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Arnal ME, Denis S, Uriot O, Lambert C, Holowacz S, Paul F, Kuylle S, Pereira B, Alric M, Blanquet-Diot S. Impact of oral galenic formulations of Lactobacillus salivarius on probiotic survival and interactions with microbiota in human in vitro gut models. Benef Microbes 2021; 12:75-90. [PMID: 34109893 DOI: 10.3920/bm2020.0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Health benefits of probiotics in humans essentially depend on their ability to survive during gastrointestinal (GI) transit and to modulate gut microbiota. To date, there is few data on the impact of galenic formulations of probiotics on these parameters. Even if clinical studies remain the gold standard to evaluate the efficacy of galenic forms, they stay hampered by technical, ethical and cost reasons. As an alternative approach, we used two complementary in vitro models of the human gut, the TNO gastrointestinal (TIM-1) model and the Artificial Colon (ARCOL), to study the effect of three oral formulations of a Lactobacillus salivarius strain (powder, capsule and sustained-release tablet) on its viability and interactions with gut microbiota. In the TIM-1 stomach, no or low numbers of bacteria were respectively released from the capsule and tablet, confirming their gastro-resistance. The capsule was disintegrated in the jejunum on average 76 min after administration while the core of sustained-release tablet was still intact at the end of digestion. Viability in TIM-1 was significantly influenced by the galenic form with survival percentages of 0.003±0.004%, 2.8±0.6% and 17.0±1.8% (n=3) for powder, capsule and tablet, respectively. In the ARCOL, the survival of the strain tended to be higher in the post-treatment phase with the tablet compared to capsule, but gut microbiota composition and activity were not differently modulated by the two formulations. In conclusion, the sustained-release tablet emerged as the formulation that most effectively preserved viability of the tested strain during GI passage. This study highlights the usefulness of in vitro gut models for the pre-screening of probiotic pharmaceutical forms. Their use could also easily be extended to the evaluation of the effects of food matrices and age on probiotic survival and activity during GI transit.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Arnal
- Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR 454 MEDIS, Microbiologie Environnement Digestif et Santé, 28 place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - S Denis
- Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR 454 MEDIS, Microbiologie Environnement Digestif et Santé, 28 place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - O Uriot
- Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR 454 MEDIS, Microbiologie Environnement Digestif et Santé, 28 place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - C Lambert
- University Hospital Clermont-Ferrand, Biostatistics Units, 58, rue Montalembert, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - S Holowacz
- PiLeJe Industrie, Parc Naturopôle, Les Tiolans 03800 Saint-Bonnet de Rochefort, France
| | - F Paul
- Genibio, Le Pradas, ZI du Couserans, 09190 Lorp-Sentaraille, France
| | - S Kuylle
- Genibio, Le Pradas, ZI du Couserans, 09190 Lorp-Sentaraille, France
| | - B Pereira
- University Hospital Clermont-Ferrand, Biostatistics Units, 58, rue Montalembert, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - M Alric
- Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR 454 MEDIS, Microbiologie Environnement Digestif et Santé, 28 place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - S Blanquet-Diot
- Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR 454 MEDIS, Microbiologie Environnement Digestif et Santé, 28 place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Dussert F, Arthaud PA, Arnal ME, Dalzon B, Torres A, Douki T, Herlin N, Rabilloud T, Carriere M. Toxicity to RAW264.7 Macrophages of Silica Nanoparticles and the E551 Food Additive, in Combination with Genotoxic Agents. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:nano10071418. [PMID: 32708108 PMCID: PMC7408573 DOI: 10.3390/nano10071418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) is used in a plethora of applications and included in many daily products to which humans are exposed via inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. This poses the question of their potential toxicity, particularly towards macrophages, which show specific sensitivity to this material. SAS represents an ideal candidate for the adsorption of environmental contaminants due to its large surface area and could consequently modulate their toxicity. In this study, we assessed the toxicity towards macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells of three SAS particles, either isolated SiO2 nanoparticles (LS30) or SiO2 particles composed of agglomerated-aggregates of fused primary particles, either food-grade (E551) or non-food-grade (Fumed silica). These particles were applied to cells either alone or in combination with genotoxic co-contaminants, i.e., benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and methane methylsulfonate (MMS). We show that macrophages are much more sensitive to these toxic agents than a non-differenciated co-culture of Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells, used here as a model of intestinal epithelium. Co-exposure to SiO2 and MMS causes DNA damage in a synergistic way, which is not explained by the modulation of DNA repair protein mRNA expression. Together, this suggests that SiO2 particles could adsorb genotoxic agents on their surface and, consequently, increase their DNA damaging potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Dussert
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-DIESE, SyMMES, Chemistry Interface Biology for the Environment, Health and Toxicology (CIBEST), F-38000 Grenoble, France; (F.D.); (P.-A.A.); (M.-E.A.); (T.D.)
