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Nederhoff MGJ, Fransen DE, Verlinde SAMW, Brans MAD, Pasterkamp G, Bleys RLAW. Effect of vagus nerve stimulation on tissue damage and function loss in a mouse myocardial ischemia-reperfusion model. Auton Neurosci 2019; 221:102580. [PMID: 31491700 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2019.102580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In cardiac ischemia, acute inflammatory responses further increase the detrimental effect on myocardial tissue. Since vagus nerve stimulation (VS) attenuates inflammatory responsiveness this study examines the effect of VS on myocardial damage development in a cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (IR) mouse model. METHODS 54 male C57Bl/6j mice were subjected to an IR procedure with or without prior VS. The effects on inflammatory responsiveness, infarct size, cardiac function, neutrophils, lymphocytes and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the infarcted myocardium were measured at 48 h after intervention. Group results were compared with unpaired Mann-Whitney or Kruskall-Wallis test. RESULTS A significant decrease in inflammatory responsiveness was not verified by decreased TNFα levels in blood from VS and IR treated mice. The percentage infarct size over area at risk was smaller in the group with VS + IR compared with IR (22.4 ± 10.2% vs 37.6 ± 9.0%, p = 0.003). The degree of the reduction in cardiac function was not different between the IR groups with or without VS and no group differences were found in amounts of neutrophils, CD3+ lymphocytes and VEGF in the reperfused mouse heart. CONCLUSION The present study does not provide clear evidence of a reducing role for VS on cardiac function loss. This could mean that VS has a less inhibiting effect on myocardial inflammation than may be expected from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G J Nederhoff
- Department of Anatomy, Division Surgical Specialties, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, room: Str. 0.305, 3584CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - D E Fransen
- Department of Anatomy, Division Surgical Specialties, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, room: Str. 0.305, 3584CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - S A M W Verlinde
- Department of Anatomy, Division Surgical Specialties, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, room: Str. 0.305, 3584CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M A D Brans
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Division Surgical Specialties, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, room: Str. 0.305, 3584CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - G Pasterkamp
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Division Surgical Specialties, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, room: Str. 0.305, 3584CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - R L A W Bleys
- Department of Anatomy, Division Surgical Specialties, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, room: Str. 0.305, 3584CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Aguor ENE, Arslan F, van de Kolk CWA, Nederhoff MGJ, Doevendans PA, van Echteld CJA, Pasterkamp G, Strijkers GJ. Quantitative T 2* assessment of acute and chronic myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. MAGMA 2012; 25:369-79. [PMID: 22327962 PMCID: PMC3458196 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-012-0304-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Imaging of myocardial infarct composition is essential to assess efficacy of emerging therapeutics. T (2) (*) mapping has the potential to image myocardial hemorrhage and fibrosis by virtue of its short T (2) (*) . We aimed to quantify T (2) (*) in acute and chronic myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS I/R-injury was induced in C57BL/6 mice (n = 9). Sham-operated mice (n = 8) served as controls. MRI was performed at baseline, and 1, 7 and 28 days after surgery. MRI at 9.4 T consisted of Cine, T (2) (*) mapping and late-gadolinium-enhancement (LGE). Mice (n = 6) were histologically assessed for hemorrhage and collagen in the fibrotic scar. RESULTS Baseline T (2) (*) values were 17.1 ± 2.0 ms. At day 1, LGE displayed a homogeneous infarct enhancement. T (2) (*) in infarct (12.0 ± 1.1 ms) and remote myocardium (13.9 ± 0.8 ms) was lower than at baseline. On days 7 and 28, LGE was heterogeneous. T (2) (*) in the infarct decreased to 7.9 ± 0.7 and 6.4 ± 0.7 ms, whereas T (2) (*) values in the remote myocardium were 14.2 ± 1.1 and 15.6 ± 1.0 ms. Histology revealed deposition of iron and collagen in parallel with decreased T (2) (*) . CONCLUSION T (2) (*) values are dynamic during infarct development and decrease significantly during scar maturation. In the acute phase, T (2) (*) values in infarcted myocardium differ significantly from those in the chronic phase. T (2) (*) mapping was able to confirm the presence of a chronic infarction in cases where LGE was inconclusive. Hence, T (2) (*) may be used to discriminate between acute and chronic infarctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eissa N. E. Aguor
