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Tricco AC, Nincic V, Darvesh N, Rios P, Khan PA, Ghassemi MM, MacDonald H, Yazdi F, Lai Y, Warren R, Austin A, Cleary O, Baxter NN, Burns KEA, Coyle D, Curran JA, Graham ID, Hawker G, Légaré F, Watt J, Witteman HO, Clark JP, Bourgeault IL, Parsons Leigh J, Ahmed SB, Lawford K, Aiken AB, Langlois EV, McCabe C, Shepperd S, Skidmore B, Pattani R, Leon N, Lundine J, Adisso ÉL, El-Adhami W, Straus SE. Global evidence of gender equity in academic health research: a scoping review. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e067771. [PMID: 36792322 PMCID: PMC9933760 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To chart the global literature on gender equity in academic health research. DESIGN Scoping review. PARTICIPANTS Quantitative studies were eligible if they examined gender equity within academic institutions including health researchers. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Outcomes related to equity across gender and other social identities in academia: (1) faculty workforce: representation of all genders in university/faculty departments, academic rank or position and salary; (2) service: teaching obligations and administrative/non-teaching activities; (3) recruitment and hiring data: number of applicants by gender, interviews and new hires for various rank; (4) promotion: opportunities for promotion and time to progress through academic ranks; (5) academic leadership: type of leadership positions, opportunities for leadership promotion or training, opportunities to supervise/mentor and support for leadership bids; (6) scholarly output or productivity: number/type of publications and presentations, position of authorship, number/value of grants or awards and intellectual property ownership; (7) contextual factors of universities; (8) infrastructure; (9) knowledge and technology translation activities; (10) availability of maternity/paternity/parental/family leave; (11) collaboration activities/opportunities for collaboration; (12) qualitative considerations: perceptions around promotion, finances and support. RESULTS Literature search yielded 94 798 citations; 4753 full-text articles were screened, and 562 studies were included. Most studies originated from North America (462/562, 82.2%). Few studies (27/562, 4.8%) reported race and fewer reported sex/gender (which were used interchangeably in most studies) other than male/female (11/562, 2.0%). Only one study provided data on religion. No other PROGRESS-PLUS variables were reported. A total of 2996 outcomes were reported, with most studies examining academic output (371/562, 66.0%). CONCLUSIONS Reviewed literature suggest a lack in analytic approaches that consider genders beyond the binary categories of man and woman, additional social identities (race, religion, social capital and disability) and an intersectionality lens examining the interconnection of multiple social identities in understanding discrimination and disadvantage. All of these are necessary to tailor strategies that promote gender equity. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/8wk7e/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Tricco
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Epidemiology Division and Institute for Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Queen's Collaboration for Health Care Quality Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vera Nincic
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nazia Darvesh
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Paul A Khan
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marco M Ghassemi
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heather MacDonald
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Yazdi
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yonda Lai
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel Warren
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alyssa Austin
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olga Cleary
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Health Policy and Management, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nancy N Baxter
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karen E A Burns
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- HEI, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Douglas Coyle
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janet A Curran
- Department of Nursing, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ian D Graham
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gillian Hawker
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - France Légaré
- Vitam Research Centre in Sustainable Health, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Family and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universite Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jennifer Watt
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Holly O Witteman
- Vitam Research Centre in Sustainable Health, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Family and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universite Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Office of Education and Professional Development, Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Jocalyn P Clark
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Lancet Ltd, London, London, UK
| | | | - Jeanna Parsons Leigh
- School of Health Administration, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sofia B Ahmed
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Karen Lawford
- Department of Gender Studies, Queen's University, Haudenosaunee and Anishinaabek Territories, Settlement of Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alice B Aiken
- Department of Research and Innovation, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- School of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Etienne V Langlois
- Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (PMNCH), WHO, Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Christopher McCabe
- Institute of Health Economics, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sasha Shepperd
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Becky Skidmore
- Independent Information Specialist, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Reena Pattani
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natalie Leon
- Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | - Évèhouénou Lionel Adisso
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universite Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Wafa El-Adhami
- Science in Australia Gender Equity Limited, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sharon E Straus
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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