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Garrido MA, Parra M, Díaz J, Medel J, Nowak D, Radon K. Occupational Safety and Health in a Community of Shellfish Divers: A Community-Based Participatory Approach. J Community Health 2021; 45:569-578. [PMID: 31728798 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-019-00777-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In artisanal fishing communities in Chile, the access to occupational safety and health (OSH) is limited by factors such as the informality of employment. Our objective was to analyze the working and health conditions of workers in a coastal town in Southern Chile, under a community-based participatory approach. We carried out two independent social dialogue workshops within the community. The first one (N of participants = 25) was aimed to identify the strengths, weaknesses and challenges for preventing decompression sickness among divers. The second workshop (N of participants = 10) was set to identify the work processes and to map the occupational risks during seafood harvesting and processing in the community. Community members' training for handling and preventing decompression sickness among divers, and the collaboration between a local health representative, stakeholders and authorities, were identified as contributing factors in reducing fatalities and sequels among divers in the past. Technology and safety on board the vessels, training of healthcare personnel in OSH, and access to health programs, were identified as remaining challenges. Through risk mapping, the participants identified the relationship between working and health conditions in the community, reinforcing the necessity of improving access to health and social security. The community participation in identifying and analyzing working and health conditions could be the first step for a strategy to address OSH through primary health care in rural communities. Community empowerment and involvement in action plans, training on basic OSH for health care workers, and public policies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A Garrido
- CIHLMU Center for International Health, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Comunidad de Práctica sobre el Enfoque Ecosistémico en Salud Humana, COPEH-LAC, Southern Cone node, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
| | - Manuel Parra
- CIHLMU Center for International Health, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Comunidad de Práctica sobre el Enfoque Ecosistémico en Salud Humana, COPEH-LAC, Southern Cone node, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Juana Díaz
- Terminal Pesquero de Carelmapu, Maullín, Chile
| | - Julia Medel
- Comunidad de Práctica sobre el Enfoque Ecosistémico en Salud Humana, COPEH-LAC, Southern Cone node, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Centro de Estudios de la Mujer, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Dennis Nowak
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Radon
- CIHLMU Center for International Health, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology & NetTeaching Unit, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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2
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Baena E, Fuentes MV, Garrido MA, Rodríguez J, Ceballos L. Influence of post-cure time on the microhardness of self-adhesive resin cements inside the root canal. Oper Dent 2012; 37:548-56. [PMID: 22335306 DOI: 10.2341/11-079-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the microhardness of several dual-cure, self-adhesive resin cements used to lute fiber posts at 24 hours and seven days after cementation. METHODS Bovine incisors were selected to lute 15 fiber posts that were 12 mm long (FRC Postec Plus size 3, Ivoclar-Vivadent). Five resin cements were tested: Multilink Automix (Ivoclar-Vivadent), without light-curing, and the self-adhesive resin cements Maxcem Elite (Kerr), RelyX Unicem (3M ESPE), G-Cem (GC), and Smartcem 2 (Dentsply), which were light-cured for 40 seconds (LED Bluephase, Ivoclar-Vivadent). Each root was embedded in chemically cured acrylic resin and stored at 37°C for 24 hours. The roots were transversally sectioned into nine specimens that were each 1 mm thick, with three specimens corresponding to each root third. Indentations (100g, 30 seconds) were performed on each section in the resin cement, at 24 hours and seven days after cementation, using a Vickers digital microdurometer (Buehler). Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance, Student-Newman-Keuls test, and paired t-test (p<0.05). RESULTS A significant influence was found (p<0.05) for the resin cement evaluated, the root third, and their interactions on microhardness values at 24 hours and seven days after post cementation. RelyX Unicem and G-Cem exhibited the highest microhardness values, whereas Multilink Automix presented the lowest. All resin cements suffered a decrease in microhardness according to root canal depth, with the exception of G-Cem and Multilink Automix at 24 hours and Smartcem 2 after seven days. After seven days, the evaluated resin cements showed a significant increase in microhardness values, with the exception of Maxcem Elite and Smartcem 2 at the coronal third. CONCLUSIONS Microhardness of the self-adhesive resin cements when used to lute fiber posts was material-dependent and higher values were obtained in the coronal third, revealing their sensitivity to light irradiation. More information regarding the polymerization reaction of these cements is warranted. According to the current results, microhardness values were significantly higher one week after post luting.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Baena
- Rey Juan Carlos University, Stomatology, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Bello Báez A, Cavada A, Alventosa E, González C, Fernández Del Castillo M, Santana A, Vivancos JI, Pascual S, Rodríguez LE, Garrido MA, Fuentes J, Allende A, Domínguez Del Toro A. [Appendicular mucocele - multislice CT imaging]. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2009; 100:592-3. [PMID: 19025313 DOI: 10.4321/s1130-01082008000900013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Alonso F, Fernández GP, Gallardo S, Garrido MA, Jiménez S, Gimeno MJ, Hierro C. [Producing intravenous medications in a pharmacy]. Rev Enferm 2004; 27:55-8. [PMID: 15239499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The authors explain the different intravenous mixtures and the types of preloaded syringes elaborated in a centralized unit, analysing their profitability and evaluating their repercussion on the daily work nurses have to perform. This study was carried out in the Hospital de Poniente in Almeria, a county hospital which has 165 beds. The hospital authorities defined those medications which were chosen to be prepared in a centralized unit in the Pharmacy Service of the hospital and they drew up a list/guide of their corresponding conservation conditions. The authorities determined the time which nursing personnel in the various hospital units would employ in the elaboration of these medications and compared that with the time employed in the Pharmacy Service.
