1
|
Lee JY, Kim SY, Park C, Kim NKD, Jang J, Park K, Yi JH, Hong M, Ahn T, Rath O, Schueler J, Kim ST, Do IG, Lee S, Park SH, Ji YI, Kim D, Park JO, Park YS, Kang WK, Kim KM, Park WY, Lim HY, Lee J. Patient-derived cell models as preclinical tools for genome-directed targeted therapy. Oncotarget 2016; 6:25619-30. [PMID: 26296973 PMCID: PMC4694854 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In this study, we established patient-derived tumor cell (PDC) models using tissues collected from patients with metastatic cancer and assessed whether these models could be used as a tool for genome-based cancer treatment. Methods PDCs were isolated and cultured from malignant effusions including ascites and pleural fluid. Pathological examination, immunohistochemical analysis, and genomic profiling were performed to compare the histological and genomic features of primary tumors, PDCs. An exploratory gene expression profiling assay was performed to further characterize PDCs. Results From January 2012 to May 2013, 176 samples from patients with metastatic cancer were collected. PDC models were successfully established in 130 (73.6%) samples. The median time from specimen collection to passage 1 (P1) was 3 weeks (range, 0.5–4 weeks), while that from P1 to P2 was 2.5 weeks (range, 0.5–5 weeks). Sixteen paired samples of genomic alterations were highly concordant between each primary tumor and progeny PDCs, with an average variant allele frequency (VAF) correlation of 0.878. We compared genomic profiles of the primary tumor (P0), P1 cells, P2 cells, and patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) derived from P2 cells and found that three samples (P0, P1, and P2 cells) were highly correlated (0.99–1.00). Moreover, PDXs showed more than 100 variants, with correlations of only 0.6–0.8 for the other samples. Drug responses of PDCs were reflective of the clinical response to targeted agents in selected patient PDC lines. Conclusion(s) Our results provided evidence that our PDC model was a promising model for preclinical experiments and closely resembled the patient tumor genome and clinical response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yun Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Charny Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nayoung K D Kim
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiryeon Jang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyunghee Park
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Ho Yi
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mineui Hong
- Innovative Cancer Medicine Institute, Samsung Cancer Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Taejin Ahn
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | - Seung Tae Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Gu Do
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sujin Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Hoon Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Ick Ji
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dukwhan Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Oh Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Innovative Cancer Medicine Institute, Samsung Cancer Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Suk Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Ki Kang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Mee Kim
- Innovative Cancer Medicine Institute, Samsung Cancer Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woong-Yang Park
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Yeong Lim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeeyun Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Innovative Cancer Medicine Institute, Samsung Cancer Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Talapatra SK, Rath O, Clayton E, Tomasi S, Kozielski F. Depsidones from Lichens as Natural Product Inhibitors of M-Phase Phosphoprotein 1, a Human Kinesin Required for Cytokinesis. J Nat Prod 2016; 79:1576-1585. [PMID: 27300079 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
M-Phase Phosphoprotein 1 (MPP1), a microtubule plus end directed kinesin, is required for the completion of cytokinesis. Previous studies have shown that MPP1 is upregulated in various types of bladder cancer. This article describes inhibitor screening leading to the identification of a new class of natural product inhibitors of MPP1. Two compounds with structural similarity, norlobaridone (1) and physodic acid (2), were found to inhibit MPP1. Physodic acid is not competitive with ATP, indicating the presence of an allosteric inhibitor-binding pocket. Initial drug-like property screening indicates that physodic acid is more soluble than norlobaridone and has more favorable lipophilicity. However, both suffer from high clearance in human microsomal stability assays mediated by the lability of the lactone ring as well as hydroxylation of the alkyl chains as shown by metabolite identification studies. In cell-based assays physodic acid is a weak inhibitor with EC50 values of about 30 μM in a range of tumor cell lines. The two depsidones identified and characterized here could be used for future improvement of their activity against MPP1 and will be useful chemical probes for studying this unique molecular motor in more depth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K Talapatra
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy, University College London , 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research , Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, U.K
