.M.)
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Natalia Aptsiauri
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain; (I.B.); (F.R.-C.); (J.A.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology 3 and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (N.A.); (S.G.-P.)
| | - Sergio Granados-Principal
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.N.-O.); (J.L.B.-C.); (A.L.-T.); (R.M.S.-M.); (C.G.-L.); (J.C.); (F.E.C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain; (I.B.); (F.R.-C.); (J.A.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (N.A.); (S.G.-P.)
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Córdoba KM, Serrano-Mendioroz I, Jericó D, Merino M, Jiang L, Sampedro A, Alegre M, Corrales F, Garrido MJ, Martini PGV, Lanciego JL, Prieto J, Berraondo P, Fontanellas A. Recombinant porphobilinogen deaminase targeted to the liver corrects enzymopenia in a mouse model of acute intermittent porphyria. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabc0700. [PMID: 35020410 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abc0700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol M Córdoba
- Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Irantzu Serrano-Mendioroz
- Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Daniel Jericó
- Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Merino
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lei Jiang
- Moderna Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ana Sampedro
- Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Manuel Alegre
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Neuroscience Area, CIMA and Clínica Universitaria, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fernando Corrales
- Proteomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Garrido
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - José Luis Lanciego
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Neurosciences Department, CIMA-University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNed), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Prieto
- Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Fontanellas
- Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Sancho-Araiz A, Zalba S, Garrido MJ, Berraondo P, Topp B, de Alwis D, Parra-Guillen ZP, Mangas-Sanjuan V, Trocóniz IF. Semi-Mechanistic Model for the Antitumor Response of a Combination Cocktail of Immuno-Modulators in Non-Inflamed (Cold) Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205049. [PMID: 34680196 PMCID: PMC8534053 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The clinical efficacy of immunotherapies when treating cold tumors is still low, and different treatment combinations are needed when dealing with this challenging scenario. In this work, a middle-out strategy was followed to develop a model describing the antitumor efficacy of different immune-modulator combinations, including an antigen, a toll-like receptor-3 agonist, and an immune checkpoint inhibitor in mice treated with non-inflamed tumor cells. Our results support that clinical response requires antigen-presenting cell activation and also relies on the amount of CD8 T cells and tumor resistance mechanisms present. This mathematical model is a very useful platform to evaluate different immuno-oncology combinations in both preclinical and clinical settings. Abstract Immune checkpoint inhibitors, administered as single agents, have demonstrated clinical efficacy. However, when treating cold tumors, different combination strategies are needed. This work aims to develop a semi-mechanistic model describing the antitumor efficacy of immunotherapy combinations in cold tumors. Tumor size of mice treated with TC-1/A9 non-inflamed tumors and the drug effects of an antigen, a toll-like receptor-3 agonist (PIC), and an immune checkpoint inhibitor (anti-programmed cell death 1 antibody) were modeled using Monolix and following a middle-out strategy. Tumor growth was best characterized by an exponential model with an estimated initial tumor size of 19.5 mm3 and a doubling time of 3.6 days. In the treatment groups, contrary to the lack of response observed in monotherapy, combinations including the antigen were able to induce an antitumor response. The final model successfully captured the 23% increase in the probability of cure from bi-therapy to triple-therapy. Moreover, our work supports that CD8+ T lymphocytes and resistance mechanisms are strongly related to the clinical outcome. The activation of antigen-presenting cells might be needed to achieve an antitumor response in reduced immunogenic tumors when combined with other immunotherapies. These models can be used as a platform to evaluate different immuno-oncology combinations in preclinical and clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymara Sancho-Araiz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.S.-A.); (S.Z.); (M.J.G.); (Z.P.P.-G.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Sara Zalba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.S.-A.); (S.Z.); (M.J.G.); (Z.P.P.-G.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - María J. Garrido
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.S.-A.); (S.Z.); (M.J.G.); (Z.P.P.-G.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Brian Topp
- Quantitative Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (B.T.); (D.d.A.)
| | - Dinesh de Alwis
- Quantitative Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (B.T.); (D.d.A.)
| | - Zinnia P. Parra-Guillen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.S.-A.); (S.Z.); (M.J.G.); (Z.P.P.-G.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Víctor Mangas-Sanjuan
- Department of Pharmacy Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain;
- Interuniversity Institute of Recognition Research Molecular and Technological Development, Polytechnic University of Valencia-University of Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Iñaki F. Trocóniz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.S.-A.); (S.Z.); (M.J.G.); (Z.P.P.-G.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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Merino M, Lozano T, Casares N, Lana H, Troconiz IF, Ten Hagen TLM, Kochan G, Berraondo P, Zalba S, Garrido MJ. Dual activity of PD-L1 targeted Doxorubicin immunoliposomes promoted an enhanced efficacy of the antitumor immune response in melanoma murine model. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:102. [PMID: 33849551 PMCID: PMC8042980 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00846-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immunomodulation of the antitumor response driven by immunocheckpoint inhibitors (ICIs) such as PD-L1 (Programmed Death Ligand-1) monoclonal antibody (α-PD-L1) have shown relevant clinical outcomes in a subset of patients. This fact has led to the search for rational combinations with other therapeutic agents such as Doxorubicin (Dox), which cytotoxicity involves an immune activation that may enhance ICI response. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the combination of chemotherapy and ICI by developing Dox Immunoliposomes functionalized with monovalent-variable fragments (Fab') of α-PD-L1. RESULTS Immunoliposomes were assayed in vitro and in vivo in a B16 OVA melanoma murine cell line over-expressing PD-L1. Here, immune system activation in tumor, spleen and lymph nodes, together with the antitumor efficacy were evaluated. Results showed that immunoliposomes bound specifically to PD-L1+ cells, yielding higher cell interaction and Dox internalization, and decreasing up to 30-fold the IC50, compared to conventional liposomes. This mechanism supported a higher in vivo response. Indeed, immunoliposomes promoted full tumor regression in 20% of mice and increased in 1 month the survival rate. This formulation was the only treatment able to induce significant (p < 0.01) increase of activated tumor specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes at the tumor site. CONCLUSION PD-L1 targeted liposomes encapsulating Dox have proved to be a rational combination able to enhance the modulation of the immune system by blocking PD-L1 and selectively internalizing Dox, thus successfully providing a dual activity offered by both, chemo and immune therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Merino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Teresa Lozano
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Noelia Casares
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Hugo Lana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Iñaki F Troconiz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Timo L M Ten Hagen
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Grazyna Kochan
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Oncology, Navarrabiomed-Biomedical Research Centre, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Zalba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. .,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain.
| | - María J Garrido
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. .,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain.
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Merino M, Contreras A, Casares N, Troconiz IF, Ten Hagen TL, Berraondo P, Zalba S, Garrido MJ. A new immune-nanoplatform for promoting adaptive antitumor immune response. Nanomedicine 2019; 17:13-25. [PMID: 30654186 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Immunoliposomes (ILs), obtained with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) decorating the liposome surface, are used for cancer treatment. These mAbs provide the recognition of molecules upregulated in cancer cells, like Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1), an immune-checkpoint involved in tumor resistance, forming a complex that blocks this molecule and thereby, induces antitumor immune response. This mechanism introduces a new concept for ILs. ILs coupled to anti-PD-L1 or its Fab' fragment have been developed and in vitro/in vivo characterized. Factors such as coupling methods, PEG density and ligand size were optimized. In vitro data showed that Fab'-ILs displayed the highest PD-L1 cell interaction, correlating with a higher in vivo tumor accumulation and an increase of effector cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, providing tumor shrinkage and total regression in 20% of mice. Therefore, a novel immune-nanoplatform able to modulate the immune system has been developed, allowing the encapsulation of several agents for combinatorial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Merino
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA)
| | - Ana Contreras
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA)
| | - Noelia Casares
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA)
| | - Iñaki F Troconiz
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA)
| | - Timo Lm Ten Hagen
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA)
| | - Sara Zalba
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA)
| | - María J Garrido
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA).
