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Bortot M, Vallortigara G. Transfer from continuous to discrete quantities in honeybees. iScience 2023; 26:108035. [PMID: 37860770 PMCID: PMC10582340 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Honeybees can estimate quantities having different dimensions: continuous and uncountable such as the relative size of visual objects in an array, or discrete and countable such as the number of objects of the array. Honeybees can transfer quantity discrimination (i.e., choosing the larger/smaller stimulus) from number to size. Here, we investigated whether honeybees could also generalize from the size (continuous) to the number (discrete) dimension. We trained free-flying foragers to discriminate between large- and small-size elements. At test, bees were presented with a comparison between larger and smaller numerosities controlled for different continuous variables covarying with numerosity such as total area, total perimeter, convex hull, and element size. Results showed that bees generalized from the size to the numerical dimension of the stimuli. This cross-dimensional transfer supports the idea of a universal mechanism for the encoding of abstract magnitudes in invertebrate species comparable to that of vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bortot
- Centre for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
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Bortot M, Regolin L, Vallortigara G. A sense of number in invertebrates. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 564:37-42. [PMID: 33280818 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Non-symbolic numerical abilities are widespread among vertebrates due to their important adaptive value. Moreover, these abilities were considered peculiar of vertebrate species as numerical competence is regarded as cognitively sophisticated. However, recent evidence convincingly showed that this is not the case: invertebrates, with their limited number of neurons, proved able to successfully discriminate different quantities (e.g., of prey), to use the ordinal property of numbers, to solve arithmetic operations as addition and subtraction and even to master the concept of zero numerosity. To date, though, the debate is still open on the presence and the nature of a «sense of number» in invertebrates. Whether this is peculiar for discrete countable quantities (numerosities) or whether this is part of a more general magnitude system dealing with both discrete and continuous quantities, as hypothesized for humans and other vertebrates. Here we reviewed the main studies on numerical abilities of invertebrates, discussing in particular the recent findings supporting the hypothesis of a general mechanism that allows for processing of both discrete (i.e., number) and continuous dimensions (e.g., space).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bortot
- Centre for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy.
| | - Lucia Regolin
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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Bortot M, Sharifi A, Ashworth K, Walker F, Cox A, Ruegg K, Clendenen N, Neeves KB, Bark D, Di Paola J. Pathologic Shear and Elongation Rates Do Not Cause Cleavage of Von Willebrand Factor by ADAMTS13 in a Purified System. Cell Mol Bioeng 2020; 13:379-390. [PMID: 32952737 PMCID: PMC7479076 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-020-00631-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pathological flows in patients with severe aortic stenosis are associated with acquired von Willebrand syndrome. This syndrome is characterized by excessive cleavage of von Willebrand factor by its main protease, A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with a Thrombospondin Type 1 Motif, Member 13 (ADAMTS13) leading to decreased VWF function and mucocutaneous bleeding. Aortic valve replacement and correction of the flow behavior to physiological levels reverses the syndrome, supporting the association between pathological flow and acquired von Willebrand syndrome. We investigated the effects of shear and elongational rates on von Willebrand factor cleavage in the presence of ADAMTS13. METHODS We identified acquired von Willebrand syndrome in five patients with severe aortic stenosis. Doppler echography values from these patients were used to develop three computational fluid dynamic (CFD) aortic valve models (normal, mild and severe stenosis). Shear, elongational rates and exposure times identified in the CFD simulations were used as parameters for the design of microfluidic devices to test the effects of pathologic shear and elongational rates on the structure and function of von Willebrand factor. RESULTS The shear rates (0-10,000s-1), elongational rates (0-1000 s-1) and exposure times (1-180 ms) tested in our microfluidic designs mimicked the flow features identified in patients with aortic stenosis. The shear and elongational rates tested in vitro did not lead to excessive cleavage or decreased function of von Willebrand factor in the presence of the protease. CONCLUSIONS High shear and elongational rates in the presence of ADAMTS13 are not sufficient for excessive cleavage of von Willebrand Factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bortot
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Alireza Sharifi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Katrina Ashworth
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Faye Walker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Allaura Cox
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Katherine Ruegg
- Hemophilia Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Nathan Clendenen
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Keith B. Neeves
