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Grillo F, Paudice M, Pigozzi S, Dono M, Lastraioli S, Lugaresi M, Bozzano S, Tognoni C, Ali M, Sciallero S, Puccini A, Fassan M, Mastracci L. BRAF V600E immunohistochemistry can reliably substitute BRAF molecular testing in the Lynch syndrome screening algorithm in colorectal cancer. Histopathology 2024; 84:877-887. [PMID: 38173291 DOI: 10.1111/his.15133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
AIMS The Lynch syndrome (LS) screening algorithm requires BRAF testing as a fundamental step to distinguish sporadic from LS-associated colorectal carcinomas (CRC). BRAF testing by immunohistochemistry (IHC) has shown variable results in the literature. Our aim was to analyse concordance between BRAFV600E IHC and BRAF molecular analysis in a large, mono-institutional CRC whole-slide, case series with laboratory validation. METHODS AND RESULTS MisMatch repair (MMR) protein (hMLH1, hPMS2, hMSH2, and hMSH6) and BRAFV600E IHC were performed on all unselected cases of surgically resected CRCs (2018-2023). An in-house validation study for BRAFV600E IHC was performed in order to obtain optimal IHC stains. BRAFVV600E IHC was considered negative (score 0), positive (scores 2-3), and equivocal (score 1). Interobserver differences in BRAFV600E IHC scoring were noted in the first 150 cases prospectively collected. Nine-hundred and ninety CRCs cases (830 proficient (p)MMR/160 deficient (d)MMR) were included and all cases performed BRAFV600E IHC (BRAFV600E IHC-positive 13.5% of all series; 66.3% dMMR cases; 3.4% pMMR cases), while 333 also went to BRAF mutation analysis. Optimal agreement in IHC scoring between pathologists (P < 0.0001) was seen; concordance between BRAFV600E IHC and BRAF molecular analysis was extremely high (sensitivity 99.1%, specificity 99.5%; PPV 99.1%, and NPV 99.5%). Discordant cases were reevaluated; 1 score 3 + IHC/wildtype case was an interpretation error and one score 0 IHC/mutated case was related to heterogenous BRAFV600E IHC expression. Among the 12 IHC-equivocal score 1+ cases (which require BRAF molecular analysis), three were BRAF-mutated and nine BRAF-wildtype. CONCLUSION BRAFV600E IHC can be used as a reliable surrogate of molecular testing after stringent in-house validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Grillo
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Pathology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michele Paudice
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Pathology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Simona Pigozzi
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Pathology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Dono
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sonia Lastraioli
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Lugaresi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research Group, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Silvia Bozzano
- Pathology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Camilla Tognoni
- Pathology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Murad Ali
- Pathology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefania Sciallero
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Puccini
- Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, Humanitas Cancer Center, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Fassan
- Surgical Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Mastracci
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Pathology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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2
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Puccini A, Nardin S, Trevisan L, Lastraioli S, Gismondi V, Ricciotti I, Damiani A, Bregni G, Murialdo R, Pastorino A, Martelli V, Gandini A, Mastracci L, Varesco L, Dono M, Battistuzzi L, Grillo F, Sciallero S. Streamlining the diagnostic pathway for Lynch syndrome in colorectal cancer patients: a 10-year experience in a single Italian Cancer Center. Eur J Cancer Prev 2024:00008469-990000000-00122. [PMID: 38190337 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Universal screening of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients for Lynch syndrome (LS) through MisMatch Repair (MMR) testing is recommended. BRAFV600E mutation and/or MLH1 promoter methylation (Reflex Testing, RefT)generally rule out LS in MLH1-deficient (dMLH1) patients. We estimated the impact of RefTon genetic counseling (GC) and on the diagnostic yield of genetic testing (GT). METHODS Overall, 3199 CRC patients were referred to our center between 2011 and 2021. Patients referred until January 2019 (n=2536) underwent universal MMR testing and were termed 'Cohort A'; among patients after February 2019 (n=663), 'Cohort B', RefT was also performed in dMLH1 patients. RESULTS Overall, 401/3199 patients (12.5%) were MMR-deficient (dMMR); 312 (77.8%) in cohort A and 89 (22.2%) inB; 346/401 were dMLH1 (86.3%), 262/312 (83.9%) in cohort A and 84/89 (94.3%) in B. In Cohort A, 91/312 (29.1%) dMMR patients were referred to GC, 69/91 (75.8%) were in the dMLH1 group; 57/69 (82.6%) dMLH1 patients underwent GT and 1/57 (1.7%) had LS. In Cohort B, 3/84 dMLH1 patients did not undergo BRAF testing. Three BRAF wt and not hypermethylated of the remaining 81 dMLH1 patients were referred to GC and GT, and one had LS. This diagnostic pathway reduced GC referrals by 96% (78/81) in Cohort B and increased the diagnostic yield of GT by about 20 times. CONCLUSION Our findings support RefT in dMLH1 CRC patients within the LS diagnostic pathway, as it reduces the number of GC sessions needed and increases the diagnostic yield of GT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Puccini
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Humanitas Cancer Center, Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, Rozzano, Milan
| | - Simone Nardin
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa
- Medical Oncology Unit 2, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino
| | - Lucia Trevisan
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino
| | - Sonia Lastraioli
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino
| | | | - Ilaria Ricciotti
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa
| | - Azzurra Damiani
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa
| | - Giacomo Bregni
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa
| | | | | | | | - Annalice Gandini
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa
| | - Luca Mastracci
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino
- Department of Surgical and Integrated Diagnostic Sciences (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Liliana Varesco
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino
| | - Maria Dono
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino
| | | | - Federica Grillo
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino
- Department of Surgical and Integrated Diagnostic Sciences (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Monti E, Gay S, Dono M, Giusti M, Pigozzi S, De Luca G, Anselmi G, Mora M, Spina B, Minuto MN, Albertelli M, Gatto F, Ferone D. PD-L1 expression, BRAF and TERT mutation in a cohort of aggressive thyroid cancers: case series from a single-centre experience. J Endocrinol Invest 2023; 46:2185-2188. [PMID: 36933169 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Monti
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DI.M.I.), University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - S Gay
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DI.M.I.), University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - M Dono
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, L.go R. Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
| | - M Giusti
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DI.M.I.), University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - S Pigozzi
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Surgical Sciences (DISC), University of Genova, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - G De Luca
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, L.go R. Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - G Anselmi
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - M Mora
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - B Spina
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - M N Minuto
- General Surgery Unit 1, Department of Surgery, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Surgical Sciences (DISC), University of Genova, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - M Albertelli
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DI.M.I.), University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - F Gatto
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DI.M.I.), University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - D Ferone
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DI.M.I.), University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132, Genoa, Italy
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4
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Grillo F, Paudice M, Gambella A, Bozzano S, Sciallero S, Puccini A, Lastraioli S, Dono M, Parente P, Vanoli A, Angerilli V, Fassan M, Mastracci L. Evaluating mismatch repair deficiency in colorectal cancer biopsy specimens. Histochem Cell Biol 2023:10.1007/s00418-023-02202-8. [PMID: 37284845 PMCID: PMC10386921 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mismatch repair (MMR) testing on all new cases of colorectal cancer (CRC) has customarily been preferably performed on surgical specimens, as more tissue is available; however, new clinical trials for the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the neoadjuvant setting require MMR testing on biopsy samples. This study aims at identifying advantages, disadvantages and any potential pitfalls in MMR evaluation on biopsy tissue and how to cope with them. The study is prospective-retrospective, recruiting 141 biopsies (86 proficient (p)MMR and 55 deficient (d)MMR) and 97 paired surgical specimens (48 pMMR; 49 dMMR). In biopsy specimens, a high number of indeterminate stains was observed, in particular for MLH1 (31 cases, 56.4%). The main reasons were a punctate nuclear expression of MLH1, relatively weak MLH1 nuclear expression compared to internal controls, or both (making MLH1 loss difficult to interpret), which was solved by reducing primary incubation times for MLH1. A mean of ≥ 5 biopsies had adequate immunostains, compared to ≤ 3 biopsies in inadequate cases. Conversely, surgical specimens rarely suffered from indeterminate reactions, while weaker staining intensity (p < 0.007) for MLH1 and PMS2 and increased patchiness grade (p < 0.0001) were seen. Central artefacts were almost exclusive to surgical specimens. MMR status classification was possible in 92/97 matched biopsy/resection specimen cases, and all of these were concordant (47 pMMR and 45 dMMR). Evaluation of MMR status on CRC biopsy samples is feasible, if pitfalls in interpretation are known, making laboratory-specific appropriate staining protocols fundamental for high-quality diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Grillo