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7
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Merino M, Zalba S, Garrido MJ. Immunoliposomes in clinical oncology: State of the art and future perspectives. J Control Release 2018; 275:162-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Contreras-Sandoval AM, Merino M, Vasquez M, Trocóniz IF, Berraondo P, Garrido MJ. Correlation between anti-PD-L1 tumor concentrations and tumor-specific and nonspecific biomarkers in a melanoma mouse model. Oncotarget 2018; 7:76891-76901. [PMID: 27764774 PMCID: PMC5363557 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Blockade of PD-L1 with specific monoclonal antibodies (anti-PD-L1) represents a therapeutic strategy to increase the capability of the immune system to modulate the tumor immune-resistance. The relationship between anti-PD-L1 tumor exposition and anti-tumor effect represents a challenge that has been addressed in this work through the identification of certain biomarkers implicated in the antibody's mechanism of action, using a syngeneic melanoma mouse model. The development of an in-vitro/in-vivo platform has allowed us to investigate the PD-L1 behavior after its blockage with anti-PD-L1 at cellular level and in animals. In-vitro studies showed that the complex PD-L1/anti-PD-L1 was retained mainly at the cell surface. The antibody concentration and time exposure affected directly the recycling or ligand turnover. In-vivo studies showed that anti-PD-L1 was therapeutically active at all stage of the disease, with a rapid onset, a low but durable efficacy and non-relevant toxic effect. This efficacy measured as tumor shrinkage correlated with tumor-specific infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), which increased as antibody tumor concentrations increased. Both, TILS and antibody concentrations followed similar kinetic patterns, justifying the observed anti-PD-L1 rapid onset. Interestingly, peripheral lymphocytes (PBLs) behave as infiltrating lymphocytes, suggesting that these PBLs might be considered as a possible biomarker for antibody activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Contreras-Sandoval
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Merino
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marcos Vasquez
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, 31008, Spain
| | - Iñaki F Trocóniz
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, 31008, Spain
| | - María J Garrido
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Konrad J, Clérico G, Garrido MJ, Taminelli G, Yuponi M, Yuponi R, Crudeli G, Sansinena M. Ovum pick-up interval in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) managed under wetland conditions in Argentina: Effect on follicular population, oocyte recovery, and in vitro embryo development. Anim Reprod Sci 2017; 183:39-45. [PMID: 28662882 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The excellent adaptation of water buffalo (Bubalis bubalis) to swampy environments means that animals are frequently managed in areas with restricted access for reproductive procedures. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the ovum pick-up (OPU) interval on follicular population, oocyte recovery, oocyte quality and in vitro embryo production. Twelve Murrah buffaloes were subjected to two consecutive dominant follicle reductions, and randomly assigned to either 7-day (n=6) or 14-day (n=6) OPU interval groups. Although there was no significant difference in the average number of small (<3mm) and large (>8mm) diameter follicles available per OPU, a higher proportion of medium-sized follicles (3-8mm) were observed in the 14-day interval group (5.129 vs 3.267; p<0.05). The number of recovered oocytes per donor was also significantly higher (4.51 vs. 2.8; p<0.05) in the 14-day interval group, although this was attributed to an increase in the proportion of lower quality oocytes (grades III and IV). After in vitro fertilization, embryo developmental competence from grade I and II oocytes was superior to that from grade III and IV oocytes, irrespective of OPU interval group. There was no significant difference in the proportion of grade I and II oocytes cleaved after sperm co-incubation; however, there was a higher proportion of blastocysts produced in 14-day interval group (28 vs. 6%, p<0.05). No blastocysts were produced from grade III and IV oocytes. This study indicates it is possible to use a 14-day interval for oocyte collection in water buffalo; this approach could be considered as an alternative when access to animals is restricted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Konrad
- Cátedra de Teriogenología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G Clérico
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M J Garrido
- Cátedra de Teriogenología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G Taminelli
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Yuponi
- Cátedra de Teriogenología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - R Yuponi
- Cátedra de Teriogenología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - G Crudeli
- Cátedra de Teriogenología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - M Sansinena
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Garrido MJ, Berraondo P, Trocóniz IF. CORRIGENDUM: Commentary on Pharmacometrics for Immunotherapy. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2017; 6:277. [PMID: 28425210 PMCID: PMC5397560 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Garrido MJ, Berraondo P, Trocóniz IF. Commentary on Pharmacometrics for Immunotherapy. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2017; 6:8-10. [PMID: 27997736 PMCID: PMC5270298 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This commentary provides an overview of recent examples of pharmacometrics applied during the clinical development of two antagonists of the programmed death‐1 (PD‐1) cell surface receptor, pembrolizumab and nivolumab. Despite the remarkable achievements obtained in predicting the correct dosing schedule from different quantitative approaches, data indicated a great degree of heterogeneity in tumor response. To achieve therapeutic goals the search for predictive biomarkers associated with a lack of response and mechanism‐based combination studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Garrido
- Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - P Berraondo
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - I F Trocóniz
- Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Zalba S, Contreras AM, Merino M, Navarro I, de Ilarduya CT, Trocóniz IF, Koning G, Garrido MJ. EGF-liposomes promote efficient EGFR targeting in xenograft colocarcinoma model. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:465-77. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Development of EGF-liposomes (LP-EGF) for selective molecules delivery in tumors expressing EGFR. Material & methods: In vitro cellular interaction of EGF-LP and nontargeted liposomes (LP-N) was assayed at 37 and 4°C in cells expressing different EGFR levels. Receptor-mediated uptake was investigated by competition with a monoclonal antibody anti-EGFR. Selective intracellular drug delivery and efficacy was tested by oxaliplatin encapsulation. In vivo biodistribution of LP-N and LP-EGF was done in xenograft model. Results: LP-EGF was internalized by an active and selective mechanism through EGFR without receptor activation. Oxaliplatin LP-EGF decreased IC50 between 48 and 13% in cell EGFR+. LP-EGF was accumulated in tumor over 72 h postdosing, while LP-N in spleen. Conclusion: LP-EGF represents an attractive nanosystem for cancer therapy or diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zalba
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Innovative Targeting, Laboratory Experimental Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Margarita Contreras
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Merino
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iñigo Navarro
- Department of Chemistry & Edaphology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Conchita Tros de Ilarduya
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iñaki F Trocóniz
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gerben Koning
- Innovative Targeting, Laboratory Experimental Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - María J Garrido
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Zalba S, Contreras AM, Haeri A, ten Hagen TL, Navarro I, Koning G, Garrido MJ. Cetuximab-oxaliplatin-liposomes for epidermal growth factor receptor targeted chemotherapy of colorectal cancer. J Control Release 2015; 210:26-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.05.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Mangas-Sanjuan V, Buil-Bruna N, Garrido MJ, Soto E, Trocóniz IF. Semimechanistic cell-cycle type-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model of chemotherapy-induced neutropenic effects of diflomotecan under different dosing schedules. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 354:55-64. [PMID: 25948593 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.223776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current work integrates cell-cycle dynamics occurring in the bone marrow compartment as a key element in the structure of a semimechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model for neutropenic effects, aiming to describe, with the same set of system- and drug-related parameters, longitudinal data of neutropenia gathered after the administration of the anticancer drug diflomotecan (9,10-difluoro-homocamptothecin) under different dosing schedules to patients (n = 111) with advanced solid tumors. To achieve such an objective, the general framework of the neutropenia models was expanded, including one additional physiologic process resembling cell cycle dynamics. The main assumptions of the proposed model are as follows: within the stem cell compartment, proliferative and quiescent cells coexist, and only cells in the proliferative condition are sensitive to drug effects and capable of following the maturation chain. Cell cycle dynamics were characterized by two new parameters, FProl (the fraction of proliferative [Prol] cells that enters into the maturation chain) and kcycle (first-order rate constant governing cell cycle dynamics within the stem cell compartment). Both model parameters were identifiable as indicated by the results from a bootstrap analysis, and their estimates were supported by date from the literature. The estimates of FProl and kcycle were 0.58 and 1.94 day(-1), respectively. The new model could properly describe the neutropenic effects of diflomotecan after very different dosing scenarios, and can be used to explore the potential impact of dosing schedule dependencies on neutropenia prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Mangas-Sanjuan
- Department of Engineering, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, University of Miguel Hernández de Elche, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain (V.M.-S.); Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain (N.B.-B., M.J.G., I.F.T.); and Pharmacometrics, Pfizer, Sandwich, United Kingdom (E.S.)
