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Mardilovich K, Baugh M, Crighton D, Kowalczyk D, Gabrielsen M, Munro J, Croft DR, Lourenco F, James D, Kalna G, McGarry L, Rath O, Shanks E, Garnett MJ, McDermott U, Brookfield J, Charles M, Hammonds T, Olson MF. LIM kinase inhibitors disrupt mitotic microtubule organization and impair tumor cell proliferation. Oncotarget 2015; 6:38469-86. [PMID: 26540348 PMCID: PMC4770715 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin and microtubule cytoskeletons are critically important for cancer cell proliferation, and drugs that target microtubules are widely-used cancer therapies. However, their utility is compromised by toxicities due to dose and exposure. To overcome these issues, we characterized how inhibition of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton regulatory LIM kinases could be used in drug combinations to increase efficacy. A previously-described LIMK inhibitor (LIMKi) induced dose-dependent microtubule alterations that resulted in significant mitotic defects, and increased the cytotoxic potency of microtubule polymerization inhibitors. By combining LIMKi with 366 compounds from the GSK Published Kinase Inhibitor Set, effective combinations were identified with kinase inhibitors including EGFR, p38 and Raf. These findings encouraged a drug discovery effort that led to development of CRT0105446 and CRT0105950, which potently block LIMK1 and LIMK2 activity in vitro, and inhibit cofilin phosphorylation and increase αTubulin acetylation in cells. CRT0105446 and CRT0105950 were screened against 656 cancer cell lines, and rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma and kidney cancer cells were identified as significantly sensitive to both LIMK inhibitors. These large-scale screens have identified effective LIMK inhibitor drug combinations and sensitive cancer types. In addition, the LIMK inhibitory compounds CRT0105446 and CRT0105950 will enable further development of LIMK-targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Baugh
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Diane Crighton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Mads Gabrielsen
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - June Munro
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel R. Croft
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Filipe Lourenco
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel James
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gabriella Kalna
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lynn McGarry
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Oliver Rath
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Emma Shanks
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Ultan McDermott
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Joanna Brookfield
- Cancer Research Technology Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Charles
- Cancer Research Technology Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tim Hammonds
- Cancer Research Technology Discovery Laboratories, London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London, UK
| | - Michael F. Olson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
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Gabrielsen M, Schuldt M, Munro J, Borucka D, Cameron J, Baugh M, Mleczak A, Lilla S, Morrice N, Olson MF. Cucurbitacin covalent bonding to cysteine thiols: the filamentous-actin severing protein Cofilin1 as an exemplary target. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:58. [PMID: 23945128 PMCID: PMC3751690 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cucurbitacins are a class of triterpenoid natural compounds with potent bioactivities that led to their use as traditional remedies, and which continue to attract considerable attention as chemical biology tools and potential therapeutics. One obvious target is the actin-cytoskeleton; treatment with cucurbitacins results in cytoskeletal rearrangements that impact upon motility and cell morphology. Findings Cucurbitacin reacted with protein cysteine thiols as well as dithiothreitol, and we propose that the cucurbitacin mechanism of action is through broad protein thiol modifications that could result in inhibition of numerous protein targets. An example of such a target protein is Cofilin1, whose filamentous actin severing activity is inhibited by cucurbitacin conjugation. Conclusions The implications of these results are that cucurbitacins are unlikely to be improved for selectivity by medicinal chemistry and that their use as chemical biology probes to analyse the role of specific signalling pathways should be undertaken with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Gabrielsen
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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Abstract
Accumulating evidence from basic and clinical studies supports the concept that signaling pathways downstream of Rho GTPases play important roles in tumor development and progression. As a result, there has been considerable interest in the possibility that specific proteins in these signal transduction pathways could be potential targets for cancer therapy. A number of inhibitors targeting critical effector proteins, activators or the Rho GTPases themselves, have been developed. We will review the strategies currently being used to develop inhibitors of Rho GTPases and downstream signaling kinases and discuss candidate entities. Although molecularly targeted drugs that inhibit Rho GTPase signaling have not yet been widely adopted for clinical use, their potential value as cancer therapeutics continues to drive considerable pharmaceutical research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Mardilovich
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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Baugh M, Black D, Westwood P, Kinghorn E, McGregor K, Bruin J, Hamilton W, Dempster M, Claxton C, Cai J, Bennett J, Long C, Mckinnon H, Vink P, Hoed LD, Gorecka M, Vora K, Grant E, Percival MD, Boots AMH, van Lierop MJ. Therapeutic dosing of an orally active, selective cathepsin S inhibitor suppresses disease in models of autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2011; 36:201-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Rankovic Z, Cai J, Kerr J, Fradera X, Robinson J, Mistry A, Finlay W, McGarry G, Andrews F, Caulfield W, Cumming I, Dempster M, Waller J, Arbuckle W, Anderson M, Martin I, Mitchell A, Long C, Baugh M, Westwood P, Kinghorn E, Jones P, Uitdehaag JC, van Zeeland M, Potin D, Saniere L, Fouquet A, Chevallier F, Deronzier H, Dorleans C, Nicolai E. Optimisation of 2-cyano-pyrimidine inhibitors of cathepsin K: Improving selectivity over hERG. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6237-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.08.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Cai J, Robinson J, Belshaw S, Everett K, Fradera X, van Zeeland M, van Berkom L, van Rijnsbergen P, Popplestone L, Baugh M, Dempster M, Bruin J, Hamilton W, Kinghorn E, Westwood P, Kerr J, Rankovic Z, Arbuckle W, Bennett DJ, Jones PS, Long C, Martin I, Uitdehaag JCM, Meulemans T. Trifluoromethylphenyl as P2 for ketoamide-based cathepsin S inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6890-4. [PMID: 21030256 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The trifluoromethylphenyl P2 motif from previously reported heteroarylnitrile series has been successfully applied for the design and synthesis of highly potent novel ketoamide-based cathepsin S inhibitors. The key in this process is the change of the torsion angle between the P2 phenyl ring and the attached secondary amide by adding a small Cl, F, or Me group at the 2-position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqiang Cai
- Merck Research Laboratories, MSD, Newhouse, Lanarkshire, United Kingdom.