| | - Pierre-Adrien Arthaud
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-DIESE, SyMMES, Chemistry Interface Biology for the Environment, Health and Toxicology (CIBEST), F-38000 Grenoble, France; (F.D.); (P.-A.A.); (M.-E.A.); (T.D.)
| | - Marie-Edith Arnal
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-DIESE, SyMMES, Chemistry Interface Biology for the Environment, Health and Toxicology (CIBEST), F-38000 Grenoble, France; (F.D.); (P.-A.A.); (M.-E.A.); (T.D.)
| | - Bastien Dalzon
- Chemistry and Biology of Metals, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5249, CEA, IRIG-DIESE-LCBM-ProMD, F-38054 Grenoble, France; (B.D.); (A.T.); (T.R.)
| | - Anaëlle Torres
- Chemistry and Biology of Metals, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5249, CEA, IRIG-DIESE-LCBM-ProMD, F-38054 Grenoble, France; (B.D.); (A.T.); (T.R.)
| | - Thierry Douki
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-DIESE, SyMMES, Chemistry Interface Biology for the Environment, Health and Toxicology (CIBEST), F-38000 Grenoble, France; (F.D.); (P.-A.A.); (M.-E.A.); (T.D.)
| | - Nathalie Herlin
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA Saclay, IRAMIS NIMBE UMR 3685, 91191 Gif/Yvette CEDEX, France;
| | - Thierry Rabilloud
- Chemistry and Biology of Metals, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5249, CEA, IRIG-DIESE-LCBM-ProMD, F-38054 Grenoble, France; (B.D.); (A.T.); (T.R.)
| | - Marie Carriere
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-DIESE, SyMMES, Chemistry Interface Biology for the Environment, Health and Toxicology (CIBEST), F-38000 Grenoble, France; (F.D.); (P.-A.A.); (M.-E.A.); (T.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4-3878-0328
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Carriere M, Arnal ME, Douki T. TiO 2 genotoxicity: An update of the results published over the last six years. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen 2020; 854-855:503198. [PMID: 32660822 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
TiO2 particles are broadly used in daily products, including cosmetics for their UV-absorbing property, food for their white colouring property, water and air purification systems, self-cleaning surfaces and photoconversion electrical devices for their photocatalytic properties. The toxicity of TiO2 nano- and microparticles has been studied for decades, and part of this investigation has been dedicated to the identification of their potential impact on DNA, i.e., their genotoxicity. This review summarizes data retrieved from their genotoxicity testing during the past 6 years, encompassing both in vitro and in vivo studies, mostly performed on lung and intestinal models. It shows that TiO2 particles, both nano- and micro-sized, produce genotoxic damage to a variety of cell types, even at low, realistic doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Carriere
- Univ. Grenoble Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES, CIBEST, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Marie-Edith Arnal
- Univ. Grenoble Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES, CIBEST, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Thierry Douki
- Univ. Grenoble Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES, CIBEST, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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Dorier M, Tisseyre C, Dussert F, Béal D, Arnal ME, Douki T, Valdiglesias V, Laffon B, Fraga S, Brandão F, Herlin-Boime N, Barreau F, Rabilloud T, Carriere M. Toxicological impact of acute exposure to E171 food additive and TiO 2 nanoparticles on a co-culture of Caco-2 and HT29-MTX intestinal cells. Mutat Res 2018; 845:402980. [PMID: 31561898 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
TiO2 particles are widely used in products for everyday consumption, such as cosmetics and food; their possible adverse effects on human health must therefore be investigated. The aim of this study was to document in vitro impact of the food additive E171, i.e. TiO2, and of TiO2 nanoparticles, on a co-culture of Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells, which is an in vitro model for human intestine. Cells were exposed to TiO2 particles three days after seeding, i.e. while they were not fully differentiated. Cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA integrity were assessed, by MTT assay, DCFH-DA assay, alkaline and Fpg-modified comet assay and 8-oxo-dGuo measurement by HPLC-MS/MS. The mRNA expression of genes involved in ROS regulation, DNA repair via base-excision repair, and endoplasmic reticulum stress was assessed by RT-qPCR. Exposure to TiO2 particles resulted in increased intracellular ROS levels, but did not impair cell viability and did not cause any oxidative damage to DNA. Only minor changes in mRNA expression were detected. Altogether, this shows that E171 food additive and TiO2 nanoparticles only produce minor effects to this in vitro intestinal cell model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Dorier