| | - Núria Buil-Bruna
- Department of Engineering, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, University of Miguel Hernández de Elche, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain (V.M.-S.); Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain (N.B.-B., M.J.G., I.F.T.); and Pharmacometrics, Pfizer, Sandwich, United Kingdom (E.S.)
| | - María J Garrido
- Department of Engineering, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, University of Miguel Hernández de Elche, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain (V.M.-S.); Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain (N.B.-B., M.J.G., I.F.T.); and Pharmacometrics, Pfizer, Sandwich, United Kingdom (E.S.)
| | - Elena Soto
- Department of Engineering, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, University of Miguel Hernández de Elche, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain (V.M.-S.); Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain (N.B.-B., M.J.G., I.F.T.); and Pharmacometrics, Pfizer, Sandwich, United Kingdom (E.S.)
| | - Iñaki F Trocóniz
- Department of Engineering, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, University of Miguel Hernández de Elche, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain (V.M.-S.); Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain (N.B.-B., M.J.G., I.F.T.); and Pharmacometrics, Pfizer, Sandwich, United Kingdom (E.S.)
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Gómez-Mantilla JD, Trocóniz IF, Parra-Guillén Z, Garrido MJ. Review on modeling anti-antibody responses to monoclonal antibodies. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2014; 41:523-36. [PMID: 25027160 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-014-9367-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) represent a therapeutic strategy that has been increasingly used in different diseases. mAbs are highly specific for their targets leading to induce specific effector functions. Despite their therapeutic benefits, the presence of immunogenic reactions is of growing concern. The immunogenicity identified as anti-drug antibodies (ADA) production due to the continuous administration of mAbs may affect the pharmacokinetics (PK) and/or the pharmacodynamics (PD) of mAbs administered to patients. Therefore, the immunogenicity and its clinical impact have been studied by several authors using PK modeling approaches. In this review, the authors try to present all those models under a unique theoretical mechanism-based framework incorporating the main considerations related to ADA formation, and how ADA may affect the efficacy or toxicity profile of some therapeutic biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- José David Gómez-Mantilla
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31080, Spain
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Garrido MJ, Cendrós JM, Ramis J, Peraire C, Obach R, Trocóniz IF. Pharmacodynamic Modeling of the Effects of Lanreotide Autogel on Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 52:487-98. [DOI: 10.1177/0091270011399761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lessios HA, Lockhart S, Collin R, Sotil G, Sanchez-Jerez P, Zigler KS, Perez AF, Garrido MJ, Geyer LB, Bernardi G, Vacquier VD, Haroun R, Kessing BD. Phylogeography and bindin evolution in Arbacia, a sea urchin genus with an unusual distribution. Mol Ecol 2011; 21:130-44. [PMID: 21981354 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Among shallow water sea urchin genera, Arbacia is the only genus that contains species found in both high and low latitudes. In order to determine the geographical origin of the genus and its history of speciation events, we constructed phylogenies based on cytochrome oxidase I and sperm bindin from all its species. Both the mitochondrial and the nuclear gene genealogies show that Arbacia originated in the temperate zone of the Southern Hemisphere and gave rise to three species in the eastern Pacific, which were then isolated from the Atlantic by the Isthmus of Panama. The mid-Atlantic barrier separated two additional species. The bindin data suggest that selection against hybridization is not important in the evolution of this molecule in this genus. Metz et al. in a previous publication found no evidence of selection on bindin of Arbacia and suggested that this might be due to allopatry between species, which obviated the need for species recognition. This suggestion formed the basis of the conclusion, widely spread in the literature, that the source of selection on sea urchin bindin (where it does occur) was reinforcement. However, the range of Arbacia spatuligera overlaps with that of two other species of Arbacia, and our data show that it is hybridizing with one of them. We found that even in the species that overlap geographically, there are no deviations from selective neutrality in the evolution of bindin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Lessios
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama.
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Buñuales M, Düzgüneş N, Zalba S, Garrido MJ, Tros de ILarduya C. Efficient gene delivery by EGF-lipoplexes in vitro and in vivo. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2011; 6:89-98. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.10.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: In this work, we have evaluated the ability of targeted lipoplexes to enhance transgene expression in EGF receptor (EGFR) overexpressing tumor cells by using lipoplexes. Materials & methods: We prepared DOTAP/cholesterol liposomes modified with EGF at 0.5/1, 1/1, 2/1 and 5/1 lipid/DNA (+/-) charge ratio by sequentially mixing the liposomes with the ligand and adding the reporter or the therapeutic plasmid gene, pCMVLuc (pVR1216) or pCMVIL12, respectively. HepG2, DHDK12proB and SW620 cells were used for in vitro experiments, which were performed in the presence of 60% serum. Results: The characterization of EGF-lipoplexes indicated a size close to 300 nm and a variable net surface charge as a function of the amount of EGF associated to the cationic liposomes. EGF-lipoplexes, which showed an increased transfection activity, were positively charged, noncytotoxic and highly effective in protecting DNA from DNase I attack. Transfection activity in vitro resulted in an enhancement in the luciferase and IL-12 expression by EGF-lipoplexes compared with those without ligand (plain-lipoplexes) and to naked DNA. The results observed in SW620 cells, which are deficient in EGFR, confirmed that DNA uptake was predominantly via EGFR-mediated endocytosis. In vivo transfection activity was confirmed by luciferase imaging in living mice. Bioluminiscence could be detected mainly in the lung with a maximum signal 24 h after application. The resulting EGF-lipoplexes significantly increased the level of gene expression in mice compared with control or naked DNA. Conclusion: These findings indicate that these nanovectors may be an adequate alternative to viral vectors for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Buñuales
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nejat Düzgüneş
- Department of Microbiology, University of The Pacific, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sara Zalba
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J Garrido
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Moreno D, Trocóniz IF, Enguita M, Bandrés E, García-Foncillas J, Garrido MJ. Semi-mechanistic description of the in-vitro antiproliferative effect of different antitumour agents. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 60:77-82. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.1.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to describe the antiproliferative effect of camptothecin (CPT), topotecan (TPT) and cisplatin (CIS) in cultured cells using a semi-mechanistic pharmacodynamic approach. This effect on the growth of DHD-K12PROb cells was modelled as a function of drug concentration and time of exposure using the Gompertz framework. Models reflected two major processes: cell proliferation and cell death/degradation. Antiproliferative effect of CPT and TPT was described as inhibition of cell proliferation, while the effect of CIS was described as stimulation of cell death, including a signal transduction process, reflected as a delay in the onset of drug action. The half-life associated with such a transduction process was estimated to be approximately 27 h. Interestingly, the time profiles of the model predicted a signal transduction process that closely resembled the observed profiles of caspase-3, a protein implicated in CIS-mediated apoptosis. Therefore, the combination of a simple and sensitive design, together with an appropriated modelling strategy, allowed us to explore different mechanisms of action for antitumour agents in cultured cells and to obtain information about the dynamics of signal transduction and the potential use of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Moreno
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iñaki F Trocóniz
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mónica Enguita
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eva Bandrés
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Cancer Research Program (Center for Applied Medical Research), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jesús García-Foncillas
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Cancer Research Program (Center for Applied Medical Research), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J Garrido
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Moreno D, Zalba S, Navarro I, Tros de Ilarduya C, Garrido MJ. Pharmacodynamics of cisplatin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles administered to tumor-bearing mice. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2010; 74:265-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Vélez de Mendizábal N, Martínez-Forero I, Garrido MJ, Bandrés E, García-Foncillas J, Segura C, Trocóniz IF. A semi-physiological-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model to describe the effects of topotecan on b-lymphocyte lineage cells. Pharm Res 2010; 27:431-41. [PMID: 20101520 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-0025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a semi-physiological-based model describing simultaneously the time course of immature and mature B-lymphocytes after topotecan (TPT) administration to tumor-bearing rats. METHODS Twenty-four tumor-bearing BDIX male rats received a single 6 mg/kg intra-peritoneal dose of TPT or saline. Mature and immature B-cell levels were measured every two days during three weeks and showed a very different temporal pattern. Both B-cell populations declined rapidly, reaching the nadir at 3-4 days after TPT administration; however, mature cells returned to baseline at day 8, while immature B-cells stayed at nadir until day 9 instead. Data were modeled using the population approach with NONMEM VI. RESULTS The model developed maintains the proliferation, maturation and degradation elements of previous published models for myelosuppresion. In order to describe the rapid recovery of mature cells, it includes a peripheral compartment providing a constant supply of mature cells to the bloodstream. CONCLUSIONS The major contribution of the model is its new structure and the dynamical consequences, demonstrating an independent behavior between mature and immature B-cells during recovery. The final model could represent a good basis for the optimization of cytotoxic drugs oriented to attain a maximum antitumor efficacy while minimizing hematological toxicity.
