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Toledano-Magaña Y, Flores-Santos L, Montes de Oca G, González-Montiel A, García-Ramos JC, Mora C, Saavedra-Ávila NA, Gudiño-Zayas M, González-Ramírez LC, Laclette JP, Carrero JC. Toxicological Evaluations in Macrophages and Mice Acutely and Chronically Exposed to Halloysite Clay Nanotubes Functionalized with Polystyrene. ACS Omega 2021; 6:29882-29892. [PMID: 34778661 PMCID: PMC8582073 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Halloysite clay nanotubes (HNTs) have been proposed as highly biocompatible for several biomedical applications. Various polymers have been used to functionalize HNTs, but scarce information exists about polystyrene for this purpose. This work evaluated polystyrene-functionalized HNTs (FHNTs) by comparing its effects with non-FHNTs and innocuous talc powder on in vitro and in vivo models. Monocyte-derived human or murine macrophages and the RAW 264.7 cell line were treated with 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 100 μg mL-1 FHNTs, HNTs, or talc to evaluate the cytotoxic and cytokine response. Our results show that nanoclays did not cause cytotoxic damage to macrophages. Only the 100 μg mL-1 concentration induced slight proinflammatory cytokine production at short exposure, followed by an anti-inflammatory response that increases over time. CD1 mice treated with a single dose of 1, 2.5, or 5 mg Kg-1 of FHNTs or HNTs by oral and inhalation routes caused aluminum accumulation in the kidneys and lungs, without bodily signs of distress or histopathological changes in any treated mice, evaluated at 48 h and 30 days post-treatment. Nanoclay administration simultaneously by four different parenteral routes (20 mg Kg-1) or the combination of administration routes (parenteral + oral or parenteral + inhalation; 25 mg Kg-1) showed accumulation on the injection site and slight surrounding inflammation 30 days post-treatment. CD1 mice chronically exposed to HNTs or FHNTs in the bedding material (ca 1 mg) throughout the parental generation and two successive inbred generations for 8 months did not cause any inflammatory process or damage to the abdominal organs and the reproductive system of the mice of any of the generations, did not affect the number of newborn mice and their survival, and did not induce congenital malformations in the offspring. FHNTs showed a slightly less effect than HNTs in all experiments, suggesting that functionalization makes them less cytotoxic. Doses of up to 25 mg Kg-1 by different administration routes and permanent exposure to 1 mg of HNTs or FHNTs for 8 months seem safe for CD1 mice. Our in vivo and in vitro results indicate that nanoclays are highly biocompatible, supporting their possible safe use for future biomedical and general-purpose applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanis Toledano-Magaña
- Escuela
de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma
de Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California 22890, México
| | | | - Georgina Montes de Oca
- CIATEQ
Centro de Tecnología Avanzada, Circuito de la Industria Pte Lte 11 Mza 3 No 11, Parque Industrial
Ex Hacienda Doña Rosa, Lerma Edo de
México 52004, México
| | | | - Juan-Carlos García-Ramos
- Escuela
de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma
de Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California 22890, México
| | - Conchi Mora
- Immunology
Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida 25002, Spain
- Institut
de Recerca Biomèdica Lleida (IRB-Lleida), Lleida 25002, Spain
| | | | - Marco Gudiño-Zayas
- Laboratorio
de Bioinformática, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina
Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Ciudad de México 06720, México
| | - Luisa-Carolina González-Ramírez
- Grupo
de Investigación “Análisis de Muestras Biológicas
y Forenses”, Carrera Laboratorio Clínico, Facultad de
Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional
de Chimborazo, Riobamba 0601003, Ecuador
| | - Juan P. Laclette
- Departamento
de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,
Cd. Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Julio C. Carrero
- Departamento
de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,
Cd. Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México
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Schmulson M, Gudiño-Zayas M, Hani A. The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Neurogastroenterologists in Latin America: Results of an Online Survey. J Clin Gastroenterol 2021; 55:684-690. [PMID: 33471492 PMCID: PMC8356844 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000001413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has affected medical practice in fields not related to the infection. Neurogastroenterology is a subspecialty of gastroenterology focused on motility and functional gastrointestinal disorders, including consultations, and conducting procedures (eg, endoscopies, manometries/pH-monitoring). AIM The aim of this study was to determine the impact of COVID-19 on Neurogastroenterology in Latin America. METHODS Members of the Latin American Society of Neurogastroenterology were invited by e-mail and social networks to participate in an online anonymous survey. It included 24 questions on demographics, clinical practice and procedure characteristics, impact of the pandemic, Telemedicine, and involvement in COVID-19 patient care. RESULTS Sixty-one members mainly from Colombia, Mexico, and Brazil answered the survey. All reported a negative impact on their practice (88.6%: a 61% to 100% decrease), mainly in office consultations and elective endoscopies. Interestingly, emergency endoscopies decreased by 33.3%, while only 4% stopped performing manometries/pH-monitoring. The main reasons were patients' fear for consulting, country's lockdown, and physician's decision to prevent infection spread. Telemedicine was implemented by 83% but only 64.7% were being remunerated. Almost 46% had to reduce salaries and working hours of their personnel. Fifty-nine percent had colleagues diagnosed with COVID-19, 24.6% were involved in these patients' care, and 11.5% were mobilized to COVID-19 wards. There were country differences: Colombia, lockdown (P=0.001); Mexico, COVID-19 patient-care (P=0.053); Mexico/Colombia, working in COVID-19 wards, (P=0.012); Brazil, less common elective procedures' ban (P=0.012) and Telemedicine/reimbursement (P=0.034). CONCLUSIONS The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the practice and wellness of Neurogastroenterologists in Latin America. Guidelines to resume activities and policies for Telemedicine practice and reimbursement are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Schmulson