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fatih Arslan
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cees W. A. van de Kolk
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel G. J. Nederhoff
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter A. Doevendans
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cees J. A. van Echteld
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gustav J. Strijkers
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Aguor ENE, van de Kolk CWA, Arslan F, Nederhoff MGJ, Doevendans PAFM, Pasterkamp G, Strijkers GJ, van Echteld CJA. 23Na chemical shift imaging and Gd enhancement of myocardial edema. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2012; 29:343-54. [PMID: 22790331 PMCID: PMC3560947 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-012-0093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial edema can arise in several disease states. MRI contrast agent can accumulate in edematous tissue, which complicates differential diagnosis with contrast-enhanced (CE)-MRI and might lead to overestimation of infarct size. Sodium Chemical Shift Imaging ((23)Na-CSI) may provide an alternative for edema imaging. We have developed a non-infarct, isolated rat heart model with two levels of edema, which was studied with (23)Na-CSI and CE-MRI. In edematous, but viable tissue the extracellular sodium (Na (e) (+)) signal is hypothesized to increase, but not the intracellular sodium (Na (i) (+)) signal. Isolated hearts were perfused at 60 (n = 6) and 140 mmHg (n = 5). Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) and phenylphosphonate (PPA) were used to follow edema formation by (31)P-MR Spectroscopy. In separate groups, Thulium(III)1,4,7,10 tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N″,N'''-tetra(methylenephosphonate) (TmDOTP(5-)) and Gadovist were used for (23)Na-CSI (n = 8) and CE-MRI (n = 6), respectively. PPA normalized signal intensity (SI) was higher at 140 versus 60 mmHg, with a ratio of 1.27 ± 0.12 (p < 0.05). The (DMMP-PPA)/dry weight ratio, as a marker of intracellular volume, remained unchanged. The mid-heart cross sectional area (CSA) of the left ventricle (LV) was significantly increased at 140 mmHg. In addition, at 140 mmHg, the LV Na (e) (+) SI increased with a 140 mmHg/60 mmHg ratio of 1.24 ± 0.18 (p < 0.05). Na (i) (+) SI remained essentially unchanged. With CE-MRI, a subendocardially enhanced CSA was identified, increasing from 0.20 ± 0.02 cm(2) at 60 mmHg to 0.31 ± 0.02 cm(2) at 140 mmHg (p < 0.05). Edema shows up in both CE-MRI and Na (e) (+) . High perfusion pressure causes more edema subendocardially than subepicardially. (23)Na-CSI is an attractive alternative for imaging of edema and is a promising tool to discriminate between edema, acute and chronic MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eissa N E Aguor
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Bovens SM, te Boekhorst BCM, den Ouden K, van de Kolk KWA, Nauerth A, Nederhoff MGJ, Pasterkamp G, ten Hove M, van Echteld CJA. Evaluation of infarcted murine heart function: comparison of prospectively triggered with self-gated MRI. NMR Biomed 2011; 24:307-315. [PMID: 20891021 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of cardiac function is often performed in mice after, for example, a myocardial infarction. Cardiac MRI is often used because it is noninvasive and provides high temporal and spatial resolution for the left and right ventricle. In animal cardiac MRI, the quality of the required electrocardiogram signal is variable and sometimes deteriorates over time, especially with infarcted hearts or cardiac hypertrophy. Therefore, we compared the self-gated IntraGateFLASH method with a prospectively triggered FLASH (fast low-angle shot) method in mice with myocardial infarcts (n = 16) and in control mice (n = 21). Mice with a myocardial infarct and control mice were imaged in a vertical 9.4-T MR system. Images of contiguous 1-mm slices were acquired from apex to base with prospective and self-gated methods. Data were