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Moreno D, Zalba S, Colom H, Trocóniz IF, Tros de Ilarduya C, Garrido MJ. Biopharmaceutic and pharmacodynamic modeling of the in vitro antiproliferative effect of new controlled delivery systems of cisplatin. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 37:341-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 03/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Beier H, Garrido MJ, Christoph T, Kasel D, Trocóniz IF. Semi-mechanistic Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modelling of the Antinociceptive Response in the Presence of Competitive Antagonism: The Interaction Between Tramadol and its Active Metabolite on μ-Opioid Agonism and Monoamine Reuptake Inhibition, in the Rat. Pharm Res 2007; 25:1789-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9489-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Moreno D, de Ilarduya CT, Bandrés E, Buñuales M, Azcona M, García-Foncillas J, Garrido MJ. Characterization of cisplatin cytotoxicity delivered from PLGA-systems. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2007; 68:503-12. [PMID: 17881198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer (PLGA) formulations incorporating cisplatin have been developed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of this agent in cultured cells. Two different W/O/W protocols were used to formulate micro- (MP) and nanoparticles (NP) under the solvent evaporation method. Although the amount of cisplatin encapsulated was higher in the MP, the efficiency of encapsulation was similar: 10.33% vs. 11.23%, for both MP and NP, respectively. The "in-vitro" release profiles displayed a significant difference in the initial burst effect, which had a significant impact in the antiproliferative effect of cisplatin. In addition, a duality in the cell cycle distribution was found for both formulations and low doses of free cisplatin (2.5, 10 microM) in comparison with the high doses of free cisplatin. The 50 microM caused a rapid inhibition of cells growth followed by a significant loss of cells in phases G0/G1 and G2/M which correlated with an increase in the number of cells in sub-G1. However, cisplatin released from controlled formulations induced an accumulation of cells in the phase G2/M. These results led to enhance the caspase-3 activity for MP and NP. These findings indicate that controlled release formulations of cisplatin are able to induce a more effective apoptosis than free cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Moreno
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Deza MA, Araujo M, Garrido MJ. Efficacy of neutral electrolyzed water to inactivate Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus on plastic and wooden kitchen cutting boards. J Food Prot 2007; 70:102-8. [PMID: 17265867 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.1.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the efficacy of neutral electrolyzed water (NEW; 64.1 mg/liter of active chlorine) to reduce populations of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes on plastic and wooden kitchen cutting boards. Its effectiveness was compared with that of a sodium hypochlorite solution (NaClO; 62.3 mg/liter of active chlorine). Inoculated portions of cutting boards were rinsed in either NEW or NaClO solutions, or deionized water (control). Plastic boards were rinsed for 1 min and wooden boards for 1 and 5 min. After each treatment, the surviving population of each strain was determined on the surface and in the soaking water. No significant difference (P > or = 0.05) was found between the final populations of each strain with regard to the treatment solutions (NEW or NaClO). However, a significant difference (P < or = 0.05) was revealed between surface materials after 1 min of washing. Whereas in plastic boards the initial bacterial populations were reduced by 5 log CFU/50 cm2, in wooden cutting boards they underwent a reduction of <3 log CFU/50 cm2. A 5-min exposure time yielded reductions of about 4 log CFU/50 cm2. The surviving populations of all bacteria in NEW and NaCIO washing solutions were <1 log CFU/ml after soaking both surfaces. This study revealed that NEW treatment is an effective method for reducing microbial contamination on plastic and wooden cutting boards. NEW efficacy was comparable to that of NaCIO, with the advantage of having a larger storage time.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Deza
- Institute of Food Research and Analysis, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Garrido MJ, Habre W, Rombout F, Trocóniz IF. Population Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modelling of the Analgesic Effects of Tramadol in Pediatrics. Pharm Res 2006; 23:2014-23. [PMID: 16951997 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2005] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The efficacy of tramadol (T) in children is not clearly understood because it is still unknown the ability of that population to form the active metabolite O-demethyltramadol (M1) and, whether or not the parent compound has a contribution to the efficacy. The aim was to develop a population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model for T in pediatrics, identifying the main active components. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred four children, mean age (4.55 years) received intravenously 1 mg/kg dose of T over 2.5 min at the end of surgery. If pain relief was inadequate, then an additional 0.33 mg/kg dose was given at 15, 30 and/or 45 min. Plasma samples and analgesic responses such as crying and movement were measured during a 6-h period. RESULTS The estimates of the apparent volumes of distribution of the central compartment and at steady state and total plasma clearance of T were 8 l, 46.2 l, and 15.2 l/h, respectively. M1 formation clearance represented only a minor elimination pathway of T. Effect site concentrations of T and M1 were found to be the best predictors of the movement and crying responses, respectively. Steady-state plasma concentration levels of T and M1 of 100 and 15 ng/ml were associated with a 95% probability of adequate pain relief. CONCLUSIONS Children have the ability to produce enough M1 to achieve proper pain relief. The response variables investigated give further evidence that not only the opioid effects of the metabolite are relevant, also the non-opiod effects of tramadol seem to give a significant contribution in its clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Garrido
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Apartado 177, Pamplona, Spain
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Trocóniz IF, Zsolt I, Garrido MJ, Valle M, Antonijoan RM, Barbanoj MJ. Dealing with time-dependent pharmacokinetics during the early clinical development of a new leukotriene B4 synthesis inhibitor. Pharm Res 2006; 23:1533-42. [PMID: 16783479 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-0254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to explore the possibility of achieving a practical dosing regimen for 2,4,6-triiodophenol (AM-24), a new leukotriene B4 (LTB4) synthesis inhibitor. First, a model capable of dealing with the nonlinearity in its pharmacokinetic profile was built, and then it was combined with a pharmacodynamic model previously established with data from earlier phase I trials. METHODS One week after the first 240-, 350-, or 500-mg oral dose of AM-24, six additional doses were given to 24 healthy volunteers once daily. A total of 33 blood samples were obtained from each individual. Different models, including enzyme turnover models, were fitted to the data by using the software NONMEM. RESULTS Drug absorption was modeled with a first-order process. Drug disposition was described with a one-compartment model, and elimination with an (auto)inhibited and a noninhibited clearance. AM-24 inhibited the enzyme production rate to a maximum of 98%. Relative bioavailability was independent of the decrease in the amount of enzyme. The estimate of the enzyme turnover half-life was 8.5 h. CONCLUSIONS Simulations have shown that steady-state conditions eliciting 90% of maximal LTB4 synthesis inhibition can be reached after 3 weeks during an oral treatment with AM-24 administered at the dosage of 500 mg once daily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki F Trocóniz
- Departmento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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29
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Trocòniz IF, Garrido MJ, Segura C, Cendrós JM, Principe P, Peraire C, Obach R. Phase I dose-finding study and a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis of the neutropenic response of intravenous diflomotecan in patients with advanced malignant tumours. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2005; 57:727-35. [PMID: 16261364 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-005-0112-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2005] [Accepted: 08/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of intravenous (iv) diflomotecan administered once every 3 weeks, and to characterize the relationship between pharmacokinetics and neutropenic effect, using a semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Twenty-four patients received a total of 75 cycles of iv diflomotecan that was administered as 20-min infusion, once every 3 weeks at escalating doses of 2, 4, 5, and 6 mg/m2. Haematological and non-haematological toxicities were evaluated. Plasma concentrations of diflomotecan were measured after the first drug administration. RESULTS Dose limiting toxicity (DLT) following the first cycle occurred in 12 patients and a total of 16 patients experienced DLT at some point in the trial. During the first cycle of treatment the number of patients in the 5 and 6 mg/m2 dose groups that experienced DLT was 3 of 4, and 3 of 3, respectively. Therefore, the dose of 5 mg/m2 was considered the MTD and the dose of 4 mg/m2 the recommended dose (RD). During the first cycle, 12 patients experienced DLT, six had either infection of haematological toxicity and eight complained of fatigue. The best response was a partial response in one patient treated at the 6 mg/m2 dose level. Disease stabilization was observed in seven patients (four patients treated at 4 mg/m2 and one patient at each dose level of 2, 5, and 6 mg/m2). The remaining patients had all progressive disease. The median time to progression for all patients was 5.9 weeks. Pharmacokinetics of diflomotecan was described with a three-compartmental model. Mean population parameter estimates of the apparent volume of distribution of the central compartment (V c) increased linearly with body surface area (BSA) as: V c (L) = 41.5 x (BSA/1.85), and the mean population estimate of the apparent volume of distribution of the shallow compartment was lower in females (29.5 vs 48.8 L). Computer simulations showed the lack of clinical significance of these covariates. The time course of the neutropenic response was adequately described by a semi-mechanistic model that includes cellular processes and drug effects. CONCLUSIONS The MTD and RD after a 20-min iv infusion of diflomotecan every 3 weeks are 4 and 5 mg/m2, respectively. Diflomotecan showed linear pharmacokinetic behaviour and the selected PK/PD model described adequately the time course of neutropenia. The mean model predicted values of nadir and time to nadir after a 20-min iv infusion of 4 mg/m2 of diflomotecan was 0.86 x 10(9) /L neutrophil cell counts and 11 days, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki F Trocòniz