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - David Bark
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Jorge Di Paola
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8208, 5th floor MPRB, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
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Bortot M, Stancher G, Vallortigara G. Transfer from Number to Size Reveals Abstract Coding of Magnitude in Honeybees. iScience 2020; 23:101122. [PMID: 32438324 PMCID: PMC7235639 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Number discrimination has been documented in honeybees. It is not known, however, whether it reflects, as in vertebrates, the operating of an underlying general magnitude system that estimates quantities irrespective of dimensions (e.g., number, space, time) and format (discrete, continuous). We trained bees to discriminate between different numerical comparisons having either a 0.5 (2 versus 4; 4 versus 8) or 0.67 ratio (2 versus 3; 4 versus 6). Bees were then tested for spontaneous choice using comparisons with identical numbers but different sizes. Irrespective of the ratio of stimuli, bees trained to select the smaller numerical quantity chose the congruent smaller size; bees trained to select the larger numerical quantity chose the congruent larger size. This finding provides the evidence for a cross-dimensional transfer between discrete (numerical) and continuous (spatial) dimensions in an invertebrate species and supports the hypothesis of a cognitive universality of a coding for general magnitude. Honeybees exhibit a cross-dimensional transfer from discrete to continuous dimensions Honeybees trained to choose the smaller numerosity, choose the congruent smaller size Honeybees trained to choose the larger numerosity, choose the congruent larger size This supports the hypothesis of a cognitive universality of a coding for magnitudes
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bortot
- Centre for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy.
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Link KG, Stobb MT, Sorrells MG, Bortot M, Ruegg K, Manco-Johnson MJ, Di Paola JA, Sindi SS, Fogelson AL, Leiderman K, Neeves KB. A mathematical model of coagulation under flow identifies factor V as a modifier of thrombin generation in hemophilia A. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:306-317. [PMID: 31562694 PMCID: PMC6994344 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The variability in bleeding patterns among individuals with hemophilia A, who have similar factor VIII (FVIII) levels, is significant and the origins are unknown. OBJECTIVE To use a previously validated mathematical model of flow-mediated coagulation as a screening tool to identify parameters that are most likely to enhance thrombin generation in the context of FVIII deficiency. METHODS We performed a global sensitivity analysis (GSA) on our mathematical model to identify potential modifiers of thrombin generation. Candidates from the GSA were confirmed by calibrated automated thrombography (CAT) and flow assays on collagen-tissue factor (TF) surfaces at a shear rate of 100 per second. RESULTS Simulations identified low-normal factor V (FV) (50%) as the strongest modifier, with additional thrombin enhancement when combined with high-normal prothrombin (150%). Low-normal FV levels or partial FV inhibition (60% activity) augmented thrombin generation in FVIII-inhibited or FVIII-deficient plasma in CAT. Partial FV inhibition (60%) boosted fibrin deposition in flow assays performed with whole blood from individuals with mild and moderate FVIII deficiencies. These effects were amplified by high-normal prothrombin levels in both experimental models. CONCLUSIONS These results show that low-normal FV levels can enhance thrombin generation in hemophilia A. Further explorations with the mathematical model suggest a potential mechanism: lowering FV reduces competition between FV and FVIII for factor Xa (FXa) on activated platelet surfaces (APS), which enhances FVIII activation and rescues thrombin generation in FVIII-deficient blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn G. Link
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Michael T. Stobb
- Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Matthew G. Sorrells
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Maria Bortot
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Katherine Ruegg
- Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Marilyn J. Manco-Johnson
- Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jorge A. Di Paola
- Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Suzanne S. Sindi
- Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Aaron L. Fogelson
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Karin Leiderman
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Keith B. Neeves
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Bortot M, Ashworth K, Sharifi A, Walker F, Crawford NC, Neeves KB, Bark D, Di Paola J. Turbulent Flow Promotes Cleavage of VWF (von Willebrand Factor) by ADAMTS13 (A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase With a Thrombospondin Type-1 Motif, Member 13). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:1831-1842. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
Acquired von Willebrand syndrome is defined by excessive cleavage of the VWF (von Willebrand Factor) and is associated with impaired primary hemostasis and severe bleeding. It often develops when blood is exposed to nonphysiological flow such as in aortic stenosis or mechanical circulatory support. We evaluated the role of laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow on VWF cleavage and the effects on VWF function.