processed to calculate cardiac function parameters for the left and right ventricle. The signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios were calculated in mid-ventricular slices. The signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios of the self-gated data were higher than those of the prospectively gated data. Differences between the two gating methods in the cardiac function parameters for both left and right ventricle (e.g. end-diastolic volumes) did not exceed the inter-observer variability in control or myocardial infarcted mice. Both methods gave comparable results with regard to the cardiac function parameters in both healthy control mice and mice with myocardial infarcts. Moreover, the self-gated method provided better signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios when the acquisition time was equal. In conclusion, the self-gated method is suitable for routine use in cardiac MRI in mice with myocardial infarcts as well as in control mice, and obviates the need for electrocardiogram triggering and respiratory gating. In both gating methods, more than 10 frames per cardiac cycle are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Bovens
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Timmers L, Sluijter JPG, van Keulen JK, Hoefer IE, Nederhoff MGJ, Goumans MJ, Doevendans PA, van Echteld CJA, Joles JA, Quax PH, Piek JJ, Pasterkamp G, de Kleijn DPV. Toll-like receptor 4 mediates maladaptive left ventricular remodeling and impairs cardiac function after myocardial infarction. Circ Res 2007; 102:257-64. [PMID: 18007026 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.158220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Left ventricular (LV) remodeling leads to congestive heart failure and is a main determinant of morbidity and mortality following myocardial infarction. Therapeutic options to prevent LV remodeling are limited, which necessitates the exploration of alternative therapeutic targets. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) serve as pattern recognition receptors within the innate immune system. Activation of TLR4 results in an inflammatory response and is involved in extracellular matrix degradation, both key processes of LV remodeling following myocardial infarction. To establish the role of TLR4 in postinfarct LV remodeling, myocardial infarction was induced in wild-type BALB/c mice and TLR4-defective C3H-Tlr4(LPS-d) mice. Without affecting infarct size, TLR4 defectiveness reduced the extent of LV remodeling (end-diastolic volume: 103.7+/-6.8 microL versus 128.5+/-5.7 microL; P<0.01) and preserved systolic function (ejection fraction: 28.2+/-3.1% versus 16.6+/-1.3%; P<0.01), as assessed by MRI. In the noninfarcted area, interstitial fibrosis, and myocardial hypertrophy were reduced in C3H-Tlr4(LPS-d) mice. In the infarcted area, however, collagen density was increased, which was accompanied by fewer macrophages, reduced inflammation regulating cytokine expression levels (interleukin [IL]-1alpha, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor), and reduced matrix metalloproteinase-2 (4684+/-515 versus 7573+/-611; P=0.002) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity (76.0+/-14.3 versus 168.0+/-36.2; P=0.027). These data provide direct evidence for a causal role of TLR4 in postinfarct maladaptive LV remodeling, probably via inflammatory cytokine production and matrix degradation. TLR4 may therefore constitute a novel target in the treatment of ischemic heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Timmers
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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ten Hove M, Jansen MA, Nederhoff MGJ, Van Echteld CJA. Combined blockade of the Na+ channel and the Na+/H+ exchanger virtually prevents ischemic Na+ overload in rat hearts. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 297:101-10. [PMID: 17102905 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-9334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Blocking either the Na(+) channel or the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger (NHE) has been shown to reduce Na(+) and Ca(2+) overload during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, respectively, and to improve post-ischemic contractile recovery. The effect of combined blockade of both Na(+) influx routes on ionic homeostasis is unknown and was tested in this study. [Na(+)](i), pH(i) and energy-related phosphates were measured using simultaneous (23)Na- and (31)P-NMR spectroscopy in isolated rat hearts. Eniporide (3 muM) and/or lidocaine (200 muM) were administered