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Cassenote AJF, Grangeiro A, Escuder MM, Abe JM, Santos RD, Segurado AC. Incidence and associated factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus onset in the Brazilian HIV/AIDS cohort study. Braz J Infect Dis 2021; 25:101608. [PMID: 34474003 PMCID: PMC9392210 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2021.101608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background People living with HIV (PLH) under combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) are at risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Objective We examined the incidence of T2DM, associated factors and mean time to outcome in PLH under cART. Method Data for this multicenter cohort study were obtained from PLH aged over 18, who started cART in 13 Brazilian sites from 2003 to 2013. Factors associated with incident T2DM were evaluated by Cox multiple regression models. Results A total of 6724 patients (30,997.93 person-years) were followed from January 2003 to December 2016. A T2DM incidence rate of 17.3/1000 person-years (95%CI 15.8-18.8) was observed. Incidence of isolated hypertriglyceridemia and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) were 84.3 (95%CI 81.1-87.6) and 14.5/1000 person-years (95%CI 13.2-15.9), respectively. Mean time to T2DM onset was 10.5 years (95%CI 10.3-10.6). Variables associated with incident T2DM were age 40-50 [Hazard Ratio (HR) 1.7, 95%CI 1.4-2.1] and ≥ 50 years (HR 2.4, 95%CI 1.9-3.1); obesity (HR 2.1, 95%CI 1.6-2.8); abnormal triglyceride/HDL-cholesterol ratio (HR 1.8, 95%CI 1.51-2.2). IFG predicted T2DM (HR 2.6, 95%CI 1.7-2.5) and occurred on average 3.3 years before diabetes onset. Exposure to stavudine for ≥ 2 years was independently associated with incident T2DM [HR 1.6, 95%CI 1.0-2.2). Conclusion Brazilian PLH under cART are at significant risk of developing T2DM and share risk factors for diabetes onset with the general population, such as older age, obesity, and having metabolic abnormalities at baseline. Moreover, stavudine use was independently associated with incident T2DM. Identifying PLH at a higher risk of T2DM can help caretakers trigger health promotion and establish specific targets for implementation of preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J F Cassenote
- Medical Demography Study Group (MDSG), Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Gastroenterology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Discipline of Labor Market and Physician's Health, Santa Marcelina Faculty, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Grangeiro
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria M Escuder
- Health Institute, São Paulo State Department of Health, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jair M Abe
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Raul D Santos
- Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Aluisio C Segurado
- Department and Division of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Castilho JL, Escuder MM, Veloso V, Gomes JO, Jayathilake K, Ribeiro S, Souza RA, Ikeda ML, de Alencastro PR, Tupinanbas U, Brites C, McGowan CC, Grangeiro A, Grinsztejn B. Trends and predictors of non-communicable disease multimorbidity among adults living with HIV and receiving antiretroviral therapy in Brazil. J Int AIDS Soc 2019; 22:e25233. [PMID: 30697950 PMCID: PMC6351749 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION People living with HIV (PLHIV) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) experience high rates of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). These co-morbidities often accumulate and older adults may suffer from multimorbidity. Multimorbidity has been associated with loss of quality of life, polypharmacy, and increased risk of frailty and mortality. Little is known of the trends or predictors NCD multimorbidity in PLHIV in low- and middle-income countries. METHODS We examined NCD multimorbidity in adult PLHIV initiating ART between 2003 and 2014 using a multi-site, observational cohort in Brazil. NCDs included cardiovascular artery disease, hyperlipidemia (HLD), diabetes, chronic kidney disease, cirrhosis, osteoporosis, osteonecrosis, venous thromboembolism and non-AIDS-defining cancers. Multimorbidity was defined as the incident accumulation of two or more unique NCDs. We used Poisson regression to examine trends and Cox proportional hazard models to examine predictors of multimorbidity. RESULTS Of the 6206 adults, 332 (5%) developed multimorbidity during the study period. Parallel to the ageing of the cohort, the prevalence of multimorbidity rose from 3% to 11% during the study period. Older age, female sex (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.30 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03 to 1.65)) and low CD4 nadir (<100 vs. ≥200 cells/mm3 aHR = 1.52 (95% CI: 1.15 to 2.01)) at cohort entry were significantly associated with increased risk of multimorbidity. Among patients with incident multimorbidity, the most common NCDs were HLD and diabetes; however, osteoporosis was also frequent in women (16 vs. 35% of men and women with multimorbidity respectively). CONCLUSIONS Among adult PLHIV in Brazil, NCD multimorbidity increased from 2003 to 2014. Females and adults with low CD4 nadir were at increased risk in adjusted analyses. Further studies examining prevention, screening and management of NCDs in PLHIV in low- and middle-income countries are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Castilho