Approach and Results—
We used a vane rheometer to generate laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow and evaluate the effect of each on VWF cleavage in the presence of ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type-1 motif, member 13). We performed functional assays to evaluate the effect of these flows on VWF structure and function. Computational fluid dynamics was used to estimate the flow fields and forces within the vane rheometer under each flow condition. Turbulent flow is required for excessive cleavage of VWF in an ADAMTS13-dependent manner. The assay was repeated with whole blood, and the turbulent flow had the same effect. Our computational fluid dynamics results show that under turbulent conditions, the Kolmogorov scale approaches the size of VWF. Finally, cleavage of VWF in this study has functional consequences under flow as the resulting VWF has decreased ability to bind platelets and collagen.
Conclusions—
Turbulent flow mediates VWF cleavage in the presence of ADAMTS13, decreasing the ability of VWF to sustain platelet adhesion. These findings impact the design of mechanical circulatory support devices and are relevant to pathological environments where turbulence is added to circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bortot
- From the Department of Pediatrics (M.B., K.A., F.W., K.B.N., D.B., J.D.P.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
- Department of Bioengineering (M.B., K.B.N.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Katrina Ashworth
- From the Department of Pediatrics (M.B., K.A., F.W., K.B.N., D.B., J.D.P.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Alireza Sharifi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering (A.S., D.B.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins
| | - Faye Walker
- From the Department of Pediatrics (M.B., K.A., F.W., K.B.N., D.B., J.D.P.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Nathan C. Crawford
- Department of Material Characterization, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Madison, WI (N.C.C.)
| | - Keith B. Neeves
- From the Department of Pediatrics (M.B., K.A., F.W., K.B.N., D.B., J.D.P.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
- Department of Bioengineering (M.B., K.B.N.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - David Bark
- From the Department of Pediatrics (M.B., K.A., F.W., K.B.N., D.B., J.D.P.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
- Department of Mechanical Engineering (A.S., D.B.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins
- School of Biomedical Engineering (D.B.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins
| | - Jorge Di Paola
- From the Department of Pediatrics (M.B., K.A., F.W., K.B.N., D.B., J.D.P.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
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Bortot M, Agrillo C, Avarguès-Weber A, Bisazza A, Miletto Petrazzini ME, Giurfa M. Honeybees use absolute rather than relative numerosity in number discrimination. Biol Lett 2019; 15:20190138. [PMID: 31213140 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Various vertebrate species use relative numerosity judgements in comparative assessments of quantities for which they use larger/smaller relationships rather than absolute number. The numerical ability of honeybees shares basic properties with that of vertebrates but their use of absolute or relative numerosity has not been explored. We trained free-flying bees to choose variable images containing three dots; one group ('larger') was trained to discriminate 3 from 2, while another group ('smaller') was trained to discriminate 3 from 4. In both cases, numbers were kept constant but stimulus characteristics and position were varied from trial to trial. Bees were then tested with novel stimuli displaying the previously trained numerosity (3) versus a novel numerosity (4 for 'larger' and 2 for 'smaller'). Both groups preferred the three-item stimulus, consistent with absolute numerosity. They also exhibited ratio-dependent discrimination of numbers, a property shared by vertebrates, as performance after 2 versus 3 was better than after 3 versus 4 training. Thus, bees differ from vertebrates in their use of absolute rather than of relative numerosity but they also have some numeric properties in common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bortot
- 1 Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento , 38068 Rovereto , Italy.,2 Research Centre on Animal Cognition, Center for Integrative Biology, CNRS, University of Toulouse , 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09 , France
| | - Christian Agrillo
- 3 Department of General Psychology, University of Padova , 35131 Padova , Italy
| | - Aurore Avarguès-Weber
- 2 Research Centre on Animal Cognition, Center for Integrative Biology, CNRS, University of Toulouse , 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09 , France
| | - Angelo Bisazza
- 3 Department of General Psychology, University of Padova , 35131 Padova , Italy
| | | | - Martin Giurfa
- 2 Research Centre on Animal Cognition, Center for Integrative Biology, CNRS, University of Toulouse , 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09 , France.,5 College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou 350002 , People's Republic of China