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
- Pathology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | - M Paudice
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- Pathology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - A Gambella
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - S Bozzano
- Pathology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - S Sciallero
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - A Puccini
- Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Humanitas Cancer Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - S Lastraioli
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - M Dono
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - P Parente
- Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - A Vanoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Anatomic Pathology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS San Matteo Hospital, Pavia, Italy
| | - V Angerilli
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology Unit, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - M Fassan
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology Unit, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - L Mastracci
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- Pathology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Parisi F, De Luca G, Rossi G, Coco S, Dellepiane C, Bennicelli E, Zinoli L, Zullo L, Alama A, Mosconi M, Mora M, Ballestrero A, Montecucco F, Marconi S, Pronzato P, Del Mastro L, Nozza P, Bellodi A, Dono M, Genova C. 1099P Front-line liquid biopsy for early molecular assessment and treatment of hospitalized lung cancer patients. Ann Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.07.1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Dellepiane C, De Luca G, Tagliamento M, Coco S, Rossi G, Bello MD, Mora M, Zullo L, Alama A, Bottini A, Sacco G, Cella E, Bennicelli E, Borea R, Murianni V, Parisi F, Salvi S, Pronzato P, Dono M, Genova C. 1276P Deep molecular characterization of never smoker non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Ann Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2021.08.1878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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van Harten W, Stanta G, Bussolati G, Riegman P, Hoefler G, Becker K, Folprecht G, Truini M, Haybaeck J, Buiga R, Dono M, Bagg A, López Guerrero J, Zupo S, Lemare F, de Lorenzo F, Goedbloed N, Razavi D, Lövey J, Cadariu P, Rollandi G, Paparo F, Pierotti M, Ciuleanu T, De Paoli P, Weiner G, Saghatchian M, Lombardo C. Report from the OECI Oncology Days 2014. Ecancermedicalscience 2014; 8:496. [PMID: 25624877 PMCID: PMC4303612 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2014.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2014 OECI Oncology Days was held at the 'Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta' Oncology Institute in Cluj, Romania, from 12 to 13 June. The focus of this year's gathering was on developments in personalised medicine and other treatment advances which have made the cost of cancer care too high for many regions throughout Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wh van Harten
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - G Stanta
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - G Bussolati
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - P Riegman
- Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Hoefler
- Johannes Haybaeck, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Kf Becker
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - G Folprecht
- University Cancer Centre, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Truini
- IRCCS AOU San Martino/IST National Cancer Institute of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - J Haybaeck
- Johannes Haybaeck, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - R Buiga
- The Oncology Institute "Prof. Dr. Ion Chircuţă", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - M Dono
- IRCCS AOU San Martino/IST, National Cancer Institute of Genoa, Italy
| | - A Bagg
- Hematology, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | | | - S Zupo
- IRCCS AOU San Martino/IST, National Cancer Institute of Genoa, Italy
| | - F Lemare
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Villejuif, France
| | - F de Lorenzo
- European Cancer Patient Coalition, Brussels, Belgium
| | - N Goedbloed
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - D Razavi
- Institut Jules Bordet et Université Libre de Bruxelles, Clinique de Psycho-Oncologie et des Soins Supportifs, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Lövey
- National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pa Cadariu
- The Oncology Institute "Prof. Dr. Ion Chircuţă", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ga Rollandi
- Department of Radiology, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Mura della Cappuccine, Genoa, Italy
| | - F Paparo
- Department of Radiology, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Mura della Cappuccine, Genoa, Italy
| | - M Pierotti
- IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Nazionale Tumori Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - T Ciuleanu
- The Oncology Institute "Prof. Dr. Ion Chircuţă", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - P De Paoli
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | | | - M Saghatchian
- Medical Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Villejuif, France
| | - Claudio Lombardo
- Organisation of the European Cancer Institutes, C/o SOS Europe, Genoa, Italy
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AMARO AA, Gualco M, Dono M, Pfeffer U, Maric I, Mosci C. Abstract 3420: TERT promoter mutations are rare in uveal melanoma. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-3420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Uveal melanoma is the most frequent primary tumor of the eye. It is molecularly clearly distinct from cutaneous melanoma and shows a different pattern of driver mutations. The influence of sunlight UV-exposure on the etiology of uveal melanoma is matter of debate. The recent identification of driver mutations in the promoter of the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene with UV induced cytidine-to-thymidine transitions in cutaneous melanoma prompted us to investigate whether these mutations also occur in uveal melanoma. We also analyzed the frequency of other recently discovered uveal melanoma specific mutations in the genes GNAQ, GNA11, BAP1, SF3B1, and EIFAX1, and we analyzed the association of these mutation with histopathological and clinical features including progression free survival. Finally, we analyzed TERT expression in these tumors.
The mutation frequencies observed confirmed the prevalence of GNAQ mutations in cases with disomy of chromosome 3 that have a better prognosis whereas GNA11 was more frequent in monosomic cases. Together these two mutations account for more than 85% of the cases. BAP1 mutations are associated with chromosome 3 monosomy but not with progression free survival. SF3B1 and EIF1AX mutations occur in 10.3 and 22.5% of uveal melanomas, in disomic cases only. We detected a TERT mutation in only one case of a 57-year old white male with clinical and histo-pathological features typical for uveal melanoma. The tumor showed mutations in GNA11 and EIF1AX. No mutations were detected in GNAQ, BAP1, and SF3B1. Both copies of chromosome 3 were retained. Several tumors among which the one carrying the TERT promoter mutation showed elevated TERT expression.
These data indicate that TERT mutations are rare in uveal melanoma, consistent with a reduced etiological influence of sunlight. No conclusion can be drawn on the potential influence of TERT mutations on tumor progression.
Citation Format: Adriana Agnese AMARO, Marina Gualco, Maria Dono, Ulrich Pfeffer, Irena Maric, Carlo Mosci. TERT promoter mutations are rare in uveal melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3420. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3420
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Irena Maric
- 2DISTAV Genoa University-EO Galliera, Genoa, Italy
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Maioli E, Bandettini R, Bona R, Bottaro LC, Capuzzo R, Dono M, Dusi PA, Mazzarello MG, Reali S, Santoriello L, Serra D, Usiglio D, Marchese A, Debbia EA. Epidemiological study on distribution and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenting bacteria, isolated in Liguria and in a neighbouring area. Microbiol Med 2008. [DOI: 10.4081/mm.2008.2579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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10
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Boni S, Artioli S, Amodeo C, Derchi A, Battola E, Dono M. DUE CASI DI MENINGO/ENCEFALITE DA L. MONOCYTOGENES: ATTUALITÀ DEL SISTEMA DI SORVEGLIANZA DELLE LISTERIOSI. Microbiol Med 2007. [DOI: 10.4081/mm.2007.2886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Regola E, Vito G, Croxatto,Andreotti M, Bandettini R, Bona R, Bottaro L, Brunetti R, Dono M, Dusi A, Massucco F, Mazzarello M, Marangoni M, Mori M, Piatti G, Reali S, Ricagni L, Ronca A, Santoriello L, Serra D, Marchese A, Debbia E. EPIDEMIOLOGIA DI ENTEROBACTERIACEAE E NON FERMENTANTI, ISOLATI NELL’AREA LIGURE. Microbiol Med 2007. [DOI: 10.4081/mm.2007.2860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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12
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Maioli E, Bandettini R, Battolla E, Bona R, Bottaro LC, Brunetti R, Capuzzo R, Devoto GL, Dono M, Dusi A, Fedele M, Ferro G, Giusto GR, Mannelli S, Massucco F, Mazzarello MG, Mori M, Perfumo M, Piatti G, Reali S, Ronca A, Santoriello L, Serra D, Usiglio D, Marchese A, Debbia EA. Indagine sulla diffusione di stafilococchi resistenti alla meticillina in Liguria. Microbiol Med 2006. [DOI: 10.4081/mm.2006.2912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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13
