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Hamilton CC, Bomhof MR. Oligofructose-Enriched Inulin Consumption Acutely Modifies Markers of Postexercise Appetite. Nutrients 2023; 15:5017. [PMID: 38140276 PMCID: PMC10745446 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhancing the effectiveness of exercise for long-term body weight management and overall health benefits may be aided through complementary dietary strategies that help to control acute postexercise energy compensation. Inulin-type fructans (ITFs) have been shown to induce satiety through the modified secretion of appetite-regulating hormones. This study investigated the acute impact of oligofructose-enriched inulin (OI) consumption after exercise on objective and subjective measures of satiety and compensatory energy intake (EI). In a randomized crossover study, following the completion of a 45 min (65-70% VO2peak) evening exercise session, participants (BMI: 26.9 ± 3.5 kg/m2, Age: 26.8 ± 6.7 yrs) received one of two beverages: (1) sweetened milk (SM) or (2) sweetened milk + 20 g OI (SM+OI). Perceived measures of hunger were reduced in SM+OI relative to SM (p = 0.009). Within SM+OI, but not SM, plasma concentrations of GLP-1 and PYY were increased and acyl-ghrelin reduced from pre-exercise to postexercise. EI during the ad libitum breakfast in the morning postexercise tended to be lower in SM+OI (p = 0.087, d = 0.31). Gastrointestinal impacts of OI were apparent with increased ratings of flatulence (p = 0.026, d = 0.57) in participants the morning after the exercise session. Overall, the ingestion of a single dose of OI after an exercise session appears to induce subtle reductions in appetite, although the impact of these changes on acute and prolonged EI remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc R. Bomhof
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
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2
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Okada TE, Quan T, Bomhof MR. Exogenous Ketones Lower Post-exercise Acyl-Ghrelin and GLP-1 but Do Not Impact Ad libitum Energy Intake. Front Nutr 2021; 7:626480. [PMID: 33553236 PMCID: PMC7854551 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.626480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketosis and exercise are both associated with alterations in perceived appetite and modification of appetite-regulating hormones. This study utilized a ketone ester (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (KE) to examine the impact of elevated ketone body D-β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) during and after a bout of exercise on appetite-related hormones, appetite perception, and ad libitum energy intake over a 2 h post-exercise period. In a randomized crossover trial, 13 healthy males and females (age: 23.6 ± 2.4 years; body mass index: 25.7 ± 3.2 kg·m−2) completed an exercise session @ 70% VO2peak for 60 min on a cycling ergometer and consumed either: (1) Ketone monoester (KET) (0.5 g·kg−1 pre-exercise + 0.25 g·kg−1 post-exercise); or (2) isocaloric dextrose control (DEX). Transient ketonaemia was achieved with βHB concentrations reaching 5.0 mM (range 4.1–6.1 mM) during the post-exercise period. Relative to the dextrose condition, acyl-ghrelin (P = 0.002) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (P = 0.038) were both reduced by acute ketosis immediately following exercise. AUC for acyl-ghrelin was lower in KET compared to DEX (P = 0.001), however there were no differences in AUC for GLP-1 (P = 0.221) or PYY (P = 0.654). Perceived appetite (hunger, P = 0.388; satisfaction, P = 0.082; prospective food consumption, P = 0.254; fullness, P = 0.282) and 2 h post-exercise ad libitum energy intake (P = 0.488) were not altered by exogenous ketosis. Although KE modifies homeostatic regulators of appetite, it does not appear that KE acutely alters energy intake during the post-exercise period in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro E Okada
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Tony Quan
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Marc R Bomhof
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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3
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Abstract
Research demonstrates that exercise acutely reduces appetite by stimulating the secretion of gut-derived satiety hormones. Currently there is a paucity of research examining the impact of postexercise nutrient intake on appetite regulation. The objective of this study was to examine how postexercise fasting versus feeding impacts the postexercise appetite response. In a randomized crossover intervention, 14 participants (body mass index: 26.9 ± 3.5 kg·m-2; age: 26.8 ± 6.7 years) received 1 of 2 recovery beverages: (i) water control (FAST) or (ii) sweetened-milk (FED) after completing a 45-min (65%-70% peak oxygen uptake) evening exercise session (∼1900 h). Energy intake was assessed through a fasted ad libitum breakfast meal and 3-day food diaries. Perceived appetite was assessed using visual analogue scales. Appetite-regulating hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), and acyl-ghrelin were assessed pre-exercise, 1 h after exercise, and the morning following exercise. FAST increased subjective hunger compared with FED (P < 0.05). PYY and GLP-1 after exercise were decreased and acyl-ghrelin was increased in FAST, with these differences disappearing the day after exercise (P < 0.05). Ad libitum energy intake at breakfast the following morning did not differ between trials. Overall, in the absence of postexercise macronutrient consumption, there was a pronounced increase in objective and subjective appetite after exercise. The orexigenic effects of postexercise fasting, however, were not observed the morning following exercise. Novelty Postexercise fasting leads to reduced GLP-1 and PYY and increased hunger. Reduced GLP-1 and PYY after exercise is blunted by postexercise nutrient intake. Energy intake the day after exercise is not influenced by postexercise fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courteney C Hamilton