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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30
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Deza MA, Araujo M, Garrido MJ. Inactivation of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus on stainless steel and glass surfaces by neutral electrolysed water. Lett Appl Microbiol 2005; 40:341-6. [PMID: 15836736 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2005.01679.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To ascertain the efficacy of neutral electrolysed water (NEW) in reducing Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes on glass and stainless steel surfaces. Its effectiveness for that purpose is compared with that of a sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) solution with similar pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and active chlorine content. METHODS AND RESULTS First, the bactericidal activity of NEW was evaluated over pure cultures (8.5 log CFU ml-1) of the abovementioned strains: all of them were reduced by more than 7 log CFU ml-1 within 5 min of exposure either to NEW (63 mg l-1 active chlorine) or to NaClO solution (62 mg l-1 active chlorine). Then, stainless steel and glass surfaces were inoculated with the same strains and rinsed for 1 min in either NEW, NaClO solution or deionized water (control). In the first two cases, the populations of all the strains decreased by more than 6 log CFU 50 cm-2. No significant difference (P<or=0.05) was found between the final populations of each strain with regard to the treatment solutions (NEW or NaClO solution) or to the type of surface. CONCLUSIONS NEW was revealed to be as effective as NaClO at significantly reducing the presence of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria (in this study, E. coli, L. monocytogenes, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus) on stainless steel and glass surfaces. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY NEW has the advantage of being safer than NaClO and easier to handle. Hence, it represents an advantageous alternative for the disinfection of surfaces in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Deza
- Institute of Food Research and Analysis, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Araujo M, Sueiro RA, Gómez MJ, Garrido MJ. Enumeration of Clostridium perfringens spores in groundwater samples: comparison of six culture media. J Microbiol Methods 2004; 57:175-80. [PMID: 15063057 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2003.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2003] [Revised: 12/23/2003] [Accepted: 12/23/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the ability of Fluorocult-supplemented TSC agar (TSCF (Fluorocult supplemented TSC-agar): prepared from Tryptose Sulfite Cycloserine Agar Base (Merck), D-cycloserine (Fluka Chemika, USA), and fluorocult TSC-Agar supplement (Merck)) for detecting spores of Clostridium perfringens in water, we analyzed groundwater samples, pretreated by heating to 80 degrees C/5 min, using this fluorogenic medium together with five other media: mCP agar (Panreac; Cultimed), TSC agar (Merck, Germany), TSN agar (Merck), and SPS agar (BBL, USA) by the membrane filtration technique, and Wilson-Blair agar (WB) following the still-in-force Spanish official method. Variance analysis of the data obtained shows statistically significant differences in the counts obtained between media employed in this work. The C. perfringens spore counts on mCP agar were significantly lower (P<0.05) than the corresponding values of TSC, TSCF, SPS, and WB media. No statistically significant differences were found between C. perfringens spore counts on TSCF compared with those of other methods used. On the other hand, the identification of typical and atypical colonies isolated from all media demonstrated that fluorogenic TSC agar was the most specific medium for C. perfringens spore recovery in groundwater samples. Additionally, the results obtained indicate that mCP agar, which is the reference method in the European Union, is not suitable medium for recovering C. perfringens spores from groundwater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Araujo
- Laboratorio de Microbiología. Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentarios, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario Sur s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
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Segura C, Bandrés E, Trocóniz IF, García-Foncillas J, Sayar O, Dios-Vieítez C, Renedo MJ, Garrido MJ. Hematological Response of Topotecan in Tumor-Bearing Rats: Modeling of the Time Course of Different Cellular Populations. Pharm Res 2004; 21:567-73. [PMID: 15139512 DOI: 10.1023/b:pham.0000022402.00699.5c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the hematotoxicity of topotecan (TPT) in tumor-bearing rats by a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic approach. METHODS DHD/K12-PROb cells were subcutaneously injected in syngenic BD-IX rats. Three weeks after implantation of cells, animals received saline or 6 mg/kg i.p. dose of TPT (group II). Thirty days later, group II was divided into groups IIA receiving a single administration of 6 mg/kg and IIB treated with 3 mg/kg for 2 consecutive days. Leukocytes, neutrophils, and mature lymphocytes were measured in peripheral blood every 48 h for 45 days after first drug administration. Pharmacokinetic characteristics of TPT were also explored. RESULTS Disposition of TPT in plasma was best described with a two-compartment model. A semiphysiological model discriminating between system-related and drug-effects parameters, such as the mean cell maturation or transition time (MTT) and the linear concentration-dependent inhibitory effects on cell proliferation (Slp), described adequately the time course of hematotoxicity. The estimates of MTT and Slp for the three cell populations ranged from 1.89 to 2.18 days and from 0.01 to 0.039 ml/ng, respectively. CONCLUSION The time course of the hematotoxicity induced after two cycles of chemotherapy with TPT in tumor-bearing rats could be described by a semiphysiological model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Segura
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Garrido MJ, Fernández-Guinea S. [Neuropsychological deficits in alcoholics: some implications for road safety]. Rev Neurol 2004; 38:277-83. [PMID: 14963859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM There are various published studies showing that chronic alcoholics present cognitive deficit. In this conference we would like to review the most actual studies focusing on the neuropsychological alterations as consequences of the long and abusive alcohol intake. We also will analyse the involvement of these deficit in a complex task as driving. DEVELOPMENT The long and abusive alcohol intake produces an affectation of the central nervous system. We could observe its consequences both in short and long term. Attention and memory deficit and a slowness of information processing are very common. However, complete neuropsychological assessment and rehabilitation programs are convenient. This is an important topic if we consider the high number of traffic accidents in which alcohol intake is one of the possible causes. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the persons working daily with a car, such as taxi or bus drivers, especially those of them who are alcoholics in abstinence, chronic alcoholics and people who suffer from alcohol abuse. CONCLUSION The control of this situation and the publicity about neuropsychological sequels of alcoholism could contribute in an efficient way towards safety in road.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Garrido
- Departamento de Psicología Básica II, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, España
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Deza MA, Araujo M, Garrido MJ. Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes on the surface of tomatoes by neutral electrolyzed water. Lett Appl Microbiol 2003; 37:482-7. [PMID: 14633103 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2003.01433.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the efficacy of neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) in killing Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes, as well as nonpathogenic E. coli, on the surface of tomatoes, and to evaluate the effect of rinsing with NEW on the organoleptic characteristics of the tomatoes. METHODS AND RESULTS The bactericidal activity of NEW, containing 444 or 89 mg l(-1) of active chlorine, was evaluated over pure cultures (8.5 log CFU ml(-1)) of the above-mentioned strains. All of them were reduced by more than 6 log CFU ml(-1) within 5 min of exposure to NEW. Fresh tomatoes were surface-inoculated with the same strains, and rinsed in NEW (89 mg l(-1) of active chlorine) or in deionized sterile water (control), for 30 or 60 s. In the NEW treatments, independent of the strain and of the treatment time, an initial surface population of about 5 log CFU sq.cm(-1) was reduced to <1 log CFU sq.cm(-1), and no cells were detected in the washing solution by plating procedure. A sensory evaluation was conducted to ascertain possible alterations in organoleptic qualities, yielding no significant differences with regard to untreated tomatoes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Rinsing in NEW reveals as an effective method to control the presence of E. coli O157:H7, S. enteritidis and L. monocytogenes on the surface of fresh tomatoes, without affecting their organoleptic characteristics. This indicates its potential application for the decontamination of fresh produce surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Deza