- Laboratorio de Hígado, Páncreas y Motilidad (HIPAM), Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Gastroenterología y Endoscopía, Centro Médico ABC, Gastroenterología y Motilidad Gastrointestinal, Clínica Lomas Altas SC
| | - Marco Gudiño-Zayas
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Albis Hani
- Unidad de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Pontifica Universidad Javeriana, Santa Fé de Bogotá, Colombia
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Ximénez C, González E, Nieves M, Magaña U, Morán P, Gudiño-Zayas M, Partida O, Hernández E, Rojas-Velázquez L, García de León MC, Maldonado H. Correction: Differential expression of pathogenic genes of Entamoeba histolytica vs E. dispar in a model of infection using human liver tissue explants. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210895. [PMID: 30629702 PMCID: PMC6328173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Ximénez C, González E, Nieves M, Magaña U, Morán P, Gudiño-Zayas M, Partida O, Hernández E, Rojas-Velázquez L, García de León MC, Maldonado H. Differential expression of pathogenic genes of Entamoeba histolytica vs E. dispar in a model of infection using human liver tissue explants. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181962. [PMID: 28771523 PMCID: PMC5542602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to establish an ex vivo model for examining the interaction of E. histolytica with human tissue, using precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) from donated organs. E. histolytica- or E. dispar-infected PCLS were analyzed at different post-infection times (0, 1, 3, 24 and 48 h) to evaluate the relation between tissue damage and the expression of genes associated with three factors: a) parasite survival (peroxiredoxin, superoxide dismutase and 70 kDa heat shock protein), b) parasite virulence (EhGal/GalNAc lectin, amoebapore, cysteine proteases and calreticulin), and c) the host inflammatory response (various cytokines). Unlike E. dispar (non-pathogenic), E. histolytica produced some damage to the structure of hepatic parenchyma. Overall, greater expression of virulence genes existed in E. histolytica-infected versus E. dispar-infected tissue. Accordingly, there was an increased expression of EhGal/GalNAc lectin, Ehap-a and Ehcp-5, Ehcp-2, ehcp-1 genes with E. histolytica, and a decreased or lack of expression of Ehcp-2, and Ehap-a genes with E. dispar. E. histolytica-infected tissue also exhibited an elevated expression of genes linked to survival, principally peroxiredoxin, superoxide dismutase and Ehhsp-70. Moreover, E. histolytica-infected tissue showed an overexpression of some genes encoding for pro-inflammatory interleukins (ILs), such as il-8, ifn-γ and tnf-α. Contrarily, E. dispar-infected tissue displayed higher levels of il-10, the gene for the corresponding anti-inflammatory cytokine. Additionally, other genes were investigated that are important in the host-parasite relationship, including those encoding for the 20 kDa heat shock protein (HSP-20), the AIG-1 protein, and immune dominant variable surface antigen, as well as for proteins apparently involved in mechanisms for the protection of the trophozoites in different environments (e.g., thioredoxin-reductase, oxido-reductase, and 9 hypothetical proteins). Some of the hypothetical proteins evidenced interesting overexpression rates, however we should wait to their characterization. This finding suggest that the present model could be advantageous for exploring the complex interaction between trophozoites and hepatocytes during the development of ALA, particularly in the initial stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Ximénez
- Laboratory of Immunology, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, México City, México
- * E-mail:
| | - Enrique González
- Laboratory of Immunology, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, México City, México
| | - Miriam Nieves
- Laboratory of Immunology, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, México City, México
| | - Ulises Magaña
- Laboratory of Immunology, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, México City, México
| | - Patricia Morán
- Laboratory of Immunology, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, México City, México
| | - Marco Gudiño-Zayas
- Laboratory of Immunology, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, México City, México
| | - Oswaldo Partida
- Laboratory of Immunology, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, México City, México
| | - Eric Hernández
- Laboratory of Immunology, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, México City, México
| | - Liliana Rojas-Velázquez
- Laboratory of Immunology, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, México City, México
| | | | - Héctor Maldonado
- Sub direction of Pathology, National Institute of Cancerology, México City, México