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC-SyMMES, Chimie Interface Biologie pour l'Environnement, la Santé et la Toxicologie (CIBEST), 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Céline Tisseyre
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC-SyMMES, Chimie Interface Biologie pour l'Environnement, la Santé et la Toxicologie (CIBEST), 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Fanny Dussert
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC-SyMMES, Chimie Interface Biologie pour l'Environnement, la Santé et la Toxicologie (CIBEST), 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - David Béal
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC-SyMMES, Chimie Interface Biologie pour l'Environnement, la Santé et la Toxicologie (CIBEST), 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Edith Arnal
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC-SyMMES, Chimie Interface Biologie pour l'Environnement, la Santé et la Toxicologie (CIBEST), 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Thierry Douki
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC-SyMMES, Chimie Interface Biologie pour l'Environnement, la Santé et la Toxicologie (CIBEST), 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Vanessa Valdiglesias
- Universidade da Coruña, DICOMOSA Group, Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology, Edificio de Servicios Centrales de Investigación, Campus Elviña s/n, 15071-A, Coruña, Spain
| | - Blanca Laffon
- Universidade da Coruña, DICOMOSA Group, Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology, Edificio de Servicios Centrales de Investigación, Campus Elviña s/n, 15071-A, Coruña, Spain
| | - Sónia Fraga
- National Institute of Health, Dept. of Environmental Health, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Brandão
- National Institute of Health, Dept. of Environmental Health, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nathalie Herlin-Boime
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Frédérick Barreau
- INSERM, UMR 1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Toulouse, France
| | - Thierry Rabilloud
- ProMD, UMR CNRS 5249, CEA Grenoble, DRF/BIG/CBM, Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Metals, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie Carriere
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC-SyMMES, Chimie Interface Biologie pour l'Environnement, la Santé et la Toxicologie (CIBEST), 38000, Grenoble, France.
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Abstract
The epidemic of metabolic diseases has raised questions about the interplay between the human diet and the gut and its microbiota. The gut has two vital roles: nutrient absorption and intestinal barrier function. Gut barrier defects are involved in many diseases. Excess energy intake disturbs the gut microbiota and favors body entry of microbial compounds that stimulate chronic metabolic inflammation. In this context, the natural defense mechanisms of gut epithelial cells and the potential to boost them nutritionally warrant further study. One such important defense system is the activation of inducible heat-shock proteins (iHSPs) which protect the gut epithelium against oxidative stress and inflammation. Importantly, various microbial components can induce the expression of iHSPs. This review examines gut epithelial iHSPs as the main targets of microbial signals and nutrients and presents data on diseases involving disturbances of gut epithelial iHSPs. In addition, a broad literature analysis of dietary modulation of gut epithelial iHSPs is provided. Future research aims should include the identification of gut microbes that can optimize gut-protective iHSPs and the evaluation of iHSP-mediated health benefits of nutrients and food components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Edith Arnal
- M.E. Arnal and J.P. Lallès are with the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Human Nutrition Division, Clermont-Ferrand, France. J.P. Lallès is with the Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Ouest, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Paul Lallès
- M.E. Arnal and J.P. Lallès are with the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Human Nutrition Division, Clermont-Ferrand, France. J.P. Lallès is with the Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Ouest, Nantes, France.