| | - Oliver Rath
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research , Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, U.K
| | - Eddie Clayton
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd , 15 Beech Lane, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2DR, U.K
| | - Sophie Tomasi
- Equipe PNSCM "Produits Naturels - Synthèses - Chimie Médicinale", Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 6226 Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Univ. Rennes 1, Université Bretagne Loire , 2 Avenue du Pr. Léon Bernard, F-35043 Rennes, France
| | - Frank Kozielski
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy, University College London , 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim HK, Kim SY, Lee SJ, Kang M, Kim ST, Jang J, Rath O, Schueler J, Lee DW, Park WY, Kim SJ, Park SH, Lee J. BEZ235 (PIK3/mTOR inhibitor) Overcomes Pazopanib Resistance in Patient-Derived Refractory Soft Tissue Sarcoma Cells. Transl Oncol 2016; 9:197-202. [PMID: 27267837 PMCID: PMC4907899 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Although pazopanib treatment has become the standard chemotherapy in salvage setting for metastatic sarcoma patients, most patients progress after pazopanib treatment in 4 to 6 months. After failure to pazopanib, patients have limited options for treatment. Therefore, subsequent therapy in patients who failed to pazopanib is urgently needed and the use of patient derived cells or patient derived tumors for accompanying testing with various pharmacological inhibitors could offer additional treatment options for these patients. METHODS: Patient derived tumor cells were collected from ascites at the time of progression to pazopanib and a 13-drug panel was tested for drug sensitivity. We confirmed the results using in vitro cell viability assay and immunoblot assay. We also performed the genomic profiling of PDX model. RESULTS: The growth of patient derived tumor cells was significantly reduced by exposure to 1.0 μM AZD2014 compared with control (control versus AZD2014, mean growth = 100.0% vs 16.04%, difference = 83.96%, 95% CI = 70.01% to 97.92%, P = .0435). Similarly, 1.0 μM BEZ235 profoundly inhibited tumor cell growth in vitro when compared to control (control versus BEZ235, mean growth = 100.0% vs 7.308%, difference = 92.69%, 95% CI = 78.87% to 106.5%, P < .0001). Despite the presence of CDK4 amplification in the patient-derived tumor cells, LEE011 did not considerably inhibit cell proliferation when compared with control (control vs LEE011, mean growth = 100.0% vs 80.23%, difference = 19.77%, 95% CI = 1.828% to 37.72%, P = .0377). The immunoblot analysis showed that BEZ235 treatment decreased pAKT, pmTOR and pERK whereas AZD2014 decreased only pmTOR. CONCLUSION: Taken together, upregulation of mTOR/AKT pathway in sarcoma patient derived cells was considerably inhibited by the treatment of AZD2014 and BEZ235 with downregulation of AKT pathway (greater extent for BEZ235). These molecules may be considered as treatment option in STS patient who have failed to pazopanib in the context of clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Kyung Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mihyeon Kang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Tae Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiryeon Jang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Woong Yang Park
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Joo Kim
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hoon Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeeyun Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mardilovich K, Baugh M, Crighton D, Kowalczyk D, Gabrielsen M, Munro J, Croft DR, Lourenco F, James D, Kalna G, McGarry L, Rath O, Shanks E, Garnett MJ, McDermott U, Brookfield J, Charles M, Hammonds T, Olson MF. LIM kinase inhibitors disrupt mitotic microtubule organization and impair tumor cell proliferation. Oncotarget 2015; 6:38469-86. [PMID: 26540348 PMCID: PMC4770715 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin and microtubule cytoskeletons are critically important for cancer cell proliferation, and drugs that target microtubules are widely-used cancer therapies. However, their utility is compromised by toxicities due to dose and exposure. To overcome these issues, we characterized how inhibition of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton regulatory LIM kinases could be used in drug combinations to increase efficacy. A previously-described LIMK inhibitor (LIMKi) induced dose-dependent microtubule alterations that resulted in significant mitotic defects, and increased the cytotoxic potency of microtubule polymerization inhibitors. By combining LIMKi with 366 compounds from the GSK Published Kinase Inhibitor Set, effective combinations were identified with kinase inhibitors including EGFR, p38 and Raf. These findings encouraged a drug discovery effort that led to development of CRT0105446 and CRT0105950, which potently block LIMK1 and LIMK2 activity in vitro, and inhibit cofilin phosphorylation and increase αTubulin acetylation in cells. CRT0105446 and CRT0105950 were screened against 656 cancer cell lines, and rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma and kidney cancer cells were identified as significantly sensitive to both LIMK inhibitors. These large-scale screens have identified effective LIMK inhibitor drug combinations and sensitive cancer types. In addition, the LIMK inhibitory compounds CRT0105446 and CRT0105950 will enable further development of LIMK-targeted cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Baugh
