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Middleton AM, Reynolds J, Cable S, Baltazar MT, Li H, Beven S, Carmichael PL, Dent MP, Hatherell S, Houghton J, Kukic P, Liddell M, Malcomber S, Nicol B, Park B, Patel H, Scott S, Sparham C, Walker P, White A. Are non-animal systemic safety assessments protective? A toolbox and workflow. Toxicol Sci 2022; 189:124-147. [PMID: 35822611 PMCID: PMC9412174 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An important question in toxicological risk assessment is whether non-animal new approach methodologies (NAMs) can be used to make safety decisions that are protective of human health, without being overly conservative. In this work, we propose a core NAM toolbox and workflow for conducting systemic safety assessments for adult consumers. We also present an approach for evaluating how protective and useful the toolbox and workflow are by benchmarking against historical safety decisions. The toolbox includes physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models to estimate systemic Cmax levels in humans, and 3 bioactivity platforms, comprising high-throughput transcriptomics, a cell stress panel, and in vitro pharmacological profiling, from which points of departure are estimated. A Bayesian model was developed to quantify the uncertainty in the Cmax estimates depending on how the PBK models were parameterized. The feasibility of the evaluation approach was tested using 24 exposure scenarios from 10 chemicals, some of which would be considered high risk from a consumer goods perspective (eg, drugs that are systemically bioactive) and some low risk (eg, existing food or cosmetic ingredients). Using novel protectiveness and utility metrics, it was shown that up to 69% (9/13) of the low risk scenarios could be identified as such using the toolbox, whilst being protective against all (5/5) the high-risk ones. The results demonstrated how robust safety decisions could be made without using animal data. This work will enable a full evaluation to assess how protective and useful the toolbox and workflow are across a broader range of chemical-exposure scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair M Middleton
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Reynolds
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Cable
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Teresa Baltazar
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Hequn Li
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Beven
- Discovery Services, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Paul L Carmichael
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Philip Dent
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Hatherell
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jade Houghton
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Predrag Kukic
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Liddell
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Malcomber
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Beate Nicol
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Park
- Discovery Services, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Hiral Patel
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd, No. 24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Scott
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Sparham
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Walker
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew White
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
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Gilmour N, Reynolds J, Przybylak K, Aleksic M, Aptula N, Baltazar MT, Cubberley R, Rajagopal R, Reynolds G, Spriggs S, Thorpe C, Windebank S, Maxwell G. Next generation risk assessment for skin allergy: Decision making using new approach methodologies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 131:105159. [PMID: 35311660 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Our aim is to develop and apply next generation approaches to skin allergy risk assessment (SARA) that do not require new animal test data and better quantify uncertainties. Significant progress has been made in the development of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs), non-animal test methods, for assessment of skin sensitisation and there is now focus on their application to derive potency information for use in Next Generation Risk Assessment (NGRA). The SARA model utilises a Bayesian statistical approach to infer a human-relevant metric of sensitiser potency and a measure of risk associated with a given consumer exposure based upon any combination of human repeat insult patch test, local lymph node, direct peptide reactivity assay, KeratinoSens™, h-CLAT or U-SENS™ data. Here we have applied the SARA model within our weight of evidence NGRA framework for skin allergy to three case study materials in four consumer products. Highlighting how to structure the risk assessment, apply NAMs to derive a point of departure and conclude on consumer safety risk. NGRA based upon NAMs were, for these exposures, at least as protective as the historical risk assessment approaches. Through such case studies we are building our confidence in using NAMs for skin allergy risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gilmour
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK.
| | - J Reynolds
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - K Przybylak
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - M Aleksic
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - N Aptula
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - M T Baltazar
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - R Cubberley
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - R Rajagopal
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - G Reynolds
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - S Spriggs
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - C Thorpe
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - S Windebank
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - G Maxwell
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
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Moxon TE, Li H, Lee MY, Piechota P, Nicol B, Pickles J, Pendlington R, Sorrell I, Baltazar MT. Application of physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modelling in the next generation risk assessment of dermally applied consumer products. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 63:104746. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Baltazar MT, Dinis-Oliveira R, de Lourdes Bastos M, Duarte JA, Carvalho F. Lysine acetylsalicylate improves the safety of paraquat formulation in rats by increasing its elimination and preventing lung and kidney injury. Toxicol Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Costa Lima SA, Silvestre R, Barros D, Cunha J, Baltazar MT, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Cordeiro-da-Silva A. Crucial CD8+ T-lymphocyte cytotoxic role in amphotericin B nanospheres efficacy against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2014; 10:1021-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Baltazar MT, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Martins A, Bastos MDL, Duarte JA, Guilhermino L, Carvalho F. Lysine acetylsalicylate increases the safety of a paraquat formulation to freshwater primary producers: a case study with the microalga Chlorella vulgaris. Aquat Toxicol 2014; 146:137-143. [PMID: 24296111 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of herbicides are presently used in the industrialized nations worldwide, with an inexorable burden to the environment, especially to aquatic ecosystems. Primary producers such as microalgae are of especial concern because they are vital for the input of energy into the ecosystem and for the maintenance of oxygen in water on which most of other marine life forms depend on. The herbicide paraquat (PQ) is known to cause inhibition of photosynthesis and irreversible damage to photosynthetic organisms through generation of reactive oxygen species in a light-dependent manner. Previous studies have led to the development of a new formulation of PQ containing lysine acetylsalicylate (LAS) as an antidote, which was shown to prevent the mammalian toxicity of PQ, while maintaining the herbicidal effect. However, the safety of this formulation to primary producers in relation to commercially available PQ formulations has hitherto not been established. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of the PQ+LAS formulation in comparison with the PQ, using Chlorella vulgaris as a test organism. Effect criterion was the inhibition of microalgal population growth. Following a 96 h exposure to increasing concentrations of PQ, C. vulgaris growth was almost completely inhibited, an effect that was significantly prevented by LAS at the proportion used in the formulation (PQ+LAS) 1:2 (mol/mol), while the highest protection was achieved at the proportion of 1:8. In conclusion, the present work demonstrated that the new formulation with PQ+LAS has a reduced toxicity to C. vulgaris when compared to Gramoxone(®).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Baltazar