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Dono M, Bertonati M, Poggi R, Fedeli F, Via F, Roncella S, Battolla E. THREE CASES OF OPHTHALMOMYIASIS EXTERNA BY SHEEP BOTFLY OESTRUS OVIS IN ITALY. Microbiol Med 2006. [DOI: 10.4081/mm.2006.3191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Battolla E, Via F, Orlandi R, Orlandini F, Guarino R, Senesi G, Vallarino M, Dono M. EPIDEMIOLOGIA DELLE MENINGITI BATTERICHE NELL’AREA SPEZZINA: ESPERIENZA DELL’ANNO 2005. Microbiol Med 2006. [DOI: 10.4081/mm.2006.3175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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15
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Maioli E, Andreotti M, Annovazzi G, Bandettini R, Battolla E, Bona R, Borreanaz T, Bottaro L, Brunetti R, Capuzzo R, Devoto G, Dono M, Dusi A, Fedele M, Ferro G, Giusto G, Graziani A, Intra E, Lacitignola G, Mannelli S, Marangoni M, Massucco F, Mazzarello M, Mori M, Perfumo M, Pescetto L, Piatti G, Reali S, Ricagni L, Ronca A, Santoriello L, Serra D, Usiglio D, Marchese A, Debbia E. INDAGINE SULLA DIFFUSIONE DI STAFILOCOCCHI RESISTENTI ALLA METICILLINA IN LIGURIA. Microbiol Med 2006. [DOI: 10.4081/mm.2006.3111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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16
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Dono M, Artioli S, Amodeo C, Derchi A, Santini M, Via F, Roncella S, Battolla E. UN CASO DI SEPSI DA S. PNEUMONIAE POST-SPLENECTOMIA: RIFLESSIONI. Microbiol Med 2006. [DOI: 10.4081/mm.2006.3139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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17
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Piatti G, Bandettini R, Mentasti M, Dono M, Battolla E, Santoriello L, Lemmi-Casini M, Ronca A, Serra D, Intra E, Cavallini F, Debbia E, Marchese A. EVOLUZIONE DI STREPTOCOCCUS AGALACTIAE VERSO LA RESISTENZA ALLA PENICILLINA. Microbiol Med 2006. [DOI: 10.4081/mm.2006.3386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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18
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Cutrona G, Tasso P, Dono M, Roncella S, Ulivi M, Carpaneto EM, Fontana V, Comis M, Morabito F, Spinelli M, Frascella E, Boffa LC, Basso G, Pistoia V, Ferrarini M. CD10 is a marker for cycling cells with propensity to apoptosis in childhood ALL. Br J Cancer 2002; 86:1776-85. [PMID: 12087466 PMCID: PMC2375395 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/07/2002] [Accepted: 03/27/2002] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
CD10 constitutes a favourable prognostic marker for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Since correlations between CD10, cell cycle and apoptotic abilities were demonstrated in various cell types, we investigated whether differences existed in the cycling/apoptotic abilities of CD10-positive and CD10-negative B acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells. Twenty-eight cases of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (mean age of 6.8 years) were subdivided into two groups according to high (17 cases, 93.2+/-4.5%, MRFI 211+/-82 CD10-positive cells) or low (11 cases, 11.5+/-6.2%, MRFI 10+/-7 CD10-negative cells) expression of CD10. CD10-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells were cycling cells with elevated c-myc levels and propensity to apoptosis, whereas CD10-negative acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells had lower cycling capacities and c-myc levels, and were resistant to apoptosis in vitro. A close correlation between all these properties was demonstrated by the observations that the few CD10-positive cells found in the CD10-negative acute lymphoblastic leukaemia group displayed elevated c-myc and cycling capacities and were apoptosis prone. Moreover, exposure of CD10-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia B cells to a peptide nucleic acid anti-gene specific for the second exon of c-myc caused inhibition of c-myc expression and reduced cell cycling and apoptotic abilities as well as decreased CD10 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cutrona
- Servizi di Immunologia Clinica, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, IST, Genoa, Italy, and Dipartimento di Oncologia, Biologia e Genetica, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy.
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19
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Dono M, Zupo S, Massara R, Ferrini S, Melagrana A, Chiorazzi N, Ferrarini M. In vitro stimulation of human tonsillar subepithelial B cells: requirement for interaction with activated T cells. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:752-6. [PMID: 11241279 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200103)31:3<752::aid-immu752>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human tonsillar subepithelial B cells, which are a marginal zone-equivalent B cell subset, respond readily to T-independent type 2 antigens, but not to polyclonal B cell activators in vitro. In this study, subepithelial (SE) B cells were induced to proliferate and mature into plasma cells when co-cultured with activated T cells. The response of SE B cells was not observed when co-cultures were carried out in transwell chambers or in the presence of blocking anti-LFA-1 antibodies, demonstrating the need for a close T-B cell interaction. The presence of soluble CD40 also prevented the B cell response in vitro suggesting a pivotal role of CD40-CD40 ligand interactions. The data are discussed in terms of the T cell dependence of marginal zone (MZ) B cell response and the possible existence of various MZ B cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dono
- Servizio di Immunologia Clinica, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, IST, Genova, Italy.
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20
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Mancardi G, Hart BA, Capello E, Brok HP, Ben-Nun A, Roccatagliata L, Giunti D, Gazzola P, Dono M, Kerlero de Rosbo N, Colombo M, Uccelli A. Restricted immune responses lead to CNS demyelination and axonal damage. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 107:178-83. [PMID: 10854654 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00223-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although autoreactive T-cells have a pivotal role in initiating the inflammatory process in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and multiple sclerosis (MS), recent evidence suggests a relevant role for autoantibodies specific for myelin proteins as well. To examine the role of B-cells in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with MS, we analyzed the V(H) gene usage in ten MS patients by PCR technologies. Analysis of HCDR3 length revealed an oligoclonal accumulation of B-cells. Sequence analysis of the V(H)3 and V(H)4 gamma transcripts of two MS individuals demonstrated that this accumulation was related to the expansion and somatic diversification of a limited groups of B-cell clones. These findings are indicative of a chronic and intense antigenic stimulation occurring in the CNS. Animal models, such as EAE, are of particular importance in order to elucidate the pathogenetic effector mechanisms in autoimmune demyelination. In a non-human primate model of EAE, we describe that the immunodominant T-cell epitope is presented exclusively by a monomorphic DRB1 allele, suggesting that susceptibility to EAE may be linked to this unique restriction and, therefore, providing a possible mechanism for MHC linkage to diseases. Moreover, we report on the presence of inflammation, sharp demyelination and axonal damage in EAE induced with whole myelin as well as with recombinant myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), but not with myelin basic protein alone. The presence of axonal pathology was supported by immunohistochemistry with anti-amyloid precursor protein and anti-non phosphorilated neurofilaments monoclonal antibodies within early active demyelinated plaques. These findings suggest that axonal damage may be an early event in the pathogenesis of autoimmune demyelinating diseases of the CNS and highlights the importance of animal models in which therapies targeting repair and axonal survival may be exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mancardi
- Department of Neurological Sciences and Vision, University of Genova, Via De Toni 5, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
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21
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Dono M, Zupo S, Leanza N, Melioli G, Fogli M, Melagrana A, Chiorazzi N, Ferrarini M. Heterogeneity of tonsillar subepithelial B lymphocytes, the splenic marginal zone equivalents. J Immunol 2000; 164:5596-604. [PMID: 10820234 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.11.5596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The VH4 genes expressed by both resting and in vivo-activated subepithelial (SE) B cells from human tonsils were studied. Resting SE B cells were subdivided according to the presence (IgDlow) or absence (IgM-only) of surface IgD. CD27 was abundant on activated SE B cells and low on resting IgM-only B cells. Resting IgDlow SE B cells could be subdivided into CD27low and CD27high cell fractions. Resting IgDlow SE B cells displayed VH4 genes with a substantial number of mutations (13/29 of the molecular clones were mutated), whereas 25/26 of the clones from resting IgM-only SE B cells were unmutated. Moreover, mutated VH4 genes were detected mainly within the CD27high cell fraction of the IgDlow SE B cells. Several identical unmutated VH4DJH sequences (11/32) were found in different molecular clones from resting IgM-only SE B cells, suggesting local cellular expansion. Both unmutated (14/25) and mutated (11/25) sequences were found in mu transcripts of activated SE B cells. Extensive mutation was observed in the gamma transcripts of activated SE B cells. Therefore, SE B cells are heterogeneous, being comprised of B cells with mutated Ig VH4 genes, that are Ag-experienced B cells, and a subset of B cells with unmutated VH4 genes that are either virgin cells or cells driven by Ags that did not induce or select for V gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dono
- Servizio di Immunologia Clinica and Servizio di Citometria Centro Biotechnologie Avanzate, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, IST, Genova, Italy.