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Steve B Wiseman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Copeland
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Marc R Bomhof
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
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4
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Rios JL, Bomhof MR, Reimer RA, Hart DA, Collins KH, Herzog W. Protective effect of prebiotic and exercise intervention on knee health in a rat model of diet-induced obesity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3893. [PMID: 30846801 PMCID: PMC6405910 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40601-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, and associated metabolic syndrome, have been identified as primary risk factors for the development of knee osteoarthritis (OA), representing nearly 60% of the OA patient population. In this study, we sought to determine the effects of prebiotic fibre supplementation, aerobic exercise, and the combination of the two interventions, on the development of metabolic knee osteoarthritis in a high-fat/high-sucrose (HFS) diet-induced rat model of obesity. Twelve-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into five groups: a non-exercising control group fed a standard chow diet, a non-exercising group fed a HFS diet, a non-exercising group fed a HFS diet combined with prebiotic fibre supplement, an exercise group fed a HFS diet, and an exercise group fed a HFS diet combined with prebiotic fibre supplement. Outcome measures included knee joint damage, percent body fat, insulin sensitivity, serum lipid profile, serum endotoxin, serum and synovial fluid cytokines and adipokines, and cecal microbiota. Prebiotic fibre supplementation, aerobic exercise, and the combination of the two interventions completely prevented knee joint damage that is otherwise observed in this rat model of obesity. Prevention of knee damage was associated with a normalization of insulin resistance, leptin levels, dyslipidemia, gut microbiota, and endotoxemia in the HFS-fed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Lourdes Rios
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Marc R Bomhof
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - David A Hart
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kelsey H Collins
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Vannan DT, Bomhof MR, Reimer RA. Comparison of Glucose and Satiety Hormone Response to Oral Glucose vs. Two Mixed-Nutrient Meals in Rats. Front Nutr 2018; 5:89. [PMID: 30320120 PMCID: PMC6168634 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The obesity epidemic is driving interest in identifying strategies that enhance appetite control by altering the secretion of hormones that regulate satiety and food intake. An appropriate nutrient stimulus, such as a meal or oral nutrient solution, is needed to elicit the secretion of satiety hormones in order to evaluate the impact of dietary and other interventions. Our objective was to compare the effects of oral glucose vs. mixed nutrients on plasma concentrations of glucose and appetite-regulating hormones to determine the most appropriate oral nutrient challenge to trigger robust hormone secretion. A 120 min oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was compared with two meal tolerance tests (MTT) of differing formulation to evaluate glucose and satiety hormone responses. Following overnight feed deprivation, male Sprague-Dawley rats were given one of three oral gavages with equal carbohydrate content (2 g CHO/kg) in the form of: (1) Dextrose, (2) Ensure®, or (3) Mixed Meal. A fourth group was given saline as a control. Blood was collected via tail snip and analyzed for glucose, insulin, GLP-1, GIP, PYY, amylin, leptin, and ghrelin. Dextrose resulted in the highest blood glucose at T15 (P = 0.014), while the mixed meal was significantly higher than saline from T30-T120 (P < 0.05). Insulin was higher at T15 with dextrose compared to saline (P = 0.031) and Ensure® (P = 0.033). GLP-1 tAUC was significantly higher with dextrose compared to mixed meal (P = 0.04) while GIP tAUC was higher with dextrose and mixed meal compared to saline (P < 0.05). Changes in tAUC for insulin, amylin, leptin, ghrelin, and PYY did not reach significance. Based on these findings, dextrose appears to provide a robust acute glycemic and hormone response and is therefore likely an appropriate oral solution to reproducibly test the impact of various dietary, surgical, or pharmacological interventions on glucose and satiety hormone response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc R Bomhof