- Division of Infectious DiseasesVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Maria M Escuder
- São Paulo State Department of HealthInstitute of HealthSão PauloBrazil
| | - Valdiléa Veloso
- National Institute of Infectology – Evandro ChagasOswaldo Cruz FoundationRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Jackeline O Gomes
- São Paulo State Department of HealthInstitute of HealthSão PauloBrazil
| | - Karu Jayathilake
- Division of Infectious DiseasesVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Sayonara Ribeiro
- National Institute of Infectology – Evandro ChagasOswaldo Cruz FoundationRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Rosa A Souza
- São Paulo State Department of HealthAIDS Reference and Training CenterSão PauloBrazil
| | - Maria L Ikeda
- School of HealthUniversity do Vale do Rio dos SinosPorto AlegreBrazil
| | - Paulo R de Alencastro
- Care and Treatment Clinic of the Partenon SanatoriumRio Grande do Sul State Department of HealthPorto AlegreBrazil
| | - Unai Tupinanbas
- Medical SchoolFederal University of Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
| | - Carlos Brites
- Edgar Santos University Hospital ComplexFederal University of BahiaSalvadorBrazil
| | - Catherine C McGowan
- Division of Infectious DiseasesVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Alexandre Grangeiro
- Department of Preventive MedicineUniversity of São Paulo School of MedicineSão PauloBrazil
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- National Institute of Infectology – Evandro ChagasOswaldo Cruz FoundationRio de JaneiroBrazil
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Saldiva SRDM, Escuder MM, Venâncio SI, Benicio MHA, Assis AMO, Oliveira LPM, Barreto ML. Is overweight a risk factor for wheezing in pre-school children? A study in 14 Brazilian communities. Public Health Nutr 2007; 10:878-82. [PMID: 17381936 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980007352464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between overweight and wheezing in pre-school children in 14 small Brazilian communities. METHODS Cross-sectional epidemiological study, conducted between 2001 and 2002. A sample of 3453 children under 5 years of age was taken from nine communities in the state of Bahia and five in the state of São Paulo. Data on housing, family and children were obtained by applying structured questionnaires in loco. Weight and height for each child were also measured. The association between wheezing and overweight was assessed by unconditional logistic multivariate regression models. RESULTS Overweight children had a greater frequency of wheezing and an odds ratio of 2.57 (95% confidence interval 1.51-4.37) was estimated after controlling for several potential confounding variables. The magnitude of the risk was not affected by several different model specifications. CONCLUSION Excess weight is associated with increased risk for wheezing in this population of children below 5 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R D M Saldiva
- Instituto de Saúde, Coordenadoria de Ciência e Tecnologia e Insumos Estratégicos/Secretaria do Estado de São Paulo, Rua Santo Antônio 590, Bela Vista, CEP 01314-000, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Brunken GS, Silva SM, França GVA, Escuder MM, Venâncio SI. Risk factors for early interruption of exclusive breastfeeding and late introduction of complementary foods among infants in midwestern Brazil. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2006; 82:445-51. [PMID: 17171203 DOI: 10.2223/jped.1569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify factors associated with early interruption (before 4 months) of exclusive breastfeeding and late introduction (after 8 months) of complementary foods. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study, based on a survey conducted on the first day of the National Vaccination Campaign in 2004, in Cuiabá, MT, Brazil. The sample comprised 921 children less than 1 year old, and the adult accompanying each child was interviewed and a semi-structured questionnaire filled out. Probit analysis was employed to assess consumption of liquids and solids, and logistic regression analysis was applied to identify factors associated with early introduction of liquids and with late introduction of solids. RESULTS There was elevated consumption of water and teas, followed by cow's milk among those less than 120 days old. Children were more likely to be given liquids on the day of the survey if they had been consuming them on the day they were discharged from the maternity unit. Approximately 60% of the children were being given soup or the family meal by 8 months. CONCLUSIONS Liquids being given on the first day at home was a good predictor that they would be given for the first 4 months, emphasizing the need for intervention during prenatal care and at maternity units to counter the harm caused by this practice. After 8 months, however, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of the child participating in family meals, especially for adult mothers without higher education and primaparous mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela S Brunken
