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Sokolowska E, Viitanen R, Misiewicz Z, Mennesson M, Saarnio S, Kulesskaya N, Kängsep S, Liljenbäck H, Marjamäki P, Autio A, Callan SA, Nuutila P, Roivainen A, Partonen T, Hovatta I. The circadian gene Cryptochrome 2 influences stress-induced brain activity and depressive-like behavior in mice. Genes Brain Behav 2020; 20:e12708. [PMID: 33070440 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cryptochrome 2 (Cry2) is a core clock gene important for circadian regulation. It has also been associated with anxiety and depressive-like behaviors in mice, but the previous findings have been conflicting in terms of the direction of the effect. To begin to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of this association, we carried out behavioral testing, PET imaging, and gene expression analysis of Cry2-/- and Cry2+/+ mice. Compared to Cry2+/+ mice, we found that Cry2-/- mice spent less time immobile in the forced swim test, suggesting reduced despair-like behavior. Moreover, Cry2-/- mice had lower saccharin preference, indicative of increased anhedonia. In contrast, we observed no group differences in anxiety-like behavior. The behavioral changes were accompanied by lower metabolic activity of the ventro-medial hypothalamus, suprachiasmatic nuclei, ventral tegmental area, anterior and medial striatum, substantia nigra, and habenula after cold stress as measured by PET imaging with a glucose analog. Although the expression of many depression-associated and metabolic genes was upregulated or downregulated by cold stress, we observed no differences between Cry2-/- and Cry2+/+ mice. These findings are consistent with other studies showing that Cry2 is required for normal emotional behavior. Our findings confirm previous roles of Cry2 in behavior and extend them by showing that the effects on behavior may be mediated by changes in brain metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Sokolowska
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Zuzanna Misiewicz
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marie Mennesson
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Saarnio
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Natalia Kulesskaya
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Kängsep
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Liljenbäck
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Anu Autio
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Saija-Anita Callan
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Anne Roivainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Timo Partonen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iiris Hovatta
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Rouhiainen A, Kulesskaya N, Mennesson M, Misiewicz Z, Sipilä T, Sokolowska E, Trontti K, Urpa L, McEntegart W, Saarnio S, Hyytiä P, Hovatta I. The bradykinin system in stress and anxiety in humans and mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19437. [PMID: 31857655 PMCID: PMC6923437 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological research in mice and human genetic analyses suggest that the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) may regulate anxiety. We examined the role of the KKS in anxiety and stress in both species. In human genetic association analysis, variants in genes for the bradykinin precursor (KNG1) and the bradykinin receptors (BDKRB1 and BDKRB2) were associated with anxiety disorders (p < 0.05). In mice, however, neither acute nor chronic stress affected B1 receptor gene or protein expression, and B1 receptor antagonists had no effect on anxiety tests measuring approach-avoidance conflict. We thus focused on the B2 receptor and found that mice injected with the B2 antagonist WIN 64338 had lowered levels of a physiological anxiety measure, the stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH), vs controls. In the brown adipose tissue, a major thermoregulator, WIN 64338 increased expression of the mitochondrial regulator Pgc1a and the bradykinin precursor gene Kng2 was upregulated after cold stress. Our data suggests that the bradykinin system modulates a variety of stress responses through B2 receptor-mediated effects, but systemic antagonists of the B2 receptor were not anxiolytic in mice. Genetic variants in the bradykinin receptor genes may predispose to anxiety disorders in humans by affecting their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Rouhiainen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Natalia Kulesskaya
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marie Mennesson
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zuzanna Misiewicz
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tessa Sipilä
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ewa Sokolowska
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kalevi Trontti
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lea Urpa
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - William McEntegart
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Saarnio
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri Hyytiä
- Department of Pharmacology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iiris Hovatta
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Mennesson M, Rydgren E, Lipina T, Sokolowska E, Kulesskaya N, Morello F, Ivakine E, Voikar V, Risbrough V, Partanen J, Hovatta I. Kainate receptor auxiliary subunit NETO2 is required for normal fear expression and extinction. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1855-1866. [PMID: 30770891 PMCID: PMC6784901 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
NETO1 and NETO2 are auxiliary subunits of kainate receptors (KARs). They interact with native KAR subunits to modulate multiple aspects of receptor function. Variation in KAR genes has been associated with psychiatric disorders in humans, and in mice, knockouts of the Grik1 gene have increased, while Grik2 and Grik4 knockouts have reduced anxiety-like behavior. To determine whether the NETO proteins regulate anxiety and fear through modulation of KARs, we undertook a comprehensive behavioral analysis of adult Neto1-/- and Neto2-/- mice. We observed no differences in anxiety-like behavior. However, in cued fear conditioning, Neto2-/-, but not Neto1-/- mice, showed higher fear expression and delayed extinction compared to wild type mice. We established, by in situ hybridization, that Neto2 was expressed in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons throughout the fear circuit including the medial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus. Finally, we demonstrated that the relative amount of synaptosomal KAR GLUK2/3 subunit was 20.8% lower in the ventral hippocampus and 36.5% lower in the medial prefrontal cortex in Neto2-/- compared to the Neto2+/+ mice. The GLUK5 subunit abundance was reduced 23.8% in the ventral hippocampus and 16.9% in the amygdala. We conclude that Neto2 regulates fear expression and extinction in mice, and that its absence increases conditionability, a phenotype related to post-traumatic stress disorder and propose that this phenotype is mediated by reduced KAR subunit abundance at synapses of fear-associated brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Mennesson
- 0000 0004 0410 2071grid.7737.4Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,0000 0004 0410 2071grid.7737.4Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emilie Rydgren
- 0000 0004 0410 2071grid.7737.4Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tatiana Lipina
- 0000 0004 0626 6184grid.250674.2Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.473784.bFederal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia ,0000000121896553grid.4605.7Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia ,0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ewa Sokolowska
- 0000 0004 0410 2071grid.7737.4Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Natalia Kulesskaya
- 0000 0004 0410 2071grid.7737.4Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Francesca Morello
- 0000 0004 0410 2071grid.7737.4Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Evgueni Ivakine
- 0000 0004 0473 9646grid.42327.30Program of Genetics and Genome biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vootele Voikar
- 0000 0004 0410 2071grid.7737.4Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Victoria Risbrough
- Veterans Affairs, La Jolla, CA USA ,0000 0001 2107 4242grid.266100.3Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Juha Partanen
- 0000 0004 0410 2071grid.7737.4Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iiris Hovatta
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Abstract
This case report focuses on withdrawal dystonia, a movement disorder associated with neuroleptics. Its occurrence in a patient with Tourette's disorder complicated the clinical picture. A misinterpretation of the symptoms led to ineffective management of the movement disorder. The presence of increased blinking with facial pain, dystonic movements, and other facial movements at each neuroleptic dose reduction pointed toward withdrawal dystonia rather than toward a worsening of Tourette's disorder. Implications for diagnosis and treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mennesson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Rohmer A, Krug JP, Mennesson M, Mandel P, Mack G, Zawislak R. [Menkès disease. Study of copper-dependent enzymes]. Pediatrie 1977; 32:447-56. [PMID: 889620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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