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5
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Garrido MA, Jamilena M, Lozano R, Ruiz Rejon C, Ruiz Rejon M, Parker JS. rDNA site number polymorphism and NOR inactivation in natural populations of Allium schoenoprasum. Genetica 1994; 94:67-71. [PMID: 7729698 DOI: 10.1007/bf01429221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Nucleolar-organiser activity has been studied by silver staining and by in situ hybridization with an rDNA probe in two populations of Allium schoenoprasum. One population is monomorphic with NORs and rDNA sites terminal on the short arm of pair 8 in all individuals. The other populations is monomorphic for pair 8 NORs but is also polymorphic for NORs on the long arm of pair 7. All plants in this population carry ribosomal cistrons on both chromosomes of pair 7 but 0, 1 or 2 of these sites can be active in rRNA synthesis. Cis-acting nucleolar-suppression affects the pair 7 locus. We suggest that there has been progressive reduction in the number of NORs during the evolution of A. schoenoprasum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Garrido
- Departamento de Genetica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Spain
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6
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Segal DM, Qian JH, Mezzanzanica D, Garrido MA, Titus JA, Andrew SM, George AJ, Jost CR, Perez P, Wunderlich JR. Targeting of anti-tumor responses with bispecific antibodies. Immunobiology 1992; 185:390-402. [PMID: 1452212 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(11)80655-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
T cells can be induced to specifically lyse tumor cells with bispecific antibodies containing anti-T cell receptor mAbs crosslinked to anti-tumor mAbs. Such "targeted cytolysis" requires that the target cell be bound directly to the cytotoxic cell. In addition, targeted T cells mediate a second activity, the secretion of factors that can block the growth of both tumor target cells and bystander tumor cells. When given to nude mice bearing intraperitoneal human ovarian carcinoma, targeted human T cells cause the rapid removal of most tumor cells from the peritoneum, and markedly prolong the times of survival of treated mice. The efficacy of targeted T cells for treating human cancer is currently being tested in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Segal
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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7
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Wunderlich JR, Mezzanzanica D, Garrido MA, Neblock DS, Daddona PE, Andrew SM, Zurawski VR, Canevari S, Colnaghi MI, Segal DM. Bispecific antibodies and retargeted cellular cytotoxicity: novel approaches to cancer therapy. Int J Clin Lab Res 1992; 22:17-20. [PMID: 1633315 DOI: 10.1007/bf02591388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have used a relatively new technology to increase the number of human lymphocytes that will react with human ovarian carcinoma cells. This technology, often called "retargeting of the immune system," can temporarily redirect the activity of immune cells that were originally committed to react with foreign substances other than cancer cells. In the example presented here, the antitumor effects of retargeted human T lymphocytes, collected from normal donors, were tested in immunodeficient mice with a human ovarian carcinoma line growing intraperitoneally. We retargeted T cells in vitro with a bispecific antibody that reacted with the T cell receptor complex and with a cell-surface antigen expressed by the ovarian carcinoma cells. Retargeted lymphocytes, injected intraperitoneally into mice 4 days after intraperitoneal injection of the tumor cells, impeded tumor growth and doubled the host survival time. These findings provide support for the concept that treatment of ovarian cancer patients with retargeted T cells could prove beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Wunderlich
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
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8
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Segal DM, Qian JH, Andrew SM, Titus JA, Mezzanzanica D, Garrido MA, Wunderlich JR. Cytokine release by peripheral blood lymphocytes targeted with bispecific antibodies, and its role in blocking tumor growth. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1991; 636:288-94. [PMID: 1793216 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb33459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D M Segal
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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9