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, MT, Brasil.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Morbidity information is easily available from medical records but its scope is limited to the population attended by the health services. Information on the prevalence of diseases requires community surveys, which are not always feasible. These two sources of information represent two alternative assessments of disease occurrence, namely demand morbidity and perceived morbidity. The present study was conceived so as to elicit a potential relationship between them so that the former could be used in the absence of the latter. METHODS A community of 13,365 families on the outskirts of S. Paulo, Brazil, was studied during the period from 15/Nov/1994 to 15/Jan/1995. Data regarding children less than 5 years old were collected from a household survey and from the 2 basic health units in the area. Prevalence of diseases was ascertained from perceived morbidity and compared to estimates computed from demand morbidity. RESULTS Data analysis distinguished 2 age groups, infants less than 1 year old and children 1 to less than 5. The most important groups of diseases were respiratory diseases, diarrhoea, skin problems and infectious & parasitical diseases. Basic health units presented a better coverage for infants. Though disease frequencies were not different within or outside these units, a better coverage was found for diarrhoea and infectious & parasitical diseases in the infant group, and for diarrhoea in the older age group. Equivalence between the two types of morbidity was found to be limited to the infant group and concerned only the best covered diseases. The odds of a disease being seen at the health service should be of at least 4:10 to ensure this equivalence. CONCLUSION It was concluded that, provided that health service coverage is good, demand morbidity can be taken as a reliable estimate of community morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Escuder
- Instituto de Saúde, Secretaria da Saúde, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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Lei DL, Chaves SP, Paes AT, Escuder MM, Ribeiro AB, Freire RD, Lerner BR. Risk of linear growth retardation during the first two years of life: a new approach. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999; 53:456-60. [PMID: 10403581 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Estimate the risk of linear growth retardation during the first two years of life as a result of household social vulnerability. SETTING Families who participated in the National Supplementary Feeding Program in the Health Units of the metropolitan area of the city of São Paulo, Brazil. SUBJECTS Four hundred and thirty-one index-babies, weighing more than 2500 grams and who had at least one young sibling under the age of five who participated in the Program for a minimum of two years. DESIGN The index-babies were divided into two cohorts: 74.9% coming from 'non-stunted families' (those with normal height siblings) and 25.1% from 'stunted families' (those with stunted siblings). The study design allowed the observation of growth patterns over a period of time and over a childhood growth range. It also allowed the estimation of the stunting and the recovery probabilities at each moment, not only within a given age range. The transition probabilities between 'stunted' and 'non-stunted' index-babies were estimated. The relative risk ratio (RR) was also calculated. RESULTS The prevalence of stunting in the index-babies at 12 and 24 months of age was significantly greater in 'stunted families' (P < 0.001). Probabilities of becoming stunted began to differ from the fourth month on (confidence intervals non-superposed), and were higher for index-babies from 'stunted families'. The recovery probability of a stunted child was smaller in the 'stunted families' cohort after the 12th month of age. From the third month on, the (RR) was always above 1.5. CONCLUSION The family context exposes children to failure in growth in the first two years of life when there are already stunted children in the household.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Lei
- Division of Nutrition Research, Institute of Health, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Abstract