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22
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Colombo M, Dono M, Gazzola P, Roncella S, Valetto A, Chiorazzi N, Mancardi GL, Ferrarini M. Accumulation of clonally related B lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients. J Immunol 2000; 164:2782-9. [PMID: 10679121 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.5.2782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of B lymphocyte clones in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and patients with other neurological disorders was investigated using PCR technologies. Oligoclonal B cell accumulations were detected in 10 of 10 MS patients, but only in 3 of 10 of the patients with other neurological disorders. Analyses of the Ig V(D)J sequences on the CSF from MS patients disclosed that VH3 and VH4 genes were extensively mutated compared with germline sequences. Moreover, a substantial proportion of the molecular clones analyzed shared the same third CDR of the H chain variable region gene (HCDR3) and the same VH genes, albeit with different numbers and locations of point mutations, thus indicating an ongoing process of intraclonal diversification. A larger number of clonally related VH sequences could be obtained by using a VH3 gene-specific PCR so that genealogical trees depicting the process of diversification could be drawn. Analyses of the Ig V(D)J from the CSF of a patient with viral meningitis and oligoclonal B cell accumulations revealed that VH3 genes were extensively mutated. However, no intraclonal diversification could be observed even using VH3 gene-specific PCR methodologies. Clone-specific PCR and sequencing was used to detect the V(D)J found in the CSF of one MS patient in the PBL of the same patient. Only 1/3 of the V(D)J sequences investigated could be demonstrated in the PBL, indicating that the V(D)J genes utilized by B cells in the CSF are much less represented in the PBL. Collectively, the data suggest that in MS there is a compartmentalized clonal expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Colombo
- Servizio di Immunologia Clinica, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
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23
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Zupo S, Massara R, Dono M, Rossi E, Malavasi F, Cosulich ME, Ferrarini M. Apoptosis or plasma cell differentiation of CD38-positive B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells induced by cross-linking of surface IgM or IgD. Blood 2000; 95:1199-206. [PMID: 10666191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells could be divided into 2 groups depending on the expression of CD38 by the malignant cells. The 2 groups differed in their signal-transducing capacities initiated by cross-linking of surface IgM; only in CD38-positive cells was an efficient signal delivered, invariably resulting in cell apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the effect of surface IgD cross-linking in 10 patients with CD38-positive B-CLL. Exposure of the malignant cells to goat antihuman delta-chain antibodies (Gadelta-ab) caused [Ca(++)]i mobilization and tyrosine kinase phosphorylation in a manner not different from that observed after goat antihuman mu-chain antibody (Gamu-ab) treatment in vitro. However, Gadelta-ab-treated cells failed to undergo apoptosis and instead displayed prolonged survival in culture and differentiated into plasma cells when rIL2 was concomitantly present. Cross-linking of surface IgD failed to induce proliferation of the malignant cells in vitro. Moreover, treatment with Gadelta-ab did not prevent apoptosis of B-CLL cells induced by Gamu-ab. Collectively, these experiments demonstrated that IgM and IgD expressed by the same cell may deliver opposite signals under particular circumstances and provide some clues for the understanding of the pathophysiology of B-CLL. (Blood. 2000;95:1199-1206)
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zupo
- Servizio di Immunologia Clinica, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy.
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24
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Cutrona G, Dono M, Pastorino S, Ulivi M, Burgio VL, Zupo S, Roncella S, Ferrarini M. c-myc proto-oncogene expression by germinal center B cells isolated from human tonsils. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997; 815:436-9. [PMID: 9186691 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Cutrona
- Servizio di Immunologia Clinica, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro IST, Genova, Italy
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25
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Dono M, Zupo S, Burgio VL, Augliera A, Tacchetti C, Favre A, Grossi CE, Chiorazzi N, Ferrarini M. Phenotypic and functional characterization of human tonsillar subepithelial (SE) B cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997; 815:171-81. [PMID: 9186653 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Dono
- Servizio di Immunologia Clinica, Instituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, IST, Genova, Italy
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26
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Cutrona G, Dono M, Pastorino S, Ulivi M, Burgio VL, Zupo S, Roncella S, Ferrarini M. The propensity to apoptosis of centrocytes and centroblasts correlates with elevated levels of intracellular myc protein. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:234-8. [PMID: 9022024 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830270135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the c-myc expression by tonsillar germinal center (GC) B cells using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, Western blot and in situ immunohistochemical methods. The results obtained demonstrate elevated levels of c-myc mRNA and of Myc protein in GC B cells compared to those of the other resting or activated tonsillar B cells. Separation of GC B cells into centroblasts and centrocytes revealed that, while differing in their cell cycle status, surface marker expression and morphology, the two cell types had the same propensity to apoptosis and elevated Myc protein expression, thus reinforcing the notion of a close correlation between these two events. Based upon these observations and other considerations it is proposed that elevation of Myc proteins confers to GC B cells a particular propensity to apoptosis, while the subsequent decision between progression into the cell cycle or programmed cell death is dictated by other signals that are delivered in the GC and perhaps operate at the level of other proto-oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cutrona
- Servizio di Immunologia Clinica, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dono
- Servizio di Immunologia Clinica, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro (IST), Genova, Italy
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28
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Fais F, Sellars B, Ghiotto F, Yan XJ, Dono M, Allen SL, Budman D, Dittmar K, Kolitz J, Lichtman SM, Schulman P, Schuster M, Vinciguerra VP, Rai K, Stevenson FK, Gregersen PK, Ferrarini M, Chiorazzi N. Examples of in vivo isotype class switching in IgM+ chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells. J Clin Invest 1996; 98:1659-66. [PMID: 8833916 PMCID: PMC507600 DOI: 10.1172/jci118961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) usually involves the expansion of a clone of CD5+ B cells synthesizing IgM antibodies. These B cells appear to be blocked at the antigen receptor-expressing stage of B cell differentiation and are thought not to undergo an isotype class switch to IgG or IgA production. In vivo and in vitro studies suggest, however, that in some instances terminal differentiation and isotype switching can occur. To test the hypothesis that in vivo isotype class switching occurs in IgM+ B-type CLL cells, we analyzed the PBMC of 19 CLL patients for the presence of transcripts encoding the rearranged CLL V(H)DJ(H) associated with either gamma or alpha H chains. The molecular data indicate that approximately 50% of B-CLL patients have amplifications of IgM+ B cells that undergo an isotype class switch. Switching to IgA appears to occur more often than to IgG; also, switching can involve different IgG subclasses in individual patients. In many instances, these CLL-related gamma and alpha transcripts are much more plentiful than those of normal B cells that produce the same isotype. These switched transcripts do not reveal evidence for the accumulation of significant numbers of new V(H) gene mutations. The cellular data indicate that B cells with lesser amounts of surface membrane IgD and higher IgM/IgD ratios are more likely to undergo this switching process. Furthermore, B cells expressing IgG and IgA of the same idiotype or V(H) family and the same CDR3 length as those of the CLL IgM+ clone can be identified in the blood of patients studied using multiparameter immunofluorescence analyses. Collectively, these data suggest that not all members of a B-CLL clone are frozen at the surface membrane Ig-expressing stage of B cell maturation, and that some members can switch to the production of non-IgM isotypes. The occurrence of switching without the accumulation of V gene mutations indicates that the processes of differentiation and diversification are not linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fais
- Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital and Cornell University Medical College, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA
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29
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Dono M, Burgio VL, Tacchetti C, Favre A, Augliera A, Zupo S, Taborelli G, Chiorazzi N, Grossi CE, Ferrarini M. Subepithelial B cells in the human palatine tonsil. I. Morphologic, cytochemical and phenotypic characterization. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:2035-42. [PMID: 8814243 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830260911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the purification of a subset of tonsillar B cells which share phenotypic, morphologic and cytochemical features with subepithelial (SE) B cells. These cells, which represented the 5-10% of the total tonsillar B cells, were found in the Percoll gradient fraction of highest density, together with resting follicular mantle (FM) B cells. The latter B cells, however, expressed surface CD5 and could be removed by an immune rosetting procedure. The remaining small CD5- B cells had a surface phenotype (IgM+, IgD+, CD23-, CD38+/-, CD10-, CD44+) that was different from that of FM (IgM+, IgD+, CD23+, CD39+, CD38-, CD10-, CD44+2) and of germinal center (GC) (CD23-, CD39-, CD38+, CD10+, CD44+/-, IgG+) B cells isolated from the same cell suspensions. Furthermore, the absence of surface activation markers (CD71 and CD69) and of surface IgG allowed us to distinguish small CD5- B cells from activated and memory cells migrating within Percoll fractions of lower density. In situ immunohistochemical studies revealed that B cells with an identical phenotype as that of small CD5- B cells could be detected predominantly in the SE region (lamina propria) of the tonsil, and also within the epithelium lining the cryptae. This area was also comprised of a relatively minor proportion of activated B cells, not found in the small CD5- B cell fraction owing to the separation procedure used. Consistent with the notion that the SE area could be a site of B cell activation was also the presence of activated macrophages and of plasma cells. Thirty to forty percent of small CD5- B cells isolated in suspension were positive for the endogeneous alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. In contrast, only a few FM B cells were ALP+, while GC cells were consistently ALP-. In situ studies also demonstrated a prevalent expression of ALP activity by the B cells in the SE area. At the ultrastructural level, small CD5- B cells were clearly different from both FM and GC B cells. They displayed a cytoplasm more extended than that of FM B cells with abundant endosomes and plasma membrane projections, and a speckled pattern of nuclear heterochromatin distribution. When fixed tissue sections were examined, cells with identical ultrastructural features could be demonstrated in the tonsillar lamina propria. Collectively, the above data demonstrate an identity of features between the small CD5- B cells isolated in suspension and SE B cells analyzed in situ. Since tonsillar SE B cells are generally thought to represent the homolog of the extrafollicular B cells (including those of the splenic marginal zone), these studies may provide new opportunities for functional studies on this so far incompletely characterized B cell subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dono
- Servizio di Immunologia Clinica, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy.