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Diane Crighton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Mads Gabrielsen
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - June Munro
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel R. Croft
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Filipe Lourenco
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel James
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gabriella Kalna
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lynn McGarry
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Oliver Rath
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Emma Shanks
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Ultan McDermott
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Joanna Brookfield
- Cancer Research Technology Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Charles
- Cancer Research Technology Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tim Hammonds
- Cancer Research Technology Discovery Laboratories, London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London, UK
| | - Michael F. Olson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Good JAD, Wang F, Rath O, Kaan HYK, Talapatra SK, Podgórski D, MacKay SP, Kozielski F. Optimized S-trityl-L-cysteine-based inhibitors of kinesin spindle protein with potent in vivo antitumor activity in lung cancer xenograft models. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1878-93. [PMID: 23394180 PMCID: PMC3759169 DOI: 10.1021/jm3014597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The mitotic kinesin Eg5 is critical
for the assembly of the mitotic
spindle and is a promising chemotherapy target. Previously, we identified S-trityl-l-cysteine as a selective inhibitor of
Eg5 and developed triphenylbutanamine analogues with improved potency,
favorable drug-like properties, but moderate in vivo activity. We
report here their further optimization to produce extremely potent
inhibitors of Eg5 (Kiapp <
10 nM) with broad-spectrum activity against cancer cell lines comparable
to the Phase II drug candidates ispinesib and SB-743921. They have
good oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics and induced complete
tumor regression in nude mice explanted with lung cancer patient xenografts.
Furthermore, they display fewer liabilities with CYP-metabolizing
enzymes and hERG compared with ispinesib and SB-743921, which is important
given the likely application of Eg5 inhibitors in combination therapies.
We present the case for this preclinical series to be investigated
in single and combination chemotherapies, especially targeting hematological
malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James A D Good
- Molecular Motors Laboratory, The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ulaganathan V, Talapatra SK, Rath O, Pannifer A, Hackney DD, Kozielski F. Structural insights into a unique inhibitor binding pocket in kinesin spindle protein. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:2263-72. [PMID: 23305346 DOI: 10.1021/ja310377d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human kinesin Eg5 is a target for drug development in cancer chemotherapy with compounds in phase II clinical trials. These agents bind to a well-characterized allosteric pocket involving the loop L5 region, a structural element in kinesin-5 family members thought to provide inhibitor specificity. Using X-ray crystallography, kinetic, and biophysical methods, we have identified and characterized a distinct allosteric pocket in Eg5 able to bind inhibitors with nanomolar K(d). This pocket is formed by key structural elements thought to be pivotal for force generation in kinesins and may represent a novel site for therapeutic intervention in this increasingly well-validated drug target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkatasubramanian Ulaganathan
- The Molecular Motors Laboratory, The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Kinesins are a family of molecular motors that travel unidirectionally along microtubule tracks to fulfil their many roles in intracellular transport or cell division. Over the past few years kinesins that are involved in mitosis have emerged as potential targets for cancer drug development. Several compounds that inhibit two mitotic kinesins (EG5 (also known as KIF11) and centromere-associated protein E (CENPE)) have entered Phase I and II clinical trials either as monotherapies or in combination with other drugs. Additional mitotic kinesins are currently being validated as drug targets, raising the possibility that the range of kinesin-based drug targets may expand in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Rath
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang F, Good JAD, Rath O, Kaan HYK, Sutcliffe OB, Mackay SP, Kozielski F. Triphenylbutanamines: kinesin spindle protein inhibitors with in vivo antitumor activity. J Med Chem 2012; 55:1511-25. [PMID: 22248262 PMCID: PMC3428805 DOI: 10.1021/jm201195m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The human mitotic kinesin Eg5 represents a novel mitotic
spindle target for cancer chemotherapy. We previously identified S-trityl-l-cysteine (STLC) and related analogues
as selective potent inhibitors of Eg5. We herein report on the development
of a series of 4,4,4-triphenylbutan-1-amine inhibitors derived from
the STLC scaffold. This new generation systematically improves on