during 5 min prior to 40 min of global ischemia and 40 min of drug free reperfusion to block the NHE and the Na(+) channel, respectively. Lidocaine reduced the rise in [Na(+)](i) during the first 10 min of ischemia, followed by a rise with a rate similar to the one found in untreated hearts. Eniporide reduced the ischemic Na(+) influx during the entire ischemic period. Administration of both drugs resulted in a summation of the effects found in the lidocaine and eniporide groups. Contractile recovery and infarct size were significantly improved in hearts treated with both drugs, although not significantly different from hearts treated with either one of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel ten Hove
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Ten Hove M, Nederhoff MGJ, Van Echteld CJA. Relative contributions of Na+/H+exchange and Na+/HCO3−cotransport to ischemic Nai+overload in isolated rat hearts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 288:H287-92. [PMID: 15319198 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01102.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Na+/H+exchanger (NHE) and/or the Na+/HCO3−cotransporter (NBC) were blocked during ischemia in isolated rat hearts. Intracellular Na+concentration ([Na+]i), intracellular pH (pHi), and energy-related phosphates were measured by using simultaneous23Na and31P NMR spectroscopy. Hearts were subjected to 30 min of global ischemia and 30 min of reperfusion. Cariporide (3 μM) or HCO3−-free HEPES buffer was used, respectively, to block NHE, NBC, or both. End-ischemic [Na+]iwas 320 ± 18% of baseline in HCO3−-perfused, untreated hearts, 184 ± 6% of baseline when NHE was blocked, 253 ± 19% of baseline when NBC was blocked, and 154 ± 6% of baseline when both NHE and NBC were blocked. End-ischemic pHiwas 6.09 ± 0.06 in HCO3−-perfused, untreated hearts, 5.85 ± 0.02 when NHE was blocked, 5.81 ± 0.05 when NBC was blocked, and 5.70 ± 0.01 when both NHE and NBC were blocked. NHE blockade was cardioprotective, but NBC blockade and combined blockade were not, the latter likely due to a reduction in coronary flow, because omission of HCO3−under conditions of NHE blockade severely impaired coronary flow. Combined blockade of NHE and NBC conserved intracellular H+load during reperfusion and led to massive Na+influx when blockades were lifted. Without blockade, both NHE and NBC mediate acid-equivalent efflux in exchange for Na+influx during ischemia, NHE much more than NBC. Blockade of either one does not affect the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Ten Hove
- Interuniversity Cardiology, Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of rapid changes in myocardial intracellular Na+ (Na+(i)) during ischemia and reperfusion (R), 23Na magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appears to be an ideal diagnostic modality for early detection of myocardial ischemia and viability. So far, cardiac 23Na MRI data are limited and mostly concerned with imaging of total Na+. For proper interpretation, imaging of both Na+(i) and extracellular Na+ is essential. In this study, we tested whether Na+(i) imaging can be used to assess viability after low-flow (LF) ischemia. METHODS AND RESULTS Isolated rat hearts were subjected to LF (1%, 2%, or 3% of control coronary flow) and R. A shift reagent was used to separate Na+(i) and extracellular Na+ resonances. Acquisition-weighted 23Na chemical shift imaging (CSI) was alternated with 23Na MR spectroscopy. Already during control perfusion, Na+(i) could be clearly seen on the images. Na+(i) image intensity increased with increasing severity of ischemia. During R, Na+(i) image intensity remained highest in 1% LF hearts. Not only did we find very good correlations between Na+(i) image intensity at end-R and end-diastolic pressure (R=0.85, P<0.001) and recovery of the rate-pressure product (R=-0.88, P<0.001) at end-R, but most interestingly, also Na+(i) image intensity at end-LF was well correlated with end-diastolic pressure (R=0.78, P<0.01) and with recovery of the rate-pressure product (R=-0.81, P<0.01) at end-R. Furthermore, Na+(i) image intensity at end-LF was well correlated with creatine kinase release during R (R=0.79, P<0.05) as well as with infarct size (R=0.77, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that 23Na CSI is a promising tool for the assessment of myocardial viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurits A Jansen
- University Medical Center, Heart Lung Center Utrecht, NMR Laboratory, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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