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Arnal ME, Zhang J, Erridge C, Smidt H, Lallès JP. Maternal antibiotic-induced early changes in microbial colonization selectively modulate colonic permeability and inducible heat shock proteins, and digesta concentrations of alkaline phosphatase and TLR-stimulants in swine offspring. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118092. [PMID: 25689154 PMCID: PMC4331088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated intake of high energy diets is a risk factor for the development of metabolic diseases and obesity. High fat diets cause alterations in colonic microbiota composition and increase gut permeability to bacterial lipopolysaccharide, and subsequent low-grade chronic inflammation in mice. Chronic inflammatory bowel diseases are increasing worldwide and may involve alterations in microbiota-host dialog. Metabolic disorders appearing in later life are also suspected to reflect changes in early programming. However, how the latter affects the colon remains poorly studied. Here, we hypothesized that various components of colonic physiology, including permeability, ion exchange and protective inducible heat shock proteins (HSP) are influenced in the short- and long-terms by early disturbances in microbial colonization. The hypothesis was tested in a swine model. Offspring were born to control mothers (n = 12) or mothers treated with the antibiotic (ATB) amoxicillin around parturition (n = 11). Offspring were slaughtered between 14 and 42 days of age to study short-term effects. For long-term effects, young adult offspring from the same litters consumed a normal or a palm oil-enriched diet for 4 weeks between 140 and 169 days of age. ATB treatment transiently modified maternal fecal microbiota although the minor differences observed for offspring colonic microbiota were nonsignificant. In the short-term, consistently higher HSP27 and HSP70 levels and transiently increased horseradish peroxidase permeability in ATB offspring colon were observed. Importantly, long-term consequences included reduced colonic horseradish peroxidase permeability, and increased colonic digesta alkaline phosphatase (AP) and TLR2- and TLR4-stimulant concentrations in rectal digesta in adult ATB offspring. Inducible HSP27 and HSP70 did not change. Interactions between early ATB treatment and later diet were noted for paracellular permeability and concentrations of colonic digesta AP. In conclusion, our data suggest that early ATB-induced changes in bacterial colonization modulate important aspects of colonic physiology in the short- and long-terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Edith Arnal
- Food and Digestive, Central and Behavioral Adaptation Department, French National Institute for Research in Agriculture, Saint-Gilles, France
| | - Jing Zhang
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Clett Erridge
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Glenfield General Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Lallès
- Food and Digestive, Central and Behavioral Adaptation Department, French National Institute for Research in Agriculture, Saint-Gilles, France
- * E-mail:
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Arnal ME, Zhang J, Messori S, Bosi P, Smidt H, Lallès JP. Early changes in microbial colonization selectively modulate intestinal enzymes, but not inducible heat shock proteins in young adult Swine. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87967. [PMID: 24505340 PMCID: PMC3913709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases and obesity are developing worldwide in a context of plethoric intake of high energy diets. The intestine may play a pivotal role due to diet-induced alterations in microbiota composition and increased permeability to bacterial lipopolysaccharide inducing metabolic inflammation. Early programming of metabolic disorders appearing in later life is also suspected, but data on the intestine are lacking. Therefore, we hypothesized that early disturbances in microbial colonization have short- and long-lasting consequences on selected intestinal components including key digestive enzymes and protective inducible heat shock proteins (HSP). The hypothesis was tested in swine offspring born to control mothers (n = 12) or mothers treated with the antibiotic amoxicillin around parturition (n = 11), and slaughtered serially at 14, 28 and 42 days of age to assess short-term effects. To evaluate long-term consequences, young adult offspring from the same litters were offered a normal or a fat-enriched diet for 4 weeks between 140 and 169 days of age and were then slaughtered. Amoxicillin treatment transiently modified both mother and offspring microbiota. This was associated with early but transient reduction in ileal alkaline phosphatase, HSP70 (but not HSP27) and crypt depth, suggesting a milder or delayed intestinal response to bacteria in offspring born to antibiotic-treated mothers. More importantly, we disclosed long-term consequences of this treatment on jejunal alkaline phosphatase (reduced) and jejunal and ileal dipeptidylpeptidase IV (increased and decreased, respectively) of offspring born to antibiotic-treated dams. Significant interactions between early antibiotic treatment and later diet were observed for jejunal alkaline phosphatase and sucrase. By contrast, inducible HSPs were not affected. In conclusion, our data suggest that early changes in bacterial colonization not only modulate intestinal architecture and function transiently, but also exert site- and sometimes diet-specific long-term effects on key components of intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Edith Arnal
- Food and Digestive, Central and Behavioral Adaptation Department, French National Institute for Research in Agriculture, Saint-Gilles, France
| | - Jing Zhang
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Messori
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bosi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Lallès
- Food and Digestive, Central and Behavioral Adaptation Department, French National Institute for Research in Agriculture, Saint-Gilles, France
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