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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6
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Paul HA, Collins KH, Bomhof MR, Vogel HJ, Reimer RA. Potential Impact of Metabolic and Gut Microbial Response to Pregnancy and Lactation in Lean and Diet-Induced Obese Rats on Offspring Obesity Risk. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62. [PMID: 29193674 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Maternal obesity programs metabolic dysfunction in offspring, increasing their susceptibility to obesity and metabolic diseases in later life. Moreover, pregnancy and lactation are associated with many metabolic adaptations, yet it is unclear how diet-induced maternal obesity may interrupt these processes. METHODS AND RESULTS 1 H NMR serum metabolomics analysis was performed on samples collected pre-pregnancy and in pregnant and lactating lean and high fat/sucrose (HFS) diet-induced obese Sprague-Dawley rats to identify maternal metabolic pathways associated with developmental programming of offspring obesity. Gut microbial composition was assessed using qPCR. Offspring of HFS dams had nearly 40% higher adiposity at weaning compared to offspring of lean dams. While pregnancy and lactation were associated with distinct maternal metabolic changes common to both lean and obese dams, we identified several metabolic differences, potentially implicating dysregulated one-carbon and mammary gland metabolism in the metabolic programming of obesity. Gut microbial composition was significantly altered with obesity, and both gestation and lactation were accompanied by changes in gut microbiota. CONCLUSION Diet-induced maternal obesity and consumption of an obesogenic maternal diet results in differential metabolic and gut microbial adaptations to pregnancy and lactation; these maladaptations may be directly involved in maternal programming of offspring susceptibility to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Paul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kelsey H Collins
- Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Marc R Bomhof
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Hans J Vogel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, Bio-NMR Center, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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7
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Newell C, Bomhof MR, Reimer RA, Hittel DS, Rho JM, Shearer J. Ketogenic diet modifies the gut microbiota in a murine model of autism spectrum disorder. Mol Autism 2016; 7:37. [PMID: 27594980 PMCID: PMC5009541 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-016-0099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrointestinal dysfunction and gut microbial composition disturbances have been widely reported in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study examines whether gut microbiome disturbances are present in the BTBRT + tf/j (BTBR) mouse model of ASD and if the ketogenic diet, a diet previously shown to elicit therapeutic benefit in this mouse model, is capable of altering the profile. Findings Juvenile male C57BL/6 (B6) and BTBR mice were fed a standard chow (CH, 13 % kcal fat) or ketogenic diet (KD, 75 % kcal fat) for 10–14 days. Following diets, fecal and cecal samples were collected for analysis. Main findings are as follows: (1) gut microbiota compositions of cecal and fecal samples were altered in BTBR compared to control mice, indicating that this model may be of utility in understanding gut-brain interactions in ASD; (2) KD consumption caused an anti-microbial-like effect by significantly decreasing total host bacterial abundance in cecal and fecal matter; (3) specific to BTBR animals, the KD counteracted the common ASD phenotype of a low Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio in both sample types; and (4) the KD reversed elevated Akkermansia muciniphila content in the cecal and fecal matter of BTBR animals. Conclusions Results indicate that consumption of a KD likely triggers reductions in total gut microbial counts and compositional remodeling in the BTBR mouse. These findings may explain, in part, the ability of a KD to mitigate some of the neurological symptoms associated with ASD in an animal model. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13229-016-0099-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Newell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW., Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Marc R Bomhof
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW., Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1 Canada ; Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
| | - Dustin S Hittel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW., Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Jong M Rho
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada ; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
| | - Jane Shearer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW., Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1 Canada ; Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
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8