potency: the most potent C-trityl analogues exhibit Kiapp ≤ 10 nM and GI50 ≈ 50 nM, comparable to results from the phase II clinical
benchmark ispinesib. Crystallographic studies reveal that they adopt
the same overall binding configuration as S-trityl
analogues at an allosteric site formed by loop L5 of Eg5. Evaluation
of their druglike properties reveals favorable profiles for future
development and, in the clinical candidate ispinesib, moderate hERG
and CYP inhibition. One triphenylbutanamine analogue and ispinesib
possess very good bioavailability (51% and 45%, respectively), with
the former showing in vivo antitumor growth activity in nude mice
xenograft studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Molecular Motor Laboratory, The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Al-Mulla F, Bitar MS, Al-Maghrebi M, Behbehani AI, Al-Ali W, Rath O, Doyle B, Tan KY, Pitt A, Kolch W. Raf kinase inhibitor protein RKIP enhances signaling by glycogen synthase kinase-3β. Cancer Res 2011; 71:1334-43. [PMID: 21303975 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-3102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) is a physiologic inhibitor of c-RAF kinase and nuclear factor κB signaling that represses tumor invasion and metastasis. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) suppresses tumor progression by downregulating multiple oncogenic pathways including Wnt signaling and cyclin D1 activation. Here, we show that RKIP binds GSK3 proteins and maintains GSK3β protein levels and its active form. Depletion of RKIP augments oxidative stress-mediated activation of the p38 mitogen activated protein kinase, which, in turn, inactivates GSK3β by phosphorylating it at the inhibitory T390 residue. This pathway de-represses GSK3β inhibition of oncogenic substrates causing stabilization of cyclin D, which induces cell-cycle progression and β-catenin, SNAIL, and SLUG, which promote epithelial to mesenchymal transition. RKIP levels in human colorectal cancer positively correlate with GSK3β expression. These findings reveal the RKIP/GSK3 axis as both a potential therapeutic target and a prognosis-based predictor of cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tcherniuk S, Skoufias DA, Labriere C, Rath O, Gueritte F, Guillou C, Kozielski F. Relocation of Aurora B and survivin from centromeres to the central spindle impaired by a kinesin-specific MKLP-2 inhibitor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 49:8228-31. [PMID: 20857469 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201003254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Tcherniuk
- IBS (CEA-CNRS-UJF), 41, rue Jules Horowitz, 38027 Grenoble, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
al-Mulla F, Bitar MS, Taqi Z, Rath O, Kolch W. RAF kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) modulates cell cycle kinetics and motility. Mol Biosyst 2010; 7:928-41. [PMID: 21180766 DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00208a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RKIP-1 is a metastasis suppressor that is frequently downregulated in aggressive cancers. However, the consequences of RKIP loss in primary or immortalized cells have not yet been explored. Using HEK-293 RKIP depleted (termed HEK-499) and Flp-In T-Rex-293 RKIP inducible cell lines combined with whole transcriptome analysis, we show that RKIP-1 silencing accelerates DNA synthesis and G1/S transition entry by inducing the expression of cdc6, MCM 2, 4, 6, 7, cdc45L, cyclin D2, cyclin E2, cyclin D1, SKP2 and the downregulation of p21(cip1). Moreover, RKIP depletion accelerates the time from nuclear envelop breakdown (NEB) to anaphase markedly, while the upregulation of RKIP shortened the NEB to anaphase time. We show that RKIP depletion induces the expression of NEK6, a molecule known to enhance G2/M transition, and down-regulates G2/M checkpoint molecules like Aurora B, cyclin G1 and sertuin that slow the G2/M transition time. These subtle changes in the kinetics of the cell cycle culminate in a higher proliferation rate of HEK-499 compared to control cells. Finally, we show that RKIP depletion enhances cellular motility by inducing the expression/stabilization of β-catenin, vimentin, MET and PAK1. Overall, our data suggest that modulation of the cell cycle checkpoints and motility by RKIP may be fundamental to its metastasis suppressive function in cancer and that RKIP role in a cell is more intricate and diverse than previously thought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fahd al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, University of Kuwait, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, 13110, Kuwait.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tcherniuk S, Skoufias DA, Labriere C, Rath O, Gueritte F, Guillou C, Kozielski F. Relocation of Aurora B and Survivin from Centromeres to the Central Spindle Impaired by a Kinesin-Specific MKLP-2 Inhibitor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201003254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
13
|