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30
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Dono M, Zupo S, Augliera A, Burgio VL, Massara R, Melagrana A, Costa M, Grossi CE, Chiorazzi N, Ferrarini M. Subepithelial B cells in the human palatine tonsil. II. Functional characterization. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:2043-9. [PMID: 8814244 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830260912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the main functional features of subepithelial (SE) B cells and compares them with those of purified germinal center (GC) and follicular mantle (FM) B cells isolated from the same tonsils. Unlike FM B cells, SE B cells failed to produce polyspecific antibodies in vitro; unlike GC B cells, SE B cells expressed high levels of Bcl-2 and failed to undergo spontaneous apoptosis in vitro. The most striking function of SE B cells was their ability to produce IgM antibodies to T cell-independent type-2 (TI-2) (but not to TI-1) antigens (Ag). These antibodies could not be detected when both FM and GC B cells were stimulated with TI-2 Ag in vitro. Moreover, B cells isolated from peripheral blood were unable to mount a response to TI-2 Ag. The latter finding is consistent with the observation that B cells with the phenotypic features of SE B cells were virtually absent in the peripheral blood and emphasizes the notion that SE B cells belong to a subset of non-recirculating B cells. SE B cells were by far superior to FM B cells in mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) stimulation of allogeneic T cells in vitro, although they were not as efficient as dendritic cells (DC). In order to stimulate T cells efficiently, SE B cells had to be exposed to anti-mu antibody, a treatment which induced expression of activation markers such as CD80, CD86, CD69 and CD39, usually absent in resting SE B cells. CD80 and CD86 molecules expressed by SE B cells participated in the chain of events required to promote the proliferation of allogeneic T cells as demonstrated by inhibition tests with the appropriate mAb. The expression of CD80 and CD86 by anti-mu-treated SE B cells was not, however, the sole explanation for their good antigen presenting capacities since the exposure of FM B cells to anti-mu antibody also induced expression of these surface structures. Nevertheless, these cells failed to become good MLR stimulators. Collectively, the above data contribute further to the characterization of a distinct subset of tonsillar B cells which resemble, both phenotypically and functionally, the B cells of the splenic marginal zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dono
- Servizio di Immunologia Clinica, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy.
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31
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Zupo S, Isnardi L, Megna M, Massara R, Malavasi F, Dono M, Cosulich E, Ferrarini M. CD38 expression distinguishes two groups of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias with different responses to anti-IgM antibodies and propensity to apoptosis. Blood 1996; 88:1365-74. [PMID: 8695855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of CD38 by B cells chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) was studied in 20 untreated patients. The cells expressed abundant CD38 (relative fluorescence intensity range, 6 to 15) in 6 cases (group I patients), whereas CD38 expression was low to absent (relative fluorescence intensity range, 0 to 3) in the remaining cases (group II patients). Exposure of the cells from group I patients to goat antihuman mu chain antibodies (Ga mu-ab) resulted in the elevation of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration([Ca2+]i) followed by apoptosis. In contrast, exposure of group II cells to Ga mu-ab was not followed by increased levels of [Ca2+]i, programmed cell death or cell proliferation. No differences in the expression of surface IgM were noted in the two groups of B-CLL cells. Normal peripheral blood B cells, which expressed low to absent CD38, were capable of mobilizing [Ca2+]i and of proliferating after exposure to Ga mu-ab. The collected data suggest that, although group I B-CLL cells were able to transduce the signals delivered by IgM crosslinking, this pathway was severely impaired in group II B-CLL cells. However, unlike that observed in normal circulating B cells, stimulation of group I cells with Ga mu-ab resulted in apoptosis rather than proliferation. CD38 did not appear to be directly involved in [Ca2+]i mobilization induced by Ga mu-ab in group I B-CLL cells because their exposure to anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies failed to cause [Ca2+]i mobilization or to block the [Ca2+]i response induced by Ga mu-ab. These data indicate that CD38 expression identified a particular subset of B-CLL cells with defined functional properties, including the propensity to undergo apoptosis.
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MESH Headings
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/immunology
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/physiology
- Apoptosis
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Calcium/physiology
- Cell Cycle
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin M/immunology
- Interleukin-4/physiology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Membrane Glycoproteins
- N-Glycosyl Hydrolases/physiology
- Receptor Aggregation
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/physiology
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zupo
- Servizio di Immunologia Clinica, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
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32
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Dono M, Hashimoto S, Fais F, Trejo V, Allen SL, Lichtman SM, Schulman P, Vinciguerra VP, Sellars B, Gregersen PK, Ferrarini M, Chiorazzi N. Evidence for progenitors of chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells that undergo intraclonal differentiation and diversification. Blood 1996; 87:1586-94. [PMID: 8608251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from five patients with IgG+ B-type chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) were analyzed for the presence of clone-specific Ig H chain variable region gene mRNA transcripts linked to C mu and/or C alpha. This was assessed by (1) comparing the lengths of portions of the VHDJH of the IgG+ CLL clones with those of the mu and alpha isotype-expressing B cells, (2) performing clone-specific endonuclease digestion studies, and (3) determining the DNA sequences of the mu and alpha isotype-expressing cDNA. Thus, when B-cell mRNA from these five patients were reverse transcribed with C gamma-specific primers and then amplified by polymerase chain reaction, dominant cDNA were found with lengths corresponding to those of the IgG+ CLL B cell. In addition, in four cases, cDNA of lengths identical to those of the CLL B cell were detected when mRNA was reverse transcribed and amplified using c mu- and/or C alpha-specific primers, strongly suggesting clonal relatedness. These CLL-related mu- and alpha-expressing cDNA were present in greater amounts that unrelated (non-CLL) mu- and alpha-expressing cDNA from normal B cells that used genes of the same VH family. When the sequences of these CLL-related C mu- and C alpha-expressing cDNA were compared with those of the IgG+ CLL clones, it was clear that they were derived from the same ancestral gene as the IgG-expressing CLL B cell, thus documenting their common origin. Finally, nucleotide point mutations were observed in the mu- and alpha-expressing cDNA of certain patients, indicating divergence with the CLL. These data suggest that IgM+ B cells, which are precursors of the leukemic B cells, exist in increased numbers in the blood of most patients with IgG+ B-CELL and that these cells may differentiate, accumulate V genes mutations, and undergo isotype switching in vivo. In addition, the data are consistent with a sequential-hit model for the evolution of CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dono
- Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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33
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Hashimoto S, Dono M, Vinciguerra V, Silver J, Chiorazzi N. Clonal heterogeneity in membrane expression of CD5 in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995; 764:482-4. [PMID: 7486571 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb55869.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
MESH Headings
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Antigens, Surface/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- CD5 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD5 Antigens/genetics
- CD5 Antigens/metabolism
- Clone Cells/metabolism
- Cohort Studies
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain
- Genes, Immunoglobulin
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin G/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hashimoto
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Women's Medical College, Japan
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34
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Dono M, Hashimoto S, Ferrarini M, Chiorazzi N. In vivo isotype class switching in CD5+ chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995; 764:478-81. [PMID: 7486570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb55868.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Dono
- Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, New York, USA
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35