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Bomhof MR, Paul HA, Geuking MB, Eller LK, Reimer RA. Improvement in adiposity with oligofructose is modified by antibiotics in obese rats. FASEB J 2016; 30:2720-32. [PMID: 27059718 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600151r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Given the intimate link between gut microbiota and host physiology, there is growing interest in understanding the mechanisms by which diet influences gut microbiota and affects human metabolic health. Using antibiotics and the prebiotic oligofructose, which has been shown to counteract excess fat mass, we explored the gut microbiota-dependent effects of oligofructose on body composition and host metabolism. Diet-induced obese male Sprague Dawley rats, fed a background high-fat/sucrose diet, were randomized to one of the following diets for 6 wk: 1) high-energy control; 2) 10% oligofructose; 3) ampicillin; 4) ampicillin + 10% oligofructose; 5) ampicillin/neomycin; or 6) ampicillin/neomycin + 10% oligofructose. Combining oligofructose with ampicillin treatment blunted the decrease in adiposity seen with oligofructose. Although ampicillin did not affect total bacteria, ampicillin impeded oligofructose-induced increases in Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus In contrast, the combination of ampicillin and neomycin reduced total bacteria but did not abrogate the oligofructose-induced decrease in adiposity. Oligofructose-mediated effects on host adiposity and metabolic health appear to be in part dependent on the presence of specific microbial species within the gut.-Bomhof, M. R., Paul, H. A., Geuking, M. B., Eller, L. K., Reimer, R. A. Improvement in adiposity with oligofructose is modified by antibiotics in obese rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Bomhof
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
| | - Heather A Paul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada; and
| | - Markus B Geuking
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Research, University Clinic for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lindsay K Eller
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada; and
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9
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Klein MS, Newell C, Bomhof MR, Reimer RA, Hittel DS, Rho JM, Vogel HJ, Shearer J. Metabolomic Modeling To Monitor Host Responsiveness to Gut Microbiota Manipulation in the BTBRT+tf/j Mouse. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:1143-50. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jong M. Rho
- Departments of Paediatrics & Clinical Neurosciences, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 2T9, Canada
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10
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Lambert JE, Parnell JA, Eksteen B, Raman M, Bomhof MR, Rioux KP, Madsen KL, Reimer RA. Gut microbiota manipulation with prebiotics in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial protocol. BMC Gastroenterol 2015; 15:169. [PMID: 26635079 PMCID: PMC4669628 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-015-0400-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence for the role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is emerging. Strategies to manipulate the gut microbiota towards a healthier community structure are actively being investigated. Based on their ability to favorably modulate the gut microbiota, prebiotics may provide an inexpensive yet effective dietary treatment for NAFLD. Additionally, prebiotics have established benefits for glucose control and potentially weight control, both advantageous in managing fatty liver disease. Our objective is to evaluate the effects of prebiotic supplementation, adjunct to those achieved with diet-induced weight loss, on heptic injury and liver fat, the gut microbiota, inflammation, glucose tolerance, and satiety in patients with NAFLD. Methods/design In a double blind, placebo controlled, parallel group study, adults (BMI ≥25) with confirmed NAFLD will be randomized to either a 16 g/d prebiotic supplemented group or isocaloric placebo group for 24 weeks (n = 30/group). All participants will receive individualized dietary counseling sessions with a registered dietitian to achieve 10 % weight loss. Primary outcome measures include change in hepatic injury (fibrosis and inflammation) and liver fat. Secondary outcomes include change in body composition, appetite and dietary adherence, glycemic and insulinemic responses and inflammatory cytokines. Mechanisms related to prebiotic-induced changes in gut microbiota (shot-gun sequencing) and their metabolic by-products (volatile organic compounds) and de novo lipogenesis (using deuterium incorporation) will also be investigated. Discussion There are currently no medications or surgical procedures approved for the treatment of NAFLD and weight loss via lifestyle modification remains the cornerstone of current care recommendations. Given that prebiotics target multiple metabolic impairments associated with NAFLD, investigating their ability to modulate the gut microbiota and hepatic health in patients with NAFLD is warranted. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02568605) Registered 30 September 2015
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Lambert
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Jill A Parnell
- Health and Physical Education, Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, AB, T3E 6K6, Canada.