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Bortot M, Laughter MR, Stein M, Rocker A, Patel V, Park D. Quaternized Q-PEIPAAm-Based Antimicrobial Reverse Thermal Gel: A Potential for Surgical Incision Drapes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:17662-17671. [PMID: 29733574 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b04020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A quaternized reverse thermal gel (RTG) aimed at replacing current surgical incision drapes (SIDs) was designed and characterized. The antimicrobial efficacy of the quaternized RTG was analyzed using both in vitro and in vivo models and was compared to standard SIDs. Polymer characterization was completed using both nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and lower critical solution temperature (LCST) analysis. Biocompatibility was assessed using a standard cell viability assay. The in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of the polymer was analyzed against four common bacteria species using a time-kill test. The in vivo antimicrobial efficacy of the polymer and standard SIDs were compared using a murine model aimed at mimicking surgical conditions. NMR confirmed the polymer structure and presence of quaternized groups and alkyl chains. The polymer displayed a LCST of 34 °C and a rapid rate of gelation, allowing stable gel formation when applied to skin. Once quaternized, the polymer displayed an increase in kill-rate of bacteria compared to unquaternized polymer. In experiments aimed at mimicking surgical conditions, the quaternized polymer showed statistically comparable bacteria-killing capacity to the standard SID and even surpassed the SID for killing capacity at various time points. A novel approach to replacing current SIDs was developed using an antimicrobial polymer system with RTG properties. The RTG properties of this polymer maintain a liquid state at low temperatures and a gel upon heating, allowing this polymer to form a tight coating when applied to skin. Furthermore, this polymer achieved excellent antimicrobial properties in both in vitro and in vivo models. With further optimization, this polymer system has the potential to replace and streamline presurgical patient preparations through its easy application and beneficial antimicrobial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bortot
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus , 12800 East 19th Avenue , Aurora , Colorado 80045 , United States
| | - Melissa Ronni Laughter
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus , 12800 East 19th Avenue , Aurora , Colorado 80045 , United States
| | - Madia Stein
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus , 12800 East 19th Avenue , Aurora , Colorado 80045 , United States
| | - Adam Rocker
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus , 12800 East 19th Avenue , Aurora , Colorado 80045 , United States
| | - Vikas Patel
- Department of Orthopedics , University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus , 12800 East 19th Avenue , Aurora , Colorado 80045 , United States
| | - Daewon Park
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus , 12800 East 19th Avenue , Aurora , Colorado 80045 , United States
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Lawson DS, Eilers D, Osorio Lujan S, Bortot M, Jaggers J. Hemolysis generation from a novel, linear positive displacement blood pump for cardiopulmonary bypass on a six kilogram piglet: a preliminary report. Perfusion 2016; 32:264-268. [PMID: 27856841 DOI: 10.1177/0267659116679881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current blood pumps used for cardiopulmonary bypass generally fall into two different pump design categories; non-occlusive centrifugal pumps and occlusive, positive-displacement roller pumps. The amount of foreign surface area of extracorporeal circuits correlates with post-operative morbidity due to systemic inflammation, leading to a push for technology that reduces the amount of foreign surfaces. Current roller pumps are bulky and the tubing forms an arc in the pumping chamber (raceway), positioning the inlet 360 degrees from the outlet, making it very difficult to place the pump closer to the patient and to efficiently reduce tubing length. These challenges put existing roller pumps at a disadvantage for use in a compact cardiopulmonary bypass circuit. Centrifugal blood pumps are easier to incorporate into miniature circuit designs. However, the prime volumes of current centrifugal pump designs are large, especially for pediatric extracorporeal circuits where the prime volumes are too great to be of clinical value. METHOD We describe a preliminary report on a novel, occlusive, linear, single-helix, positive-displacement blood pump which allows for decreased prime volume and surface area of the extracorporeal circuit. This new experimental pump design was used to perfuse a 6 kilogram piglet with a pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass circuit for two hours of continuous use. Blood samples were obtained every thirty minutes and assayed for plasma free hemolysis generation. CONCLUSIONS The results from this initial experiment showed low plasma free hemoglobin generation and encourages the authors to further develop this concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Scott Lawson
- 1 Heart Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Maria Bortot
- 3 Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - James Jaggers
- 3 Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
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