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Hashimoto S, Dono M, Wakai M, Allen SL, Lichtman SM, Schulman P, Vinciguerra VP, Ferrarini M, Silver J, Chiorazzi N. Somatic diversification and selection of immunoglobulin heavy and light chain variable region genes in IgG+ CD5+ chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells. J Exp Med 1995; 181:1507-17. [PMID: 7535340 PMCID: PMC2191964 DOI: 10.1084/jem.181.4.1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the clonal expansion of CD5-expressing B lymphocytes. Most studies have found that these leukemic CD5+ B cells, like their normal counterparts, use immunoglobulin (Ig) variable (V) region genes that exhibit minimal, if any, somatic diversity. These and other observations have suggested that CD5+ B cells may be incapable of generating Ig V gene diversity, and therefore may not be able to develop higher affinity binding sites that could be selected by antigen. However, most of the studies of CLL and normal CD5+ B cells have focused on IgM-producing cells. Since somatic mutations are most often seen in B cells that have undergone an isotype class switch, we analyzed the Ig heavy (H) and light (L) chain variable region genes of seven IgG+CD5+ CLL B cells to determine if somatic diversification and antigen selection had occurred. The data derived provide evidence for skewed use, somatic diversification, and antigenic selection of the Ig V region genes. Nonrandom use of both H and L chain V region genes was manifested by an overrepresentation of VH4 and VKI family genes and the underrepresentation of the JH4 gene segment. Furthermore, VH4 gene use was restricted to only two family members (4.21 and 4.18). In four of the seven cases, the VH and VL genes displayed > or = 5% difference from the most homologous known germline counterparts. Polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot analyses performed in two of these patients demonstrated that their unique VH CDR2 and adjacent sequences were not present in their germline DNA. In addition, a significant level of diversity was seen in the rearranged DJH segments and at the VL-JL junctions of every patient that occurred both at the time of recombination and subsequently. The localization of replacement changes to complementarity determining regions of some patients suggested that antigen selection had occurred. Furthermore, the mutations identified in the VH and VL genes of each individual patient were strikingly similar, both in number and location. Collectively, the data indicate that a subset of CD5+ CLL B cells can display Ig V region gene mutations. In addition, they are consistent with the notions that in some cases antigen selection of these mutations may have occurred, and that antigen stimulation may be a promoting factor in the evolution of certain CLL clones.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Base Sequence
- CD5 Antigens
- Clone Cells
- Follow-Up Studies
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Light Chain
- Genes, Immunoglobulin
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/etiology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Point Mutation
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hashimoto
- Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA
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36
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Corcione A, Baldi L, Zupo S, Dono M, Rinaldi GB, Roncella S, Taborelli G, Truini M, Ferrarini M, Pistoia V. Spontaneous production of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in vitro by human B-lineage lymphocytes is a distinctive marker of germinal center cells. J Immunol 1994; 153:2868-77. [PMID: 7522243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The ability of human B lymphocytes to produce granulocyte (G)-CSF in vitro was investigated. Highly purified tonsillar B cells were fractionated into large and small cells by a Percoll density gradient, cultured, and tested for G-CSF gene expression. Large B cells spontaneous produced G-CSF mRNA and protein, whereas small B cells did not, even after incubation with various stimuli. Immunophenotypic analyses showed that large B lymphocytes contained approximately 60 to 70% of cells with the characteristic surface markers of germinal center (GC) B cells (CD38+, CD10+, and surface IgG+). The remaining cells expressed CD39, CD23, and surface IgD and were presumably in vivo-activated follicular mantle zone B cells. Fractionation of the large B lymphocytes into CD39+, surface IgD+, and CD39-, surface IgD- cells showed that the latter, but not the former, cell type produced G-CSF spontaneously in culture. Stimulation of purified (CD39-, surface IgD-) GC B cells with a CD40 mAb alone or in combination with IL-4 increased G-CSF production. Because these stimuli rescued a large fraction of GC cells (up to 50%) from spontaneous apoptosis in vitro, the finding may suggest that prevention of apoptotic death resulted in an increased G-CSF production or that CD40 mab and/or IL-4 increased G-CSF gene expression in G-CSF-producing GC B cells. Malignant B cells purified from the invaded lymph nodes of three patients with follicular center cell lymphoma and three Burkitt lymphoma cell lines, which had an immunophenotype identical with that of normal GC B cells, spontaneously produced G-CSF in vitro, thus confirming the GC origin of the cytokine. Incubation of normal purified GC B cells with rG-CSF resulted in the rescue of GC B cells from apoptosis, suggesting that G-CSF may be used by GC B cells in an autocrine manner. This autocrine loop of production and response to G-CSF by GC B cells may be activated by stimuli such as those delivered via the surface CD40 molecule, that participate in the rescue of GC B cells from apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Corcione
- Laboratory of Oncology, Giannina Gaslini Scientific Institute, Genoa, Italy
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37
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Corcione A, Baldi L, Zupo S, Dono M, Rinaldi GB, Roncella S, Taborelli G, Truini M, Ferrarini M, Pistoia V. Spontaneous production of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in vitro by human B-lineage lymphocytes is a distinctive marker of germinal center cells. The Journal of Immunology 1994. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.153.7.2868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The ability of human B lymphocytes to produce granulocyte (G)-CSF in vitro was investigated. Highly purified tonsillar B cells were fractionated into large and small cells by a Percoll density gradient, cultured, and tested for G-CSF gene expression. Large B cells spontaneous produced G-CSF mRNA and protein, whereas small B cells did not, even after incubation with various stimuli. Immunophenotypic analyses showed that large B lymphocytes contained approximately 60 to 70% of cells with the characteristic surface markers of germinal center (GC) B cells (CD38+, CD10+, and surface IgG+). The remaining cells expressed CD39, CD23, and surface IgD and were presumably in vivo-activated follicular mantle zone B cells. Fractionation of the large B lymphocytes into CD39+, surface IgD+, and CD39-, surface IgD- cells showed that the latter, but not the former, cell type produced G-CSF spontaneously in culture. Stimulation of purified (CD39-, surface IgD-) GC B cells with a CD40 mAb alone or in combination with IL-4 increased G-CSF production. Because these stimuli rescued a large fraction of GC cells (up to 50%) from spontaneous apoptosis in vitro, the finding may suggest that prevention of apoptotic death resulted in an increased G-CSF production or that CD40 mab and/or IL-4 increased G-CSF gene expression in G-CSF-producing GC B cells. Malignant B cells purified from the invaded lymph nodes of three patients with follicular center cell lymphoma and three Burkitt lymphoma cell lines, which had an immunophenotype identical with that of normal GC B cells, spontaneously produced G-CSF in vitro, thus confirming the GC origin of the cytokine. Incubation of normal purified GC B cells with rG-CSF resulted in the rescue of GC B cells from apoptosis, suggesting that G-CSF may be used by GC B cells in an autocrine manner. This autocrine loop of production and response to G-CSF by GC B cells may be activated by stimuli such as those delivered via the surface CD40 molecule, that participate in the rescue of GC B cells from apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Corcione
- Laboratory of Oncology, Giannina Gaslini Scientific Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - L Baldi
- Laboratory of Oncology, Giannina Gaslini Scientific Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - S Zupo
- Laboratory of Oncology, Giannina Gaslini Scientific Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - M Dono
- Laboratory of Oncology, Giannina Gaslini Scientific Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - G B Rinaldi
- Laboratory of Oncology, Giannina Gaslini Scientific Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - S Roncella
- Laboratory of Oncology, Giannina Gaslini Scientific Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - G Taborelli
- Laboratory of Oncology, Giannina Gaslini Scientific Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - M Truini
- Laboratory of Oncology, Giannina Gaslini Scientific Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - M Ferrarini
- Laboratory of Oncology, Giannina Gaslini Scientific Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - V Pistoia
- Laboratory of Oncology, Giannina Gaslini Scientific Institute, Genoa, Italy
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38