| | - Bertus Eksteen
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Health Research and Innovation Center, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada. .,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Maitreyi Raman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Marc R Bomhof
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Kevin P Rioux
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada. .,Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, 1863 Health Sciences Centre, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Karen L Madsen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research, 7-142 Katz Group-Rexall Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2C2, Canada.
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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11
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Lambert JE, Myslicki JP, Bomhof MR, Belke DD, Shearer J, Reimer RA. Exercise training modifies gut microbiota in normal and diabetic mice. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:749-52. [PMID: 25962839 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cecal microbiota from type 2 diabetic (db/db) and control (db/(+)) mice was obtained following 6 weeks of sedentary or exercise activity. qPCR analysis revealed a main effect of exercise, with greater abundance of select Firmicutes species and lower Bacteroides/Prevotella spp. in both normal and diabetic exercised mice compared with sedentary counterparts. Conversely, Bifidobacterium spp. was greater in exercised normal but not diabetic mice (exercise × diabetes interaction). How exercise influences gut microbiota requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Lambert
- a Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jason P Myslicki
- a Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Marc R Bomhof
- a Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Darrell D Belke
- a Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jane Shearer
- a Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.,b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine; University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- a Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.,b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine; University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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12
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Palmnäs MSA, Cowan TE, Bomhof MR, Su J, Reimer RA, Vogel HJ, Hittel DS, Shearer J. Low-dose aspartame consumption differentially affects gut microbiota-host metabolic interactions in the diet-induced obese rat. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109841. [PMID: 25313461 PMCID: PMC4197030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspartame consumption is implicated in the development of obesity and metabolic disease despite the intention of limiting caloric intake. The mechanisms responsible for this association remain unclear, but may involve circulating metabolites and the gut microbiota. Aims were to examine the impact of chronic low-dose aspartame consumption on anthropometric, metabolic and microbial parameters in a diet-induced obese model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into a standard chow diet (CH, 12% kcal fat) or high fat (HF, 60% kcal fat) and further into ad libitum water control (W) or low-dose aspartame (A, 5-7 mg/kg/d in drinking water) treatments for 8 week (n = 10-12 animals/treatment). Animals on aspartame consumed fewer calories, gained less weight and had a more favorable body composition when challenged with HF compared to animals consuming water. Despite this, aspartame elevated fasting glucose levels and an insulin tolerance test showed aspartame to impair insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in both CH and HF, independently of body composition. Fecal analysis of gut bacterial composition showed aspartame to increase total bacteria, the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and Clostridium leptum. An interaction between HF and aspartame was also observed for Roseburia ssp wherein HF-A was higher than HF-W (P<0.05). Within HF, aspartame attenuated the typical HF-induced increase in the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio. Serum metabolomics analysis revealed aspartame to be rapidly metabolized and to be associated with elevations in the short chain fatty acid propionate, a bacterial end product and highly gluconeogenic substrate, potentially explaining its negative affects on insulin tolerance. How aspartame influences gut microbial composition and the implications of these changes on the development of metabolic disease require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie S. A. Palmnäs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Theresa E. Cowan
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marc R. Bomhof
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Juliet Su