- Institute of Food Research and Analysis, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Lucena de la Poza JL, Turrión VS, Alvira LG, Garrido MJ, Arana RU, Sanmartin JA. Liver transplantation in the therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma: a revision of our series. Transplant Proc 2002; 34:260-1. [PMID: 11959274 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(01)02752-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J L Lucena de la Poza
- Liver Transplantation Unit, Clínica Puerta de Hierro, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
The sea urchin Diadema antillarum was the most important herbivore on Caribbean reefs until 1983, when mass mortality reduced its populations by more than 97%. Knowledge of its past demography is essential to reconstruct reef ecology as it was before human impact, which has been implicated as having caused high pre-mortality Diadema abundance. To determine the history of its population size, we sequenced the ATPase 6 and 8 region of mitochondrial DNA from populations in the Caribbean and in the eastern Atlantic (which was not affected by the mass mortality), as well as from the eastern Pacific D. mexicanum. The Caribbean population harbours an order of magnitude more molecular diversity than those of the eastern Pacific or the eastern Atlantic and, despite the recent mass mortality, its DNA sequences bear the genetic signature of a previous population expansion. By estimating mutation rates from divergence between D. antillarum and D. mexicanum, that were separated at a known time by the Isthmus of Panama, and by using estimates of effective population size derived from mismatch distributions and a maximum likelihood coalescence algorithm, we date the expansion as having occurred no more recently than 100 000 years before the present. Thus, Diadema was abundant in the Caribbean long before humans could have affected ecological processes; the genetic data contain no evidence of a recent, anthropogenically caused, population increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Lessios
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 2072, Balboa, Panama.
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Sueiro RA, Araujo M, Suárez S, Garrido MJ. Mutagenic potential of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and its hydrolysis-derived products in the Ames Salmonella assay. Mutagenesis 2001; 16:303-7. [PMID: 11420397 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/16.4.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mutagenicity of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), its first and second hydrolysis products (the diol epoxide and bis-diol of BADGE, respectively) and the bis-chlorohydrin of BADGE were investigated using the Ames Salmonella assay with strains TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537. The assays were performed in the absence and presence of various concentrations of rat liver S9 fraction. The results obtained confirm the mutagenic power of BADGE in strains TA100 and TA1535 and show a positive response to the diol epoxide of BADGE in these strains, although the latter compound was approximately 10 times less potent than the former. A lack of mutagenic activity of the bis-diol of BADGE and the chlorohydrin under study is also shown. These findings suggest that BADGE and, to a much lesser extent, the diol epoxide of BADGE may constitute a genotoxic hazard, but not the bis-diol or bis-chlorohydrin of BADGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Sueiro
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Food Analysis and Research (IIAA), University of Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Garrido MJ, Trujillo GE, Cuello R. Detection of Sorghum yellow banding virus Infecting Grain Sorghum in Venezuela. Plant Dis 2001; 85:230. [PMID: 30831955 DOI: 10.1094/pdis.2001.85.2.230a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Naturally infected grain sorghum plants (Sorghum bicolor) in Maracay, Aragua State, showed yellow speckles, streaks and bands with chlorosis, stunting, and necrosis. A virus was mechanically transmitted to 3 to 10% of inoculated sorghum cvs. Atlas and Himeca-303 plants in the greenhouse. They developed symptoms similar to those in the field within 20 days after inoculation. The virus infected a narrow range of the gramineous species. It was not transmitted by Rhopalosiphum maidis, Schizaphis graminum, Peregrinus maidis, Dalbulus maidis, nor Hortensia similis, nor by sorghum seed. The virus was purified three times from fresh infected tissue giving yields as high as 14.7 mg/100 g. The A260/ A280 was 1.55. The virions were isometric, 25 nm in diameter, and contained a single capsid protein with a molecular weight of approximately 29 kDa. The virus was highly stable in sap. The virus was not serologically related to eight small isometric viruses that infect Gramineae species but did react in agar double-diffusion tests with antiserum (supplied by R. W. Toler) to Sorghum yellow banding virus (SYBV), a virus that affects sorghum and sorghum × sudangrass hybrids in Texas and California (1). Based on the above characteristics, the virus is considered to be SYBV. This disease has not been found in other states in Venezuela. This is the first report of SYBV infecting grain sorghum in Venezuela. Reference: (1) V. A. Klaassen and B. W. Falk. Phytopathology 79:646, 1989.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Garrido
- Universidad Central de Venezuela, Facultad de Agronomía, Apartado 4579, Maracay 2101
| | - G E Trujillo
- Universidad Central de Venezuela, Facultad de Agronomía, Apartado 4579, Maracay 2101
| | - R Cuello
- IVIC, Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Virología Vegetal, Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
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Sueiro RA, Araujo M, Santos CJ, Gómez MJ, Garrido MJ. Evaluation of Coli-ID and MUG Plus media for recovering Escherichia coli and other coliform bacteria from groundwater samples. Water Sci Technol 2001; 43:213-216. [PMID: 11464759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Several chromogenic media for detecting coliform bacteria in water are commercially available including Coli ID medium (ID) (bioMérieux) and MUG Plus cefsulodin agar (MP) (Laboratorios Microkit, S.L.). Since little is known about the performance of these media, we have evaluated their usefulness for recovering Escherichia coli and other coliform organisms in groundwaters used for direct human consumption. Variance analysis of obtained data showed that no statistically significant differences in counts of E. coli and other coliforms on ID and MP media compared with reference methods. However, the evaluation of sensitivity and recovery efficiency of both media showed that the two chromogenic media were more sensitive and significantly more efficient (P = < 0.05) than reference medium for detecting coliforms in groundwater. However, the identification of 400 typical and atypical colonies isolated from ID and MP media demonstrated a higher specificity when using ID for coliforms and E. coli. In summary, the two chromogenic media evaluated could be used as alternative methods to reference media for detecting and recovering coliform bacteria in groundwater samples. MP agar was more sensitive and efficient than ID agar whereas the latter was more specific and selective.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Sueiro
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Food Research and Analysis, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706-Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain
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Araujo M, Sueiro RA, Gómez MJ, Garrido MJ. Evaluation of fluorogenic TSC agar for recovering Clostridium perfringens in groundwater samples. Water Sci Technol 2001; 43:201-204. [PMID: 11464756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is widely recognised as a reliable water pollution indicator. Since several media can be employed for the membrane filtration enumeration of this microorganism, the main aim of this work was to investigate the ability of fluorocult-supplemented TSC-agar (Merck) for recovering Cl. perfringens from public springs used for direct human consumption. Cl. perfringens recovery was also performed on mCP agar (Cultimed) according to Directive 98/83 as well as on TSC-Agar (Merck), TSN-Agar (Merck) and SPS-Agar (BBL) media. Variance analysis of data obtained showed no statistically significant differences in the counts obtained among all media employed in this work. However, the Cl. perfringens recovery efficiencies with TSC and fluorogenic TSC agars were significantly greater (P = < 0.05) than the corresponding values of mCP and TSN media. On the other hand, the identification of typical and atypical colonies isolated from all media demonstrated that fluorogenic TSC agar was the most specific medium for Cl. perfringens recovery in groundwater samples (85.3% of typical colonies and 82.8% of atypical colonies confirmed). In summary, the membrane filtration technique with fluorogenic TSC agar showed the best performance characteristics of all the media tested as judged by their recovery efficiency and specificity in these water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Araujo