A sample of 153 children was drawn from a teaching hospital in Säo Paulo, Brazil. It comprised 51 pneumonia cases and equal number of non-respiratory and healthy controls matched by age and sex. Age ranged from 1 month to 7 years. They were all submitted to a standard protocol to investigate clinical symptoms and signs, and diagnosis of pneumonia was supported by X-ray images. Univariate data analysis contrasting pneumonia and non-pneumonia subjects suggested that the best pneumonia indicators would be chest auscultation, history of breathlessness, history of cough, chest in-drawing and fast respiratory rate, in descending order. A multivariate approach including also data from X-ray investigation was then tried with the application of multiple discriminant analysis to study the separation of pneumonia cases, non-respiratory patients and healthy children. It revealed that when many items of information are considered the performance of individual symptoms and signs change. The best predictors of pneumonia were then identified as chest in-drawing, chest auscultation, X-ray, history of breathlessness and toxaemia. Clinical symptoms taken all together contribute more than signs and equal X-ray in importance. Accordingly, it is concluded that any attention to X-ray should be secondary to clinical investigation, and it is suggested that the WHO's guidelines could profit with the inclusion of at least one clinical symptom, namely history of breathlessness which was found more useful than the WHO recommended breath count.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Pereira
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute Dante Pazzanese, Säo Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION An urgent need for the management of science and technology production in the health field has been recognised in Brazil since 1994, when the Federal Government called a National Conference on the subject. The present study presents a methodology for the identification of items of priority in planning such management. MATERIAL AND METHOD A survey was conducted in the research institutes belonging to the S. Paulo State Health Department among a sample of research professionals with a view to collecting data on two different scenarios: present and expected situation. Eighteen concepts, assembled in four different groups, were assessed is terms of an average percentage approval or disapproval, for each scenario. Consistency for the measurement of each of these groups was examined by the use of Cronbach's alpha coefficient and inconsistent concepts were disregarded in the analysis. The average percentage of approval/disapproval was further calculated as scenario co-ordinates for each concept and institute entering the study so that priority maps for concepts and institutes could be constructed. RESULTS Results suggest that the present situation meets with disapproval, though not strongly so, while a high degree of expectation is expressed with significant emphasis as regards research infrastructure management. The main priorities are given as: acknowledgement of performance, support for publication, resource allocation by research project and methodological advice for research analysis. CONCLUSION It is concluded that the study methodology was helpful in eliciting management priorities and could be applied elsewhere with due adjustment of content regarding selection of concept and their grouping.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Pereira
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Estatística, Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, Brasil.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE A case-control study of patients with pneumonia was conducted to investigate whether wheezing diseases could be a risk factor. METHODS A random sample was taken from a general university hospital in S. Paulo City between March and August 1994 comprising 51 cases of pneumonia paired by age and sex to 51 non-respiratory controls and 51 healthy controls. Data collection was carried out by two senior paediatricians. Diagnoses of pneumonia and presence of wheezing disease were independently established by each paediatrician for both cases and controls. Pneumonia was radiologically confirmed and repeatability of information on wheezing diseases was measured. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors. RESULTS Wheezing diseases, interpreted as proxies of asthma, were found to be an important risk factor for pneumonia with an odds ratio of 7.07 (95% CI = 2.34-21.36), when the effects of bedroom crowding (odds ratio = 1.49 per person, 95% CI = 0.95-2.32) and of low family income (odds ratio = 5.59 against high family income, 95% CI = 1.38-22.63) were controlled. The risk of pneumonia attributable to wheezing diseases is tentatively calculated at 51.42%. CONCLUSION It is concluded that at practice level asthmatics should deserve proper surveillance for infection and that at public health level pneumonia incidence could be reduced if current World Health Organisation's guidelines were reviewed as to include comprehensive care for this illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Pereira
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Estatística do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, Brasil.
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