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Mezzanzanica D, Garrido MA, Neblock DS, Daddona PE, Andrew SM, Zurawski VR, Segal DM, Wunderlich JR. Human T-lymphocytes targeted against an established human ovarian carcinoma with a bispecific F(ab')2 antibody prolong host survival in a murine xenograft model. Cancer Res 1991; 51:5716-21. [PMID: 1833054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A bispecific F(ab')2 fragment with anti-CD3 and antitumor specificity was used to target activated human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) against OVCAR-3 human ovarian carcinoma cells growing i.p. in athymic mice. Mice were given injections of OVCAR-3 cells on day 0 and treated with i.p. injections of activated PBL coated with the [anti-CD3 (TR66) x antitumor (MOv18)] bispecific F(ab')2 on day 4, using an approximate effector:target ratio of 1:1. Treatment was evaluated for the ability either to block tumor growth at 15 days or to prolong survival of tumor-bearing mice. After 15 days, the incidence of mice with tumor growth was 20% among those given PBL coated with bispecific F(ab')2, whereas the incidence among mice untreated or treated with PBL alone or PBL with either parental antibody ranged from 80 to 94%. The mean survival time of tumor-bearing mice treated with PBL and bispecific F(ab')2 was 104 days, which was 3.5 times that of untreated mice and twice that of mice given PBL alone or PBL with either parental antibody. These results provide support for the concept that treatment of ovarian cancer patients with targeted T-cells could prove beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mezzanzanica
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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10
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Qian JH, Titus JA, Andrew SM, Mezzanzanica D, Garrido MA, Wunderlich JR, Segal DM. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes targeted with bispecific antibodies release cytokines that are essential for inhibiting tumor growth. The Journal of Immunology 1991. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.146.9.3250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We have compared the mechanisms by which human PBL targeted with bispecific antibodies either lyse tumor cells or block their growth in culture or in mice. We found that resting PBL were unable to mediate lysis, but were able to block tumor growth. Moreover, targeted PBL were unable to lyse bystander cells, whereas targeted PBL did block the growth of bystander tumor cells in culture and in nude mice. Supernatants from cultures of targeted PBL, or from PBL grown on anti-CD3-coated flasks, blocked the growth of tumor cells in the absence of added effector cells, and antibodies against TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma reversed the inhibition of tumor growth, but had no effect upon cytolysis mediated by targeted by PBL. Our results show that targeted human PBL mediate two different antitumor activities: lysis, which occurs rapidly and requires the direct attachment of the target cell to the cytotoxic cell, and tumor growth inhibition, which is mediated by cytokines released into the medium as a result of receptor cross-linking. The inhibition of bystander tumor growth in mice by targeted PBL suggests that factor release is sufficient to block tumor growth in vivo. Targeted factor release therefore provides a mechanism by which targeted PBL could block the growth of tumor cells in vivo that were not bound by the effector cells, but which were located in the vicinity of tumor cells that were bound.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Qian
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - J A Titus
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - S M Andrew
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - D Mezzanzanica
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - M A Garrido
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - J R Wunderlich
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - D M Segal
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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11
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Qian JH, Titus JA, Andrew SM, Mezzanzanica D, Garrido MA, Wunderlich JR, Segal DM. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes targeted with bispecific antibodies release cytokines that are essential for inhibiting tumor growth. J Immunol 1991; 146:3250-6. [PMID: 1826709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have compared the mechanisms by which human PBL targeted with bispecific antibodies either lyse tumor cells or block their growth in culture or in mice. We found that resting PBL were unable to mediate lysis, but were able to block tumor growth. Moreover, targeted PBL were unable to lyse bystander cells, whereas targeted PBL did block the growth of bystander tumor cells in culture and in nude mice. Supernatants from cultures of targeted PBL, or from PBL grown on anti-CD3-coated flasks, blocked the growth of tumor cells in the absence of added effector cells, and antibodies against TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma reversed the inhibition of tumor growth, but had no effect upon cytolysis mediated by targeted by PBL. Our results show that targeted human PBL mediate two different antitumor activities: lysis, which occurs rapidly and requires the direct attachment of the target cell to the cytotoxic cell, and tumor growth inhibition, which is mediated by cytokines released into the medium as a result of receptor cross-linking. The inhibition of bystander tumor growth in mice by targeted PBL suggests that factor release is sufficient to block tumor growth in vivo. Targeted factor release therefore provides a mechanism by which targeted PBL could block the growth of tumor cells in vivo that were not bound by the effector cells, but which were located in the vicinity of tumor cells that were bound.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/administration & dosage
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- CD3 Complex
- Cytokines/physiology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Isoantibodies/administration & dosage