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Raylene A. Reimer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hans J. Vogel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dustin S. Hittel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jane Shearer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Bomhof MR, Saha DC, Reid DT, Paul HA, Reimer RA. Combined effects of oligofructose and Bifidobacterium animalis on gut microbiota and glycemia in obese rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:763-71. [PMID: 24124012 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prebiotics and probiotics may be able to modify an obesity-associated gut microbiota. The aim of this study was to examine the individual and combined effects of the prebiotic oligofructose (OFS) and the probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 (BB-12) on gut microbiota and host metabolism in obese rats. METHODS Adult male, diet-induced obese Sprague Dawley rats were randomized to: (1) Control (C); (2) 10% OFS; (3) BB-12; (4) OFS + BB-12 for 8 weeks (n = 9-10 rats/group). Body composition, glycemia, gut permeability, satiety hormones, cytokines, and gut microbiota were examined. RESULTS Prebiotic, but not probiotic reduced energy intake, weight gain, and fat mass (P < 0.01). OFS, BB-12, and the combined OFS + BB-12 improved glycemia (P < 0.05). Individually, OFS and BB-12 reduced insulin levels (P < 0.05). Portal GLP-1 was increased with OFS, whereas probiotic increased GLP-2 (P < 0.05). There was a marked increase in bifidobacteria and lactobacilli (P < 0.01) with OFS that was not observed with probiotic alone. CONCLUSIONS The impact of prebiotic intake on body composition and gut microbiota was of greater magnitude than the probiotic BB-12. Despite this, an improvement in glucose AUC with both prebiotic or probiotic demonstrates the beneficial role of each of these "biotic" agents in glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Bomhof
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Cowan TE, Palmnäs MSA, Yang J, Bomhof MR, Ardell KL, Reimer RA, Vogel HJ, Shearer J. Chronic coffee consumption in the diet-induced obese rat: impact on gut microbiota and serum metabolomics. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:489-95. [PMID: 24629912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological data confirms a strong negative association between regular coffee consumption and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Coffee is initially absorbed in the stomach and small intestine but is further fermented in the colon by gut microbiota. The bioavailability, production and biological activity of coffee polyphenols is modulated, in part, by gut microbiota. The purpose of this study was to determine if chronic coffee consumption could mitigate negative gut microbiota and metabolomic profile changes induced by a high-fat diet. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to chow (12% kcal fat) or high-fat (60% kcal fat) diet. Each group was further divided into water or caffeinated coffee for 10 weeks. Coffee consumption in high-fat-fed rats was associated with decreased body weight, adiposity, liver triglycerides and energy intake. Despite a more favorable body composition, rats displayed profound systemic insulin resistance, likely due to caffeine. Coffee consumption attenuated the increase in Firmicutes (F)-to-Bacteroidetes (B) ratio and Clostridium Cluster XI normally associated with high-fat feeding but also resulted in augmented levels of Enterobacteria. In the serum metabolome, coffee had a distinct impact, increasing levels of aromatic and circulating short-chain fatty acids while lowering levels of branched-chain amino acids. In summary, coffee consumption is able to alter gut microbiota in high-fat-fed rats although the role of these changes in reducing diabetes risk is unclear given the increased insulin resistance observed with coffee in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E Cowan
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Marie S A Palmnäs
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jaeun Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Marc R Bomhof
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kendra L Ardell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Hans J Vogel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jane Shearer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Paul HA, Bomhof MR, Reimer RA. Adding prebiotic fiber to a maternal high fat, sucrose diet during pregnancy and lactation reduces offspring body fat in Sprague‐Dawley rats. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.111.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Anne Paul
- Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | | | - Raylene A Reimer
- Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