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Toledano-Magaña Y, García-Ramos JC, Torres-Gutiérrez C, Vázquez-Gasser C, Esquivel-Sánchez JM, Flores-Alamo M, Ortiz-Frade L, Galindo-Murillo R, Nequiz M, Gudiño-Zayas M, Laclette JP, Carrero JC, Ruiz-Azuara L. Water-Soluble Ruthenium (II) Chiral Heteroleptic Complexes with Amoebicidal in Vitro and in Vivo Activity. J Med Chem 2017; 60:899-912. [PMID: 28075589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Three water-soluble Ru(II) chiral heteroleptic coordination compounds [Ru(en)(pdto)]Cl2 (1), [Ru(gly)(pdto)]Cl (2), and [Ru(acac)(pdto)]Cl (3), where pdto = 2,2'-[1,2-ethanediylbis-(sulfanediyl-2,1-ethanediyl)]dipyridine, en = ethylendiamine, gly = glycinate, and acac = acetylacetonate, have been synthezised and fully characterized. The crystal structures of compounds 1-3 are described. The IC50 values for compounds 1-3 are within nanomolar range (14, 12, and 6 nM, respectively). The cytotoxicity for human peripheral blood lymphocytes is extremely low (>100 μM). Selectivity indexes for Ru(II) compounds are in the range 700-1300. Trophozoites exposed to Ru(II) compounds die through an apoptotic pathway triggered by ROS production. The orally administration to infected mice induces a total elimination of the parasite charge in mice faeces 1-2-fold faster than metronidazole. Besides, all compounds inhibit the trophozoite proliferation in amoebic liver abscess induced in hamster. All our results lead us to propose these compounds as promising candidates as antiparasitic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanis Toledano-Magaña
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Nuclear, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Avenida Universidad 3000, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan C García-Ramos
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Nuclear, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Avenida Universidad 3000, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.,Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Avenida Universidad 3000, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carolina Torres-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Nuclear, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Avenida Universidad 3000, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cristina Vázquez-Gasser
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Nuclear, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Avenida Universidad 3000, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José M Esquivel-Sánchez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Avenida Universidad 3000, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcos Flores-Alamo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Nuclear, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Avenida Universidad 3000, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Ortiz-Frade
- Departamento de Electroquímica, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica SC , Parque Tecnológico Querétaro Sanfandila, Pedro de Escobedo, CP 76703 Querétaro México
| | - Rodrigo Galindo-Murillo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah , Skaggs Hall 201, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Mario Nequiz
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Dr. Balmis 148, Col. Doctores, 06726, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marco Gudiño-Zayas
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Dr. Balmis 148, Col. Doctores, 06726, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan P Laclette
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Avenida Universidad 3000, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julio C Carrero
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Avenida Universidad 3000, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lena Ruiz-Azuara
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Nuclear, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Avenida Universidad 3000, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
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López-Navarrete G, Ramos-Martínez E, Suárez-Álvarez K, Aguirre-García J, Ledezma-Soto Y, León-Cabrera S, Gudiño-Zayas M, Guzmán C, Gutiérrez-Reyes G, Hernández-Ruíz J, Camacho-Arroyo I, Robles-Díaz G, Kershenobich D, Terrazas LI, Escobedo G. Th2-associated alternative Kupffer cell activation promotes liver fibrosis without inducing local inflammation. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 7:1273-86. [PMID: 22110380 PMCID: PMC3221364 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis is the final outcome of liver fibrosis. Kupffer cell-mediated hepatic inflammation is considered to aggravate liver injury and fibrosis. Alternatively-activated macrophages are able to control chronic inflammatory events and trigger wound healing processes. Nevertheless, the role of alternative Kupffer cell activation in liver harm is largely unclear. Thus, we evaluated the participation of alternatively-activated Kupffer cells during liver inflammation and fibrosis in the murine model of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage. To stimulate alternative activation in Kupffer cells, 20 Taenia crassiceps (Tc) larvae were inoculated into BALBc/AnN female mice. Six weeks post-inoculation, carbon tetrachloride or olive oil were orally administered to Tc-inoculated and non-inoculated mice twice per week during other six weeks. The initial exposure of animals to T. crassiceps resulted in high serum concentrations of IL-4 accompanied by a significant increase in the hepatic mRNA levels of Ym-1, with no alteration in iNOS expression. In response to carbon tetrachloride, recruitment of inflammatory cell populations into the hepatic parenchyma was 5-fold higher in non-inoculated animals than Tc-inoculated mice. In contrast, carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis was significantly less in non-inoculated animals than in the Tc-inoculated group. The latter showed elevated IL-4 serum levels and low IFN-γ concentrations during the whole experiment, associated with hepatic expression of IL-4, TGF-β, desmin and α-sma, as well as increased mRNA levels of Arg-1, Ym-1, FIZZ-1 and MMR in Kupffer cells. These results suggest that alternative Kupffer cell activation is favored in a Th2 microenvironment, whereby such liver resident macrophages could exhibit a dichotomic role during chronic hepatic damage, being involved in attenuation of the inflammatory response but at the same time exacerbation of liver fibrosis.
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