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Zupo S, Dono M, Massara R, Taborelli G, Chiorazzi N, Ferrarini M. Expression of CD5 and CD38 by human CD5- B cells: requirement for special stimuli. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24:1426-33. [PMID: 7515814 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830240628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study the mode of expression of CD5 by human tonsillar CD5- B cells after stimulation with different agents was investigated. Resting B cells were separated into CD5+ and CD5- cells and the two cell fractions exposed to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). CD5- B cells expressed CD5 and maximum CD5 expression was achieved after approximately 60 h of culture. Based upon the proportions of cells that express CD5 as well as those of the cells surviving in culture, it was calculated that 15-25% of the total CD5- B cells were induced to express CD5. Unlike CD5- B cells, CD5+ B cells proliferated vigorously in response to PMA as assessed by [3H]thymidine incorporation and cell cycle analysis in vitro. However, the expression of CD5 by CD5- B cells was not related to the selective expansion of some CD5+ B cells left over as contaminant cells since this occurred in the absence of cell proliferation. Upon exposure to PMA, CD5- B cells remained in the G0-G1 phases of the cell cycle and did not express the Ki67 antigen or incorporate [3H]thymidine. Furthermore, mitomycin C treatment of the CD5- B cells did not prevent CD5 expression. Phenotypic studies disclosed that CD5+ B cells but not CD5- B cells expressed CD39. This finding offered the opportunity to carry out an additional control experiment. Separation of the two populations according to the expression of CD39 confirmed the finding obtained by fractionating the cells into CD5+ and CD5- B cells. The cells induced to express CD5 also expressed CD38 that was not detected on resting CD5- B cells. In this respect, the CD5- B cells that converted into CD5+ cells (inducible CD5+ B cells) resembled the cells from the CD5+ B cell fractions that up-regulated CD5 and also expressed CD38 upon exposure to PMA alone. Another example of coordinate expression of these two antigens was the finding that exposure to PMA in the presence of recombinant interleukin-4 (rIL-4) resulted in inhibition of the expression of CD5 and CD38. Although virtually all of the tonsillar CD5- B cells expressed the CD69 activation marker, no cells other than those co-expressing CD5 and CD38 were induced to express CD5 by PMA alone. Resting CD5- B cells failed to express CD5 and/or CD38 when cultured with PMA in the presence of EL4 T cells and IL-4-free T cell supernatants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zupo
- Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, IST, Servizio di Immunologia Clinica, Genova, Italy
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39
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Zupo S, Rugari E, Dono M, Taborelli G, Malavasi F, Ferrarini M. CD38 signaling by agonistic monoclonal antibody prevents apoptosis of human germinal center B cells. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24:1218-22. [PMID: 8181532 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830240532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates that an agonistic anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody (mAb) (IB4) is capable of preventing apoptosis of human tonsillar germinal center (GC) B cells as measured by either morphological methods on Giemsa-stained cytospin preparations or flow cytometry on propidium iodide-stained cells. Two other anti-CD38 mAb (Leu-17 and OKT10) consistently failed to prevent apoptosis in the same cells, even when tested over a wide range of concentrations. Furthermore, exposure of GC B cells to IB4 mAb up-regulates the bcl-2 proto-oncogene product in a manner similar to that observed with CD40 ligand (CD40L). The ability of IB4 mAb to prevent apoptosis of GC B cells was inferior to that of both anti-CD40 mAb and CD40L. No synergistic or additive effects were observed when IB4 mAb was used together with CD40L. Unlike anti-CD40 mAb or CD40L, IB4 mAb neither induced a proliferation of GC B cells nor increased their proliferative response to anti-CD40, CD40L or recombinant interleukin-4, used alone or in combination. The present results are consistent with the recent findings on either the feature of the CD38 molecules to deliver activation signals and on the mechanisms of selection of B cells that operates in the GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zupo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
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40
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Wakai M, Hashimoto S, Omata M, Sthoeger ZM, Allen SL, Lichtman SM, Schulman P, Vinciguerra VP, Diamond B, Dono M. IgG+, CD5+ human chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells. Production of IgG antibodies that exhibit diminished autoreactivity and IgG subclass skewing. Autoimmunity 1994; 19:39-48. [PMID: 7538331 DOI: 10.3109/08916939409008007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Several questions exist regarding CD5+ B cells. These include the ability of these cells, as compared to CD5- B cells, to undergo an Ig isotype class switch, the subclasses utilized, and the effects that switching may have on antigen binding. To address these issues, ten patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) whose CD5+ leukemic B cell clones produced IgG were studied. Monoclonal IgG was collected from PMA-stimulated CLL cells and from heterohybridomas constructed with these cells, and then analyzed for IgG subclass utilization, autoreactivity, and DNA idiotype expression. The monoclonal B cells from 80% of the CLL patients produced IgG1 and those from 20% produced IgG3. None produced IgG2. In contrast to the known autoreactivity of IgM-producing CD5+ CLL cells (> 50% autoreactive), none of these IgG antibodies reacted significantly with the autoantigens tested. However, three did react significantly with autoantigen after artificially increasing antibody valency by crosslinking. Whereas five of the IgG molecules expressed a cross reactive idiotypic (CRI) marker characteristic of non-mutated kappa anti-DNA antibodies, three expressed a CRI displayed primarily on mutated IgG anti-DNA antibodies. Thus, some CD5+ human B cells can undergo an isotype class switch that for these CLL cells is biased against IgG2 and in favor of the IgG1 and IgG3. In their native state the IgG molecules secreted by these isotype-switched CD5+ cells have diminished autoreactivity, as compared to IgM-producing CLL cells. Since some of the IgG antibodies could be made auto- and poly-reactive by increasing antigen-binding valency, while others expressed idiotypic markers of mutated antibodies, certain of these CD5+ B cells probably utilize non-mutated Ig V genes coding for polyreactive antibodies, whereas others may use genes that have undergone somatic mutation and that code for more restricted specificities. Therefore, both valency and VH gene mutation may account for the diminished autoreactivity of these CD5+ B cell-derived IgG antibodies.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/immunology
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/classification
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antibody Affinity
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Autoimmunity
- B-Lymphocytes/chemistry
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Base Sequence
- CD5 Antigens
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte
- Genes, Immunoglobulin
- Humans
- Hybridomas/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Class Switching
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin G/classification
- Immunoglobulin G/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Idiotypes/immunology
- Immunoglobulin M/genetics
- Immunoglobulin M/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/chemistry
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/immunology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/classification
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wakai
- Department of Medicine North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA
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41
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Pistoia V, Corcione A, Baldi L, Zupo S, Dono M, Ferrarini M. Production of hematopoietic growth factors by human B lymphocytes: mechanisms and possible implications. Stem Cells 1993; 11 Suppl 2:150-5. [PMID: 7691321 DOI: 10.1002/stem.5530110824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study we have investigated the ability of human B lymphocytes to produce granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and, in preliminary experiments, granulocyte CSF (G-CSF). The sources of human B cells were surgically removed tonsils from normal individuals and peripheral blood from patients with B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). Tonsil B lymphocytes were purified by E rosetting and complement-mediated cytotoxicity with selected monoclonal antibodies and subsequently fractionated by a Percoll density gradient into in vivo activated and resting cells. The latter cell fractions were subsequently cultured with or without stimuli. GM-CSF was detected by a bioassay, G-CSF by an enzyme-linked immunoassay. In vivo and in vitro activated B cells produced GM-CSF, whereas in vivo activated, but not in vitro activated, B lymphocytes produced G-CSF. These results were confirmed by Northern blot experiments with cDNA probes specific for GM-CSF and G-CSF genes. Many B cell suspensions from B-CLL patients produced GM-CSF or G-CSF only following Staphylococcus Aureus Cowan I (SAC) stimulation; in some cases, a spontaneous production or no production at all of the two cytokines was detected. The possible implications of these results for B cell physiology and for the pathogenesis of immunologically mediated diseases will be discussed.