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Calvert T, Pilkington P, Davis A, Baugh M. A new approach to road safety - road danger reduction and Bristol Council UK. Inj Prev 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/ip.2010.029215.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Cai J, Fradera X, van Zeeland M, Dempster M, Cameron KS, Bennett DJ, Robinson J, Popplestone L, Baugh M, Westwood P, Bruin J, Hamilton W, Kinghorn E, Long C, Uitdehaag JC. 4-(3-Trifluoromethylphenyl)-pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile as cathepsin S inhibitors: N3, not N1 is critically important. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4507-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Cai J, Bennett DJ, Rankovic Z, Dempster M, Fradera X, Gillespie J, Cumming I, Finlay W, Baugh M, Boucharens S, Bruin J, Cameron KS, Hamilton W, Kerr J, Kinghorn E, McGarry G, Robinson J, Scullion P, Uitdehaag JC, van Zeeland M, Potin D, Saniere L, Fouquet A, Chevallier F, Deronzier H, Dorleans C, Nicolai E. 2-Phenyl-9H-purine-6-carbonitrile derivatives as selective cathepsin S inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4447-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Rankovic Z, Cai J, Kerr J, Fradera X, Robinson J, Mistry A, Hamilton E, McGarry G, Andrews F, Caulfield W, Cumming I, Dempster M, Waller J, Scullion P, Martin I, Mitchell A, Long C, Baugh M, Westwood P, Kinghorn E, Bruin J, Hamilton W, Uitdehaag J, van Zeeland M, Potin D, Saniere L, Fouquet A, Chevallier F, Deronzier H, Dorleans C, Nicolai E. Design and optimization of a series of novel 2-cyano-pyrimidines as cathepsin K inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:1524-7. [PMID: 20149657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.01.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Morphing structural features of HTS-derived chemotypes led to the discovery of novel 2-cyano-pyrimidine inhibitors of cathepsin K with good pharmacokinetic profiles, for example, compound 20 showed high catK potency (IC(50)=4nM), >580-fold selectivity over catL and catB, and oral bioavailability in the rat of 52%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Rankovic
- Schering-Plough Corporation, Newhouse, Lanarkshire, ML1 5SH Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Sampson M, Wall S, Baugh M, Worley J, Davies I, Hughes D, Gavrilovic J. Monocyte matrix and ADAM metalloproteinase expression in type 2 diabetes after aspirin therapy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2006; 71:45-51. [PMID: 16023759 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2005.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2004] [Revised: 03/08/2005] [Accepted: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinase system (MMP and the TIMP inhibitors), and the ADAM metalloproteinases, have roles in maintaining vascular plaque stability and the shedding of cell surface molecules, such as TNF-alpha and adhesion molecules; aspirin suppresses MMP expression and ADAM activity from some cell lines in vitro. In a randomised prospective controlled study, we examined peripheral venous monocyte MMP-9, TIMP-1 and ADAM mRNA levels, and protein expression, in subjects with type 2 diabetes (n=10) and controls (n=14) before and after oral aspirin therapy (150mg daily for 14 days) or no active intervention. Baseline monocyte TIMP-1 mRNA levels were significantly lower in the diabetes group (p=0.0014), although monocyte MMP-9 mRNA, and MMP-9 and TIMP-1 protein expression after culture did not differ significantly between groups. Plasma MMP-9 (p=0.027) and TIMP-1 (p=0.016) concentrations were significantly greater, and the ratio of plasma TIMP-1:MMP-9 concentrations significantly lower, in the diabetes group (p=0.023). ADAM mRNA levels did not differ significantly between groups and oral aspirin therapy had no significant effect on any variable. Type 2 diabetes is characterised by reduced monocyte TIMP-1 mRNA levels, and a lower plasma MMP-9 to TIMP-1 protein ratio compared to controls, a pattern that would promote coronary plaque instability if reproduced within vascular plaque. Monocyte ADAM mRNA levels do not differ between group and oral aspirin has no significant effect on these variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Sampson
- Bertram Diabetes Research Unit, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Norwich NR4 7UY, UK.
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