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Food Research and Analysis, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Garrido MJ, Valle M, Campanero MA, Calvo R, Trocóniz IF. Modeling of the in vivo antinociceptive interaction between an opioid agonist, (+)-O-desmethyltramadol, and a monoamine reuptake inhibitor, (-)-O-desmethyltramadol, in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000; 295:352-9. [PMID: 10992001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (pk-pd) characterization of the in vivo antinociceptive interaction between (+)-O-desmethyltramadol [(+)-M1] and (-)-O-desmethyltramadol [(-)-M1], main metabolites of tramadol, was studied in three groups of rats. (+)-M1 and (-)-M1, both with different pd properties, were studied under steady-state and nonsteady-state conditions, depending on the group. Plasma drug concentration and antinociception were simultaneously measured in each animal by using an enantioselective analytical assay and the tail-flick test, respectively. Respiratory depression also was evaluated in another series of experiments according to the same experimental conditions. The pk behavior was similar for both enantiomers and no significant (P >.05) interaction between two compounds was found at this level. However, a significant (P <.01) potentiation in the antinociceptive effect elicited by (+)-M1 was found during and after (-)-M1 administration. The pd model used to describe the time course of the antinociception in the presence of (+)-M1, (-)-M1, or both is based on previous knowledge of the compounds and includes the following: 1) an effect compartment model to account for the opioid effect of (+)-M1, and 2) an indirect response model accounting for the release of noradrenaline (NA) caused by (+)-M1, and the inhibition of the NA reuptake due to the action of (-)-M1. The model predicts a positive contribution to antinociception of the predicted increasing levels of NA. No significant (P >.05) respiratory effects were seen during or after (+)-M1 and (-)-M1 administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Garrido
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain.
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Valle M, Garrido MJ, Pavón JM, Calvo R, Trocóniz IF. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of the antinociceptive effects of main active metabolites of tramadol, (+)-O-desmethyltramadol and (-)-O-desmethyltramadol, in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000; 293:646-53. [PMID: 10773040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the two main metabolites of tramadol, (+)-O-desmethyltramadol and (-)-O-desmethyltramadol, were studied in rats. Pharmacodynamic endpoints evaluated were respiratory depression, measured as the change in arterial blood pCO(2), pO(2), and pH levels; and antinociception, measured by the tail-flick technique. The administration of 10 mg/kg (+)-O-desmethyltramadol in a 10-min i.v. infusion significantly altered pCO(2), pO(2), and pH values in comparison with baseline and lower-dose groups (P <.05). However, 2 mg/kg administered in a 10-min i.v. infusion was enough to achieve 100% antinociception without respiratory depression. Moreover, the beta-funaltrexamine pretreatment completely eliminated the antinociception of the 2-mg/kg dose, suggesting that such an effect is due to mu-opioid receptor activation. To describe and adequately characterize the in vivo antinociceptive effect of the drug, (+)-O-desmethyltramadol was given at different infusion rates of varying lengths (10-300 min). Pharmacokinetics was best described by a two-compartmental model. The time course of response was described using an effect compartment associated with a linear pharmacodynamic model. The estimates of the slope of the effect versus concentration relationship were significantly decreased (P <. 05) as the length of infusion was increased, suggesting the development of tolerance. Doses of up to 8 mg/kg (-)-O-desmethyltramadol given in 10-min i.v. infusion did not elicit either antinociception in the tail-flick test or respiratory effects. These in vivo results are in accordance with the opiate and nonopiate properties reported for these compounds in several in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Valle
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Basque Country, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
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Garrido MJ, Aguirre C, Trocóniz IF, Marot M, Valle M, Zamacona MK, Calvo R. Alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) and serum protein binding of methadone in heroin addicts with abstinence syndrome. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000; 38:35-40. [PMID: 10667835 DOI: 10.5414/cpp38035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify serum protein levels and protein-binding of methadone in vitro in heroin-addicted patients showing objective signs of heroin abstinence. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Serum samples were obtained from patients (n = 27) hospitalized to participate in a methadone detoxification program and from healthy volunteers (n = 21). The severity of the abstinence syndrome was assessed before blood sampling using a standardized scale. Concentrations of both albumin and alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) were measured in all serum samples. The protein-binding of alpha1-methadone was determined by the ultrafiltration technique and the unbound concentration was measured by liquid scintillation counting. RESULTS The mean of the AAG concentrations was significantly increased in patients showing signs of withdrawal while the albumin concentrations did not change. Also, the unbound methadone was significantly decreased in this group when compared to the control. A positive correlation (Pearson r = 0.48; p < 0.005) indicates that AAG levels rise during abstinence as the score of withdrawal symptoms increases. Additionally, pooled data from all individuals show the binding of methadone to be related to AAG (r = 0.46; p < 0.05) levels and not to albumin. CONCLUSIONS The observed changes in protein-binding in abstinence individuals suggest the need for increased dosages of methadone when such patients are treated. Levels of AAG or protein-binding appear to be components of the interindividual variance observed in the response to methadone treatment, hence these variables could be included in future kinetic and dynamic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Garrido
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
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Abstract
During the past decades the use of methadone has been increased as a result of the interest of optimizing its therapeutics in opioid addicts, one of the groups with higher risk for AIDS infection. However standard dose of methadone are far from being the appropriate for relief pain or prevent withdrawal signs in maintenance programs in many patients. To achieve an optimal dose regimen for an individual, the knowledge of the relationship between the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (pk/pd) drug properties and the demographic and physiopathological characteristics of the subject is required. Unfortunately, there is a lack of studies dealing with the population pk/pd properties of methadone. In the current study, a review of the pk/pd properties of methadone is presented with the aim of understanding the sources of variability in response. This will help in the design of prospective pk/pd studies; in particular, individual data including sex, weight, alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein levels in plasma, concomitant medications, time after starting treatment with methadone and previous exposure to other opioids should be requested. In addition, designs for drug administration should allow the characterization of the plasma-versus-biophase distribution and the development of tolerance processes. Because methadone is usually administered as a racemic mixture, the use of enantioselective techniques to determine both enantiomers in plasma is also highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Garrido
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Garrido MJ, Valle M, Calvo R, Trocóniz IF. Altered plasma and brain disposition and pharmacodynamics of methadone in abstinent rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999; 288:179-87. [PMID: 9862769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methadone were investigated in control and abstinent rats. Minipumps filled with saline (control group) or saline-morphine (abstinent group) solutions were used to induce physical dependence. Solutions were delivered continuously by minipumps for 6 days. The physical dependence was evaluated 12 h after minipump removal by measuring specific withdrawal signs. Animals from the abstinent group showed clear withdrawal signs such as hostility on handling and weight loss. Plasma and brain disposition and pharmacodynamics of methadone were evaluated after a 0.35 mg/kg i.v. bolus dose administered 12 h after minipump removal. Plasma clearance, distribution clearance, and volume of distribution at steady-state were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the abstinent group. Plasma levels of alpha1-acid glycoprotein and plasma protein binding were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the abstinent group. The estimates of pharmacokinetic parameters based on unbound plasma concentrations did not differ between groups, with the sole exception of the unbound apparent volume of distribution. The access of methadone to the brain was significantly faster (P < 0.05) in the abstinent group, although the extent of distribution in the brain was diminished in comparison with the control group. Analgesia recorded with tail-flick was used as the pharmacodynamic endpoint. Analgesic response and effect compartment concentrations of methadone were related by the sigmoidal Emax model. Estimates of C50 [steady-state plasma concentrations eliciting half of maximum effect (Emax)]] based on unbound concentrations did not differ between groups. On the other hand, the estimate of Emax had decreased by 65% in the abstinent group.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Garrido