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Lymphotoxin-alpha/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Receptor Aggregation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Fc/immunology
- Receptors, IgG
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Qian
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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12
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Segal DM, Garrido MA, Qian JH, Mezzanzanica D, Andrew S, Perez P, Kurucz I, Valdayo MJ, Titus JA, Mezzananica D. Effectors of targeted cellular cytotoxicity. Mol Immunol 1990; 27:1339-42. [PMID: 2274063 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(90)90040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D M Segal
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
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13
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Garrido MA, Valdayo MJ, Winkler DF, Titus JA, Hecht TT, Perez P, Segal DM, Wunderlich JR. Targeting human T-lymphocytes with bispecific antibodies to react against human ovarian carcinoma cells growing in nu/nu mice. Cancer Res 1990; 50:4227-32. [PMID: 2142014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we tested whether human T-cells from normal donors can be targeted against human ovarian carcinoma cells and block i.p. growth of an established tumor in immunodeficient mice. For targeting we used chemically cross-linked bispecific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) reacting with CD3 on the T-cells and with cell-surface antigens selectively expressed by tumor cells. The tumor model consisted of mice given i.p. injections of a human ovarian carcinoma cell line, OVCAR-3, whose growth includes development of massive ascites. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal human donors were cultured overnight with 50-100 units/ml recombinant interleukin 2, coated with bispecific antibodies, and injected i.p. into mice 4-6 days after tumor inoculation, at which time tumor cells were established and growing in about 85% of the hosts. Tumor growth was assessed by the number of tumor cells, and in some tests by cell-free tumor antigen, recovered in peritoneal lavage fluid collected 15 days after tumor priming. Treatment with lymphocytes retargeted with bispecific mAbs, prepared with anti-CD3 and three different antitumor mAbs, 113F1, OVB-3, and MOv19, gave highly significant increases in percentages of mice without detectable tumor. Controls showed that the antitumor activity of retargeted lymphocytes did not result simply from antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or from heteroconjugates reacting only with CD3 or with lymphocyte major histocompatibility complex determinants and tumor cells. These results show that targeted T-lymphocytes can significantly decrease the growth of an established tumor in a fashion specific for antigens expressed by the neoplastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Garrido
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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14
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Garrido MA, Perez P, Titus JA, Valdayo MJ, Winkler DF, Barbieri SA, Wunderlich JR, Segal DM. Targeted cytotoxic cells in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The Journal of Immunology 1990. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.144.8.2891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We have isolated subsets of cells from human PBL and have investigated their abilities to mediate lysis targeted by bispecific antibodies. Targeted cytotoxic cells were divided into two distinct types based on buoyant density. The low buoyant density fraction contained all of the targetable cytotoxic activity in unstimulated PBL, including both T and K cells targeted with anti-CD3 and anti-Fc gamma RIII (CD16) containing bispecific antibodies, respectively. Both types of targetable cytotoxic cells required IL-2 for maintenance of cytotoxic activity, expressed the CD56 (NKH1) marker, and mediated MHC-unrestricted lysis. The targetable T cells in low density PBL were exclusively CD8+ and represented only about 2% of the total PBL. The high buoyant density lymphocytes, depleted of NK cells, had no targetable activity, but were able to generate over several days, targetable T cell activity in the presence of a TCR cross-linking signal plus IL-2. Unlike the low-density cells, the activated high buoyant density effector T cells did not express CD56, consisted of both CD4+ and CD8+ cells, and did not mediate MHC-unrestricted lysis. These cells proliferated more rapidly and generated more total lytic activity than the low-density fraction. Our studies show that targetable cytotoxic activity in human PBL is mediated by several subsets of cells with different activation requirements. Presumably all of these activities could be directed against unwanted cells in clinical or preclinical studies involving targeted cytotoxic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Garrido
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - P Perez
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - J A Titus
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - M J Valdayo
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - D F Winkler
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - S A Barbieri
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - J R Wunderlich
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - D M Segal