Kaan HYK, Ulaganathan V, Rath O, Prokopcová H, Dallinger D, Kappe CO, Kozielski F. Structural basis for inhibition of Eg5 by dihydropyrimidines: stereoselectivity of antimitotic inhibitors enastron, dimethylenastron and fluorastrol. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5676-83. [PMID: 20597485 DOI: 10.1021/jm100421n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human kinesin Eg5, which plays an essential role in mitosis by establishing the bipolar spindle, has proven to be an interesting drug target for the development of cancer chemotherapeutics. Here, we report the crystal structures of the Eg5 motor domain complexed with enastron, dimethylenastron, and fluorastrol. By comparing these structures to that of monastrol and mon-97, we identified the main reasons for increased potency of these new inhibitors, namely the better fit of the ligand to the allosteric binding site and the addition of fluorine atoms. We also noticed preferential binding of the S-enantiomer of enastron and dimethylenastron to Eg5, while the R-enantiomer of fluorastrol binds preferentially to Eg5. In addition, we performed a multidrug resistance (MDR) study in cell lines overexpressing P-glycoprotein (Pgp). We showed that one of these inhibitors may have the potential to overcome susceptibility to this efflux pump and hence overcome common resistance associated with tubulin-targeting drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hung Yi Kristal Kaan
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shin SY, Rath O, Zebisch A, Choo SM, Kolch W, Cho KH. Functional roles of multiple feedback loops in extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Wnt signaling pathways that regulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cancer Res 2010; 70:6715-24. [PMID: 20736375 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key event in the generation of invasive tumor cells. A hallmark of EMT is the repression of E-cadherin expression, which is regulated by various signal transduction pathways including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Wnt. These pathways are highly interconnected via multiple coupled feedback loops (CFL). As the function of such coupled feedback regulations is difficult to analyze experimentally, we used a systems biology approach where computational models were designed to predict biological effects that result from the complex interplay of CFLs. Using epidermal growth factor (EGF) and Wnt as input and E-cadherin transcriptional regulation as output, we established an ordinary differential equation model of the ERK and Wnt signaling network containing six feedback links and used extensive computer simulations to analyze the effects of these feedback links in isolation and different combinations. The results show that the feedbacks can generate a rich dynamic behavior leading to various dose-response patterns and have a decisive role in determining network responses to EGF and Wnt. In particular, we made two important findings: first, that coupled positive feedback loops composed of phosphorylation of Raf kinase inhibitor RKIP by ERK and transcriptional repression of RKIP by Snail have an essential role in causing a switch-like behavior of E-cadherin expression; and second, that RKIP expression inhibits EMT progression by preventing E-cadherin suppression. Taken together, our findings provide us with a system-level understanding of how RKIP can regulate EMT progression and may explain why RKIP is downregulated in so many metastatic cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Young Shin
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Vera J, Rath O, Balsa-Canto E, Banga JR, Kolch W, Wolkenhauer O. Investigating dynamics of inhibitory and feedback loops in ERK signalling using power-law models. Mol Biosyst 2010; 6:2174-91. [PMID: 20717620 DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00018c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of the structure and dynamics of signal transduction systems through data-based mathematical models in ordinary differential equations or other paradigms has proven to be a successful approach in recent times. Extending this concept, we here analysed the use of kinetic models based on power-law terms with non-integer kinetic orders in the validation of hypotheses concerning regulatory structures in signalling systems. We integrated pre-existent biological knowledge, hypotheses and experimental quantitative data into a power-law model to validate the existence of certain regulatory loops in the Ras/Raf-1/MEK/ERK pathway, a MAPK pathway involved in the transduction of mitogenic and differentiation signals. Towards this end, samples of a human mammary epithelial cell line (MCF-10A) were used to obtain time-series data, characterising the behaviour of the system after epidermal growth factor stimulation in different scenarios of expression for the critical players of the system regarding the investigated loops (e.g., the inhibitory protein RKIP). The mathematical model was calibrated using a computational procedure that included: analysis of structural identifiability, global ranking of parameters to detect the most sensitivity ones towards the experimental setup, model calibration using global optimization methods to find the parameter values that better fit the data, and practical identifiability analysis to estimate the confidence in the estimated values for the parameters. The obtained model was used to perform computational simulations concerning the role of the investigated regulatory loops in the time response of the signalling pathway. Our findings suggest that the special regularity in the structure of the power-law terms make them suitable for a data-based validation of regulatory loops in signalling pathways. The model-based analysis performed identified RKIP as an actual inhibitor of the activation of the ERK pathway, but also suggested the existence of an intense feedback-loop control of the pathway by the activated ERK that maybe responsible for the damped oscillations we saw in the fraction of activated MEK both in the experiments and simulations. In addition, the model analysis suggested that phosphorylation/deactivation of RKIP during the transient stimulation may have a significant effect on the signalling peaks of both MEK and ERK. This later result suggests that dynamic modulation of signal inhibitors during stimulation may be a regulatory mechanism in ERK signalling and other pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Vera