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; IINFACTS-Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, Advanced Institute of Health Sciences-North, CESPU, CRL, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; IINFACTS-Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, Advanced Institute of Health Sciences-North, CESPU, CRL, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; Department of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; CENCIFOR-Forensic Sciences Center, Largo da Sé Nova, 3000-213, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Martins
- CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Ecology, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Department of Populations Studies, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Alberto Duarte
- CIAFEL, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91-4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Guilhermino
- CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Ecology, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Department of Populations Studies, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Baltazar MT, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Bastos MDL, Duarte JA, Carvalho F. Lysine acetylsalicylate improves the safety of paraquat formulation in rats by increasing its elimination and preventing lung and kidney injury. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2014; 3:266. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tx50102g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
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Baltazar MT, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Guilhermino L, Bastos MDL, Duarte JA, Carvalho F. New formulation of paraquat with lysine acetylsalicylate with low mammalian toxicity and effective herbicidal activity. Pest Manag Sci 2013; 69:553-558. [PMID: 23109273 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, the commercial formulations of the herbicide paraquat are highly toxic to humans, and no effective antidote is available for paraquat poisoning. The aim of the present study was to develop a safe formulation, combining paraquat and the known antidote lysine acetylsalicylate. The toxicity of a mixture of Gramoxone® (20% paraquat) and lysine acetylsalicylate in adult Wistar male rats and the herbicidal efficacy against grass lawn (50% of Poa pratensis and 50% of Festuca arundinacea) were evaluated. This new formulation was administered to Wistar rats by gavage at 125 mg kg(-1) of paraquat ion and lysine acetylsalicylate at 79, 158 or 316 mg kg(-1) body weight, and the survival rate was observed for 30 days. RESULTS The survival rate of the paraquat group was only 40%, while lysine acetylsalicylate provided effective protection, with full survival observed in the groups that received 125 mg kg(-1) of paraquat ion and 316 mg kg(-1) of lysine acetylsalicylate. Both formulations of paraquat, either in the absence or in the presence of lysine acetylsalicylate, provided the same herbicidal activity against the tested herbal species. CONCLUSIONS The present formulation of paraquat containing lysine acetylsalicylate, significantly decreases mammalian toxicity while maintaining effective herbicidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Baltazar
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Ott L, McKenzie A, Baltazar MT, Britting S, Bischof A, Burkovski A, Hoskisson PA. Evaluation of invertebrate infection models for pathogenic corynebacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 65:413-21. [PMID: 22443092 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2012.00963.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
For several pathogenic bacteria, model systems for host-pathogen interactions were developed, which provide the possibility of quick and cost-effective high throughput screening of mutant bacteria for genes involved in pathogenesis. A number of different model systems, including amoeba, nematodes, insects, and fish, have been introduced, and it was observed that different bacteria respond in different ways to putative surrogate hosts, and distinct model systems might be more or less suitable for a certain pathogen. The aim of this study was to develop a suitable invertebrate model for the human and animal pathogens Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, and Corynebacterium ulcerans. The results obtained in this study indicate that Acanthamoeba polyphaga is not optimal as surrogate host, while both Caenorhabtitis elegans and Galleria larvae seem to offer tractable models for rapid assessment of virulence between strains. Caenorhabtitis elegans gives more differentiated results and might be the best model system for pathogenic corynebacteria, given the tractability of bacteria and the range of mutant nematodes available to investigate the host response in combination with bacterial virulence. Nevertheless, Galleria will also be useful in respect to innate immune responses to pathogens because insects offer a more complex cell-based innate immune system compared with the simple innate immune system of C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ott
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Moreira PN, de Pinho PG, Baltazar MT, Bastos ML, Carvalho F, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. Quantification of paraquat in postmortem samples by gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry and review of the literature. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 26:338-349. [PMID: 21656535 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) is an herbicide implicated in numerous fatalities, mainly caused by voluntary ingestion. Several methods have been used to quantify PQ in plasma and urine samples of intoxicated humans as a predictor of clinical outcome. There is no validated method for the analysis of PQ in postmortem samples. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop an analytical method, using gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry (GC-IT/MS) after solid-phase extraction, to quantify PQ in postmortem samples, namely in whole blood, urine, liver, lung and kidney, to cover the routes of distribution, accumulation and elimination of PQ. The method proved to be selective as there were no interferences of endogenous compounds with the same retention time as PQ and ethyl paraquat (internal standard). The regression analysis for PQ was linear in the range 0-10 µg/mL. The detection limits ranged from 0.0076 µg/mL for urine to 0.047 µg/mL for whole blood, and the recoveries were suitable for forensic analysis. The proposed GC-IT/MS method provided an accurate and simple assay with adequate precision and recovery for the quantification of PQ in postmortem samples. The proof of applicability was performed in two fatal PQ intoxications. A review of the analytical methods for the determination of quaternary ammonium herbicides is also provided for a better understanding of the presently available techniques.
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