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MESH Headings
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/biosynthesis
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/biosynthesis
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Palatine Tonsil/cytology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pistoia
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Scientific Institute Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
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Dono M, Zupo S, Masante R, Taborelli G, Chiorazzi N, Ferrarini M. Identification of two distinct CD5- B cell subsets from human tonsils with different responses to CD40 monoclonal antibody. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23:873-81. [PMID: 7681401 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830230416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the response of different CD5- B cell subsets to CD40 monoclonal antibody (mAb) in various combinations with interleukin (IL)-4 or rabbit anti-human mu chain antibody (a-mu-Ab). The different CD5- B cell subsets were isolated from tonsillar B cell suspensions depleted of CD5+ B cells and subsequently fractionated on Percoll density gradients. While resting CD5+ B cells proliferated and produced IgM molecules in response to a-mu-Ab, IL-4 and CD40 mAb as well as to Staphylococcus aureus Cowan strain I (SAC) and IL-2, resting CD5- B cells, which were co-purified in the same 60% Percoll fractions, consistently failed to respond. These cells were, however, activated by the stimuli employed, as demonstrated by their capacity to express the surface activation markers CD69, CD25 and CD71. Resting CD5+ B cells had the typical phenotype of mantle zone B cells (IgM+ IgD+ CD39+ CD38- CD10- CDw75dim), whereas resting CD5- B cells were CD38- CD39- CD10- CDw75 intermediate and expressed surface IgM but relatively little surface IgD and could not be classified as mantle zone or germinal center cells. The finding that purified germinal center cells (CD38+ CD10+ CD39- CDw75bright, IgG+) responded to CD40 mAb and IL-4 and also to SAC plus IL-2 further underlined the differences to resting CD5- B cells. However, some of the data collected suggest possible relationships between CD5- B cells and germinal center cells. The CD5- B cells isolated from the 50% Percoll fraction proliferated in response to a-mu-Ab, CD40 mAb and IL-4 as well as to SAC and IL-2. These cells had the same mantle zone B cell phenotype as the CD5+ B cells, but their capacity to respond to the stimuli in vitro was unrelated to a possible contamination with CD5+ B cells, as documented by the appropriate controls. Furthermore, upon exposure to SAC or phorbol esters, the large majority of CD5- B cells from the 50% Percoll fraction did not express surface CD5 and there was very little if any accumulation of CD5 mRNA. Finally, most of the cycling cells in the stimulated CD5- B cells did not express CD5. The CD5- B cells from the 50% Percoll fraction were comprised of a consistent proportion of cells that expressed surface activation markers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- CD40 Antigens
- Cell Separation
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin M/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin mu-Chains/immunology
- Interleukin-4/pharmacology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Palatine Tonsil/cytology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dono
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
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Zupo S, Dono M, Azzoni L, Chiorazzi N, Ferrarini M. Possible Role of Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Non-Organ Specific Autoimmunity. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 1992. [DOI: 10.1177/039463209200500211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the experiments conducted in our laboratory on the mode of activation of CD5 + B cells. The data show that these cells are stimulated in a manner that is less dependent of T cell help as compared to CD5- cells and define IL-2 as the major growth and differentiation factor for CD5 + cells. These data are discussed in the light of the supposed function of CD5 + cells that seem represented by the capacity to release polyspecific antibodies reacting with a multiplicity of antigens from various pathogens. These antibodies, also called natural antibodies, probably represent one of the first line of defense against invading microrganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Zupo
- Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, IST, Divisione di Immunologia Clinica, V.le Benedetto XV, 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - M. Dono
- Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, IST, Divisione di Immunologia Clinica, V.le Benedetto XV, 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - L. Azzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche ed Oncologia Umana, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - N. Chiorazzi
- Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Cornell University, Medical College, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - M. Ferrarini
- Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, IST, Divisione di Immunologia Clinica, V.le Benedetto XV, 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche ed Oncologia Umana, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
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Zupo S, Perussia B, Baldi L, Corcione A, Dono M, Ferrarini M, Pistoia V. Production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor but not IL-3 by normal and neoplastic human B lymphocytes. The Journal of Immunology 1992. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.148.5.1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The ability of human B cells to produce granulocyte-macrophage (GM)-CSF and IL-3 was investigated. B cells, isolated from tonsils or from the peripheral blood of patients with B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia using mAb and immune rosettes, were cultured with or without Staphylococcus aureus Cowan strain I. GM-CSF and IL-3 were measured in the culture supernatants using a bioassay based on the selective proliferative response of the MO7e megakaryoblastic cell line to IL-3 or GM-CSF. S. aureus Cowan I-stimulated normal B cells released measurable amounts of GM-CSF but not of IL-3 as determined in neutralization assays with specific mAb in the MO7e cell line test. Some of the unstimulated normal B suspensions also produced GM-CSF, albeit in lower quantities. When normal B cells were fractionated into small (resting) and large (activated) B cells by Percoll density gradients, spontaneous GM-CSF production was detected only in the large cell fractions, but small cells were induced to produce GM-CSF upon S. aureus Cowan I stimulation. On a per cell basis, tonsillar B cells were found capable of releasing more GM-CSF than activated peripheral blood monocytes. The amount of GM-CSF produced by B cells was always inferior to that released by stimulated peripheral blood T cells or NK cells. The purified B cell suspensions from all 14 B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients studied released GM-CSF but not IL-3 in the culture supernatants, sometimes even in the absence of stimuli. Northern blot analysis on total or poly(A)+ RNA confirmed the presence of GM-CSF, but not of IL-3, mRNA transcripts in both normal and malignant B cells. The results of these studies support the notion that activated human B lymphocytes release sufficient GM-CSF to play a role in the control of both hematopoiesis and the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zupo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
| | - B Perussia
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
| | - L Baldi
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
| | - A Corcione
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
| | - M Dono
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
| | - M Ferrarini
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
| | - V Pistoia
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
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Zupo S, Perussia B, Baldi L, Corcione A, Dono M, Ferrarini M, Pistoia V. Production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor but not IL-3 by normal and neoplastic human B lymphocytes. J Immunol 1992; 148:1423-30. [PMID: 1538127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The ability of human B cells to produce granulocyte-macrophage (GM)-CSF and IL-3 was investigated. B cells, isolated from tonsils or from the peripheral blood of patients with B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia using mAb and immune rosettes, were cultured with or without Staphylococcus aureus Cowan strain I. GM-CSF and IL-3 were measured in the culture supernatants using a bioassay based on the selective proliferative response of the MO7e megakaryoblastic cell line to IL-3 or GM-CSF. S. aureus Cowan I-stimulated normal B cells released measurable amounts of GM-CSF but not of IL-3 as determined in neutralization assays with specific mAb in the MO7e cell line test. Some of the unstimulated normal B suspensions also produced GM-CSF, albeit in lower quantities. When normal B cells were fractionated into small (resting) and large (activated) B cells by Percoll density gradients, spontaneous GM-CSF production was detected only in the large cell fractions, but small cells were induced to produce GM-CSF upon S. aureus Cowan I stimulation. On a per cell basis, tonsillar B cells were found capable of releasing more GM-CSF than activated peripheral blood monocytes. The amount of GM-CSF produced by B cells was always inferior to that released by stimulated peripheral blood T cells or NK cells. The purified B cell suspensions from all 14 B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients studied released GM-CSF but not IL-3 in the culture supernatants, sometimes even in the absence of stimuli. Northern blot analysis on total or poly(A)+ RNA confirmed the presence of GM-CSF, but not of IL-3, mRNA transcripts in both normal and malignant B cells. The results of these studies support the notion that activated human B lymphocytes release sufficient GM-CSF to play a role in the control of both hematopoiesis and the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zupo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
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Zupo S, Dono M, Azzoni L, Chiorazzi N, Ferrarini M. Evidence for differential responsiveness of human CD5+ and CD5- B cell subsets to T cell-independent mitogens. Eur J Immunol 1991; 21:351-9. [PMID: 1705511 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830210216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tonsillar resting B cells were separated into CD5+ and CD5- cell subsets and stimulated with the thymus-independent mitogens, Staphylococcus aureus Cowan strain I (SAC) or insolubilized anti-mu monoclonal antibodies (a mu Ab). CD5+ cells incorporated [3H]thymidine more efficiently than unfractionated cells when stimulated with SAC and their response was augmented by the addition of interleukin (IL) 2 to the cultures. CD5+ cells also proliferated in response to a mu Ab provided that IL 2 was present, SAC-, but not a mu Ab-stimulated CD5+ cells produced IgM and IgG molecules when IL 2 was added to the cultures and also secreted autoantibodies with rheumatoid factor activity and sometimes also with anti-single-stranded, but not double-stranded, DNA activity. The efficient response of CD5+ cells was not explained by the fact that they contained cells already activated in vivo. Thus, they did not express the CD23, CD69, CD71 and CD39 activation markers, failed to incorporated [3H]thymidine and to secrete Ig spontaneously or in response to IL 2 and were found to be in a quiescent state by cell cycle flow cytometric analysis. In contrast to CD5+ cells, CD5- cells displayed very little or no [3H]thymidine incorporation in response to SAC or to a mu Ab and their poor responsiveness was not altered by changing either the doses of the stimulants, the timing of the cultures, by co-culturing the cells together with CD5+ cells, or by adding IL 2 or IL 4. Immunofluorescence studies showed that freshly prepared CD5- cells did not have surface activation markers but that they expressed them following SAC stimulation. Thus, unlike that observed for CD5+ cells, SAC seems to be capable of activating CD5- cells but does not appear to be a sufficient stimulus for driving the cells into the subsequent phases of the cell cycle. The above findings, that demonstrate marked differences in the response to CD5+ and CD5- cells to thymus-independent stimuli, may bear relevance for the understanding of the normal clonal expansion of CD5+ cells as well as for the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zupo
- Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, I.S.T., Servizio di Immunologia Clinica, Genova, Italy
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Majima Y, Dono M. [Goldenhar's syndrome with unusual heart anomaly (oculo auriculo vertebral dysplasia)]. Ganka 1971; 13:852-7. [PMID: 5166512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Dono M. [Incorporation of riboflavin derivative to the ocular globe]. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 1970; 74:1082-6. [PMID: 5528710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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