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
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Abstract
The pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) characteristics of the neuromuscular blocking agent mivacurium were evaluated separately in two groups of rats receiving 0.6 mg kg-1 of mivacurium in a 2.5-min intravenous continuous (iv) infusion. The PK parameters for mivacurium were determined in the first group. A two-compartment model describes the kinetics of mivacurium in plasma. The estimates of the apparent volume of distribution at steady-state and plasma clearance [mean(SE)] were 650 (123) mL kg-1 and 9.9 (0.75) mL min-1 kg-1, respectively. In the second group, the evoked tibialis anterior muscle tension was monitored. The PK parameters derived from the first group were used to compute mivacurium plasma concentrations (C) at the times the PD measurements were recorded in the second group. The concentration-neuromuscular effect [% depression of initial twitch tension (E)] relationship was analyzed by two approaches. (1) The relationship of estimated effect site concentrations versus E; a sigmoidal Emax model described the effect compartment concentrations versus E relationship. The estimate [mean(SE)] of Cess50 (steady-state plasma concentration eliciting half of maximum E) was 0.65 (0.01) microgram mL-1. The value [mean-(SE)] of Keo (rate constant of equilibration between plasma and effect site) was estimated at 0.32 (0.03) min-1. (2) The relationship of descending limb C versus E; a sigmoidal Emax model described such relationship. The estimate [mean(SE)] of C50 (post-infusion C eliciting half of maximum E) was 0.57(0.03) microgram mL-1. The PD properties of mivacurium were also evaluated in another two groups of animals receiving either 5- or 10-min continuous iv infusion; PK and PD parameters obtained from the 2.5-min infusion experiments were used to predict the time course of E in the groups receiving 0.6 mg kg-1 of mivacurium in 5- and 10-min infusions; simulations using the estimated parameters adequately describe the time course of E in those groups. The effect of mivacurium on the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was also investigated; a 10% nonsignificant decrease (p > 0.05) in MAP was found in all groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- I F Trocóniz
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Basque Country, Vizcaya, Spain
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de Castro J, Aguirre C, Rodríguez-Sasiaín JM, Gómez E, Garrido MJ, Calvo R. The effect of changes in gastric pH induced by omeprazole on the absorption and respiratory depression of methadone. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1996; 17:551-63. [PMID: 8894114 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-081x(199610)17:7<551::aid-bdd967>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of omeprazole (2 mg kg-1 i.v.) on respiratory depression induced in rats by acute oral methadone administration (5 mg kg-1) was examined and compared with control animals that only received methadone. Quantitative assessments of arterial Pco2,Po2, pH, and respiratory rate were employed as criteria for evaluation. Intragastric pH was measured in each rat immediately before and 2 h after methadone. Plasma concentration of methadone was measured for 3 h. The relationship between drug effect and the systemic bioavailability of methadone, measured as the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-180), was also evaluated. The intensity of the methadone-induced respiratory depression was significantly greater in the omeprazole group than in control rats. A significant variation (p < 0.01) in all respiratory parameters was detected from 30 to 120 min after methadone. Omeprazole caused a significant increase in methadone levels (Cmax = 156 +/- 6.5 ng mL-1 against 51 +/- 5.8 ng mL-1 in control; p < 0.05). AUC0-180 was higher (p < 0.05) after omeprazole treatment (18.6 +/- 1.4 micrograms mL-1 min) than in control (6.8 +/- 0.6 microgram mL-1 min). Two hours after treatment with omeprazole, intragastric pH values were significantly elevated (4.7 +/- 0.1 against 2.2 +/- 0.04) and continued increasing, being 6.4 +/- 0.1 at the end of the experiment. Correlation was observed between intragastric pH and the area under the effect- (respiratory depression-) time curve (r = 0.74; p < 0.001). A relationship between plasma methadone levels at 120 min and gastric pH (r = 0.92; p < 0.001) was detected. A significant correlation between the area under the effect-time curve (0-120 min) and AUC0-180 has been also observed (r = 0.90; p < 0.01). These pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes could be gastric pH dependent because they were mimicked when gastric pH was experimentally modified by bicarbonate whereas opposite results were obtained with acidic pH2 solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J de Castro
- Pharmacology Department, Basque Country University School of Medicine, Leioa, Spain
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Abstract
The effect of spontaneous withdrawal on alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) levels and methadone protein binding has been studied in the rat. Animals were made physically dependent on morphine by providing morphine HCl in drinking water for three weeks. The natural opiate withdrawal was induced in rats by substituting the morphine solution with drinking water. The severity of the abstinence syndrome was assessed at various time intervals. After 12 h of withdrawal, the animals showing abstinence signs and low morphine levels were injected with intravenous methadone (0.35 mg kg-1) and the analgesic effect was measured by the tail-flick method and compared with animals receiving water. The oral administration of morphine produced an increase in AAG levels from 0.64 +/- 0.05 g L-1 in control animals to 1.47 +/- 0.92 g L-1 in experimental animals at the point of withdrawal and 1.21 +/- 0.09 g L-1 24 h after withdrawal. The percentage of methadone unbound was significantly lower in morphine-treated than in control animals. A significant correlation between AAG levels and percentage of methadone bound was observed. A parallel analgesic effect after intravenous methadone, as measured by AUC in the tail-flick test, was less in abstinence animals than in control (287.6 +/- 24.8 compared with 401.0 +/- 37.06s min). We suggest that in the withdrawal syndrome an adjustment of methadone dose may be necessary because of changes in protein binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Garrido
- Pharmacology Department, Basque Country University School of Medicine, Vizcaya, Spain
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Gómez E, Martínez-Jordá R, Suárez E, Garrido MJ, Calvo R. Altered methadone analgesia due to changes in plasma protein binding: role of the route of administration. Gen Pharmacol 1995; 26:1273-6. [PMID: 7590118 DOI: 10.1016/0306-3623(95)00022-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
1. The effect of experimental inflammation on methadone analgesia was evaluated in rats, by the tail-flick test, after single intravenous (0.35 mg/kg) and subcutaneous (3 mg/kg) doses. 2. After i.v. administration a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the area under the methadone time-response curve was seen in rats with experimental inflammation, when compared with control. However, no differences in the analgesic response to methadone were detected between control rats and rats with inflammation when the drug was administered by s.c. injection. 3. Plasma mucoprotein levels were significantly increased (P < 0.001) and methadone free fraction was significantly decreased in rats with inflammation (P < 0.05). In addition, after i.v. methadone a decrease in brain uptake in rats with inflammation was detected. A significant correlation between brain uptake index and plasma free fraction was also observed. 4. These results suggest that a decreased immediate response to i.v. methadone may occur in circumstances in which there is an increase in alpha 1 acid glycoprotein, but that this is not likely to be observed when the absorption is not instantaneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gómez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Basque Country, Medical School, Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
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Abstract
We compared two tube fermentation methods for the enumeration of fecal coliforms in mussels: the APHA method and the Spanish official method (CP method). In the study area (Galicia, northwest Spain), the regional authorities have proposed that the CP method be adopted as standard. Results showed that the APHA method gave significantly higher counts (P < 0.01) than the CP method. The mean difference between APHA-method counts and CP-method counts was particularly high when only those samples containing less than 500 fecal coliforms per 100 g (as determined by either method) were considered. A significantly higher number of samples were classified as unacceptable (more than 300 fecal coliforms per 100 g) by the APHA method than by the CP method. These results suggest that the CP method is inappropriate for the enumeration of fecal coliforms in mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Araujo
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Food Research and Analysis, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15.706-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R A Sueiro
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Food Research and Analysis, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15.706-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Amezaga
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Food Research and Analysis, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15.706-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M J Garrido
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Food Research and Analysis, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15.706-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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