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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15
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Garrido MA, Perez P, Titus JA, Valdayo MJ, Winkler DF, Barbieri SA, Wunderlich JR, Segal DM. Targeted cytotoxic cells in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. J Immunol 1990; 144:2891-8. [PMID: 1691221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated subsets of cells from human PBL and have investigated their abilities to mediate lysis targeted by bispecific antibodies. Targeted cytotoxic cells were divided into two distinct types based on buoyant density. The low buoyant density fraction contained all of the targetable cytotoxic activity in unstimulated PBL, including both T and K cells targeted with anti-CD3 and anti-Fc gamma RIII (CD16) containing bispecific antibodies, respectively. Both types of targetable cytotoxic cells required IL-2 for maintenance of cytotoxic activity, expressed the CD56 (NKH1) marker, and mediated MHC-unrestricted lysis. The targetable T cells in low density PBL were exclusively CD8+ and represented only about 2% of the total PBL. The high buoyant density lymphocytes, depleted of NK cells, had no targetable activity, but were able to generate over several days, targetable T cell activity in the presence of a TCR cross-linking signal plus IL-2. Unlike the low-density cells, the activated high buoyant density effector T cells did not express CD56, consisted of both CD4+ and CD8+ cells, and did not mediate MHC-unrestricted lysis. These cells proliferated more rapidly and generated more total lytic activity than the low-density fraction. Our studies show that targetable cytotoxic activity in human PBL is mediated by several subsets of cells with different activation requirements. Presumably all of these activities could be directed against unwanted cells in clinical or preclinical studies involving targeted cytotoxic cells.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- CD3 Complex
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD56 Antigen
- CD8 Antigens
- Cell Separation
- Centrifugation, Density Gradient
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Flow Cytometry
- Immunity, Cellular
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Receptor Aggregation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Garrido
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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16
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Segal DM, Garrido MA, Perez P, Titus JA, Winkler DA, Ring DB, Kaubisch A, Wunderlich JR. Targeted cytotoxic cells as a novel form of cancer immunotherapy. Mol Immunol 1988; 25:1099-103. [PMID: 3265476 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(88)90144-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D M Segal
- Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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17
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Titus JA, Perez P, Kaubisch A, Garrido MA, Segal DM. Human K/natural killer cells targeted with hetero-cross-linked antibodies specifically lyse tumor cells in vitro and prevent tumor growth in vivo. J Immunol 1987; 139:3153-8. [PMID: 2959724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We have induced fresh peripheral blood K/natural killer cells to lyse a variety of target cells by coating them with anti-Fc gamma receptor (anti-Fc gamma R) (CD16) antibody hetero-cross-linked with anti-target cell antibody. The cytotoxic cell mediating this activity is different, as judged by depletion studies, from the CD3+, CD8+ T cell which is targeted by anti-CD3 cross-linked to anti-target cell antibody. Targeted K cell activity from some donors is enhanced by exposure to interleukin 2 but not interferon-gamma; other donors exhibit high amounts of this activity without stimulation. Specificity of lysis mediated by targeted K cells is dictated by the specificity of the anti-target cell antibody within the heteroconjugate, and bystander cells are not lysed by targeted K cells. Hetero-cross-linked antibodies containing anti-histocompatibility leukocyte antigen class I instead of anti-Fc gamma R (CD16) do not promote lysis, suggesting that the bridging of the target cell to Fc gamma R on the K cell is required to activate the lytic process. Lysis mediated by targeted K cells is much less inhibitable by polymerized IgG than is classical antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Fresh human melanoma cells are lysed specifically by K cells coated with anti-Fc gamma R (CD16) cross-linked to the 96.5 anti-melanoma antibody. In vivo, targeted K cells prevent tumor growth at low effector to target ratios in Winn-type tumor neutralization assays. Targeted K cells may therefore provide a new immunotherapeutic approach for the destruction of detrimental cells, such as tumor and virally infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Titus
- Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Titus JA, Perez P, Kaubisch A, Garrido MA, Segal DM. Human K/natural killer cells targeted with hetero-cross-linked antibodies specifically lyse tumor cells in vitro and prevent tumor growth in vivo. The Journal of Immunology 1987. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.139.9.3153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We have induced fresh peripheral blood K/natural killer cells to lyse a variety of target cells by coating them with anti-Fc gamma receptor (anti-Fc gamma R) (CD16) antibody hetero-cross-linked with anti-target cell antibody. The cytotoxic cell mediating this activity is different, as judged by depletion studies, from the CD3+, CD8+ T cell which is targeted by anti-CD3 cross-linked to anti-target cell antibody. Targeted K cell activity from some donors is enhanced by exposure to interleukin 2 but not interferon-gamma; other donors exhibit high amounts of this activity without stimulation. Specificity of lysis mediated by targeted K cells is dictated by the specificity of the anti-target cell antibody within the heteroconjugate, and bystander cells are not lysed by targeted K cells. Hetero-cross-linked antibodies containing anti-histocompatibility leukocyte antigen class I instead of anti-Fc gamma R (CD16) do not promote lysis, suggesting that the bridging of the target cell to Fc gamma R on the K cell is required to activate the lytic process. Lysis mediated by targeted K cells is much less inhibitable by polymerized IgG than is classical antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Fresh human melanoma cells are lysed specifically by K cells coated with anti-Fc gamma R (CD16) cross-linked to the 96.5 anti-melanoma antibody. In vivo, targeted K cells prevent tumor growth at low effector to target ratios in Winn-type tumor neutralization assays. Targeted K cells may therefore provide a new immunotherapeutic approach for the destruction of detrimental cells, such as tumor and virally infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Titus
- Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - P Perez
- Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - A Kaubisch
- Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - M A Garrido
- Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - D M Segal
- Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Titus JA, Garrido MA, Hecht TT, Winkler DF, Wunderlich JR, Segal DM. Human T cells targeted with anti-T3 cross-linked to antitumor antibody prevent tumor growth in nude mice. The Journal of Immunology 1987. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.138.11.4018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Human peripheral blood T cells were tested for the ability to prevent tumor growth in nude mice when targeted with anti-T3 cross-linked to antitumor antibodies. LS174T human colon adenocarcinoma cells were mixed with human PBL coated either with anti-T3 (Fab) cross-linked to 315F6 (Fab) (an antitumor monoclonal antibody) or with no antibody, and were injected subcutaneously into nude mice. Tumor growth was totally inhibited at effector to target (E:T) ratios of 7.0:1 and 2.1:1, and was partially inhibited at 0.7:1 with antibody-coated PBL, but was not inhibited by uncoated PBL. T cell-mediated protection against tumor growth occurred when an antitumor was physically cross-linked to anti-T3. Neither a mixture of unlinked anti-T3 and antitumor antibodies nor anti-human MHC class I cross-linked to antitumor antibody prevented tumor growth. Whereas in vitro cytotoxicity was mediated exclusively by T8+ cells and was augmented by brief exposure of effector cells to IL 2, tumor neutralization in vivo was mediated by both T4+ and T8+ cells and was not significantly stimulated by prior exposure of the cells to IL 2. We conclude that human T cells, when targeted with appropriate antibody heteroaggregates, can specifically inhibit tumor growth at low E:T ratios, and that cells mediating tumor neutralization in vivo may differ from those mediating cytotoxicity in vitro.
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Titus JA, Garrido MA, Hecht TT, Winkler DF, Wunderlich JR, Segal DM. Human T cells targeted with anti-T3 cross-linked to antitumor antibody prevent tumor growth in nude mice. J Immunol 1987; 138:4018-22. [PMID: 3108382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Human peripheral blood T cells were tested for the ability to prevent tumor growth in nude mice when targeted with anti-T3 cross-linked to antitumor antibodies. LS174T human colon adenocarcinoma cells were mixed with human PBL coated either with anti-T3 (Fab) cross-linked to 315F6 (Fab) (an antitumor monoclonal antibody) or with no antibody, and were injected subcutaneously into nude mice. Tumor growth was totally inhibited at effector to target (E:T) ratios of 7.0:1 and 2.1:1, and was partially inhibited at 0.7:1 with antibody-coated PBL, but was not inhibited by uncoated PBL. T cell-mediated protection against tumor growth occurred when an antitumor was physically cross-linked to anti-T3. Neither a mixture of unlinked anti-T3 and antitumor antibodies nor anti-human MHC class I cross-linked to antitumor antibody prevented tumor growth. Whereas in vitro cytotoxicity was mediated exclusively by T8+ cells and was augmented by brief exposure of effector cells to IL 2, tumor neutralization in vivo was mediated by both T4+ and T8+ cells and was not significantly stimulated by prior exposure of the cells to IL 2. We conclude that human T cells, when targeted with appropriate antibody heteroaggregates, can specifically inhibit tumor growth at low E:T ratios, and that cells mediating tumor neutralization in vivo may differ from those mediating cytotoxicity in vitro.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Colonic Neoplasms/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Neutralization Tests
- T-Lymphocytes/classification
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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