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Paul H, Bomhof MR, Reimer RA. The Addition of the Prebiotic Fiber Oligofructose to a Maternal High Fat, Sucrose Diet During Gestation and Lactation Reduces Offspring Body Fat in Diet-Induced Obese Sprague-Dawley Rats. Can J Diabetes 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Williams DB, Sutherland LN, Bomhof MR, Basaraba SAU, Thrush AB, Dyck DJ, Field CJ, Wright DC. Muscle-specific differences in the response of mitochondrial proteins to beta-GPA feeding: an evaluation of potential mechanisms. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 296:E1400-8. [PMID: 19318515 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90913.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Beta-Guanadinopropionic acid (beta-GPA) feeding leads to reductions in skeletal muscle phosphagen concentrations and has been used as a tool with which to study the effects of energy charge on skeletal muscle metabolism. Supplementing standard rodent diets with beta-GPA leads to increases in mitochondrial enzyme content in fast but not slow-twitch muscles from male rats. Given this apparent discrepancy between muscle types we used beta-GPA feeding as a model to study signaling pathways involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. We hypothesized that beta-GPA feeding would result in a preferential activation of p38 MAPK and AMPK signaling and reductions in RIP140 protein content in triceps but not soleus muscle. Despite similar reductions in high-energy phosphate concentrations, 6 wk of beta-GPA feeding led to increases in mitochondrial proteins in triceps but not soleus muscles. Differences in the response of mitochondrial proteins to beta-GPA feeding did not seem to be related to a differential activation of p38 MAPK and AMPK signaling pathways or discrepancies in the induction of PPARgamma coactivator (PGC)-1alpha and -1beta. The protein content and expression of the nuclear corepressor RIP140 was reduced in triceps but not soleus muscle. Collectively our results indicate that chronic reductions in high-energy phosphates lead to the activation of p38 MAPK and AMPK signaling and increases in the expression of PGC-1alpha and -1beta in both soleus and triceps muscles. The lack of an effect of beta-GPA feeding on mitochondrial proteins in the soleus muscles could be related to a fiber type-specific effect of beta-GPA on RIP140 protein content.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Adenylate Kinase/metabolism
- Animal Feed
- Animals
- Body Weight/drug effects
- Body Weight/physiology
- DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
- Energy Metabolism/drug effects
- Energy Metabolism/physiology
- Guanidines/pharmacology
- Male
- Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics
- Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/enzymology
- Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch/enzymology
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/enzymology
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Interacting Protein 1
- PPAR gamma/metabolism
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha
- Propionates/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Deon B Williams
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, 4126C HRIF East, Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
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Sutherland LN, Bomhof MR, Capozzi LC, Basaraba SAU, Wright DC. Exercise and adrenaline increase PGC-1{alpha} mRNA expression in rat adipose tissue. J Physiol 2009; 587:1607-17. [PMID: 19221126 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.165464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present investigation was to explore the effects of exercise and adrenaline on the mRNA expression of PGC-1alpha, a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, in rat abdominal adipose tissue. We hypothesized that (1) exercise training would increase PGC-1alpha mRNA expression in association with increases in mitochondrial marker enzymes, (2) adrenaline would increase PGC-1alpha mRNA expression and (3) the effect of exercise on PGC-1alpha mRNA expression in white adipose tissue would be attenuated by a beta-blocker. Two hours of daily swim training for 4 weeks led to increases in mitochondrial marker proteins and PGC-1alpha mRNA expression in epididymal and retroperitoneal fat depots. Additionally, a single 2 h bout of exercise led to increases in PGC-1alpha mRNA expression immediately following exercise cessation. Adrenaline treatment of adipose tissue organ cultures led to dose-dependent increases in PGC-1alpha mRNA expression. A supra-physiological concentration of adrenaline increased PGC-1alpha mRNA expression in epididymal but not retroperitoneal adipose tissue. beta-Blockade attenuated the effects of an acute bout of exercise on PGC-1alpha mRNA expression in epididymal but not retroperitoneal fat pads. In summary, this is the first investigation to demonstrate that exercise training, an acute bout of exercise and adrenaline all increase PGC-1alpha mRNA expression in rat white adipose tissue. Furthermore it would appear that increases in circulating catecholamine levels may be one potential mechanism mediating exercise induced increases in PGC-1alpha mRNA expression in rat abdominal adipose tissue.
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