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Group, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shin SY, Rath O, Choo SM, Fee F, McFerran B, Kolch W, Cho KH. Positive- and negative-feedback regulations coordinate the dynamic behavior of the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signal transduction pathway. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:425-35. [PMID: 19158341 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.036319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway (or ERK pathway) is an important signal transduction system involved in the control of cell proliferation, survival and differentiation. However, the dynamic regulation of the pathway by positive- and negative-feedback mechanisms, in particular the functional role of Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) are still incompletely understood. RKIP is a physiological endogenous inhibitor of MEK phosphorylation by Raf kinases, but also participates in a positive-feedback loop in which ERK can inactivate RKIP. The aim of this study was to elucidate the hidden dynamics of these feedback mechanisms and to identify the functional role of RKIP through combined efforts of biochemical experiments and in silico simulations based on an experimentally validated mathematical model. We show that the negative-feedback loop from ERK to SOS plays a crucial role in generating an oscillatory behavior of ERK activity. The positive-feedback loop in which ERK functionally inactivates RKIP also enhances the oscillatory activation pattern of ERK. However, RKIP itself has an important role in inducing a switch-like behavior of MEK activity. When overexpressed, RKIP also causes delayed and reduced responses of ERK. Thus, positive- and negative-feedback loops and RKIP work together to shape the response pattern and dynamical characteristics of the ERK pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Young Shin
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nikolov S, Vera J, Wolkenhauer O, Kolch W, Rath O. Role of inhibitory proteins as modulators of oscillations in NFκB signalling. IET Syst Biol 2009; 3:59-76. [DOI: 10.1049/iet-syb.2008.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
18
|
Garcia R, Grindlay J, Rath O, Fee F, Kolch W. Regulation of human myoblast differentiation by PEBP4. EMBO Rep 2009; 10:278-84. [PMID: 19197339 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2009.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Revised: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAF-MEK-ERK pathway regulates both myoblast proliferation and differentiation; however, it is unclear how these events are coordinated. Here, we show that human phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 4 (PEBP4), a RAF kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) family protein expressed preferentially in muscle, regulates the activity of the ERK pathway and myoblast differentiation by acting as a scaffold protein. In contrast to RKIP, which disrupts the RAF1-MEK interaction, PEBP4 forms ternary complexes with RAF1 and MEK, and can scaffold this interaction. PEBP4 expression is induced during the differentiation of primary human myoblasts. Consistent with the properties of a scaffold, PEBP4 enhances the RAF1-MEK interaction and the activation of MEK at low expression levels, whereas it inhibits these parameters at higher expression levels. Downregulation of PEBP4 by short hairpin RNA in human myoblasts increases MEK signalling and inhibits differentiation; by contrast, PEBP4 overexpression enhances differentiation. Thus, PEBP4 participates in the control of muscle cell differentiation by modulating the activity of MEK and ERK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reynaldo Garcia
- Signalling & Proteomics Laboratory, The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rath O, Park S, Tang HH, Banfield MJ, Brady RL, Lee YC, Dignam JD, Sedivy JM, Kolch W, Yeung KC. The RKIP (Raf-1 Kinase Inhibitor Protein) conserved pocket binds to the phosphorylated N-region of Raf-1 and inhibits the Raf-1-mediated activated phosphorylation of MEK. Cell Signal 2008; 20:935-41. [PMID: 18294816 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2007] [Revised: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Raf-MEK-ERK pathway regulates many fundamental biological processes, and its activity is finely tuned at multiple levels. The Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) is a widely expressed negative modulator of the Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway. We have previously shown that RKIP inhibits the phosphorylation of MEK by Raf-1 through interfering with the formation of a kinase-substrate complex by direct binding to both Raf-1 and MEK. Here, we show that the evolutionarily conserved ligand-binding pocket of RKIP is required for its inhibitory activity towards the Raf-1 kinase mediated activation of MEK. Single amino acid substitutions of two of the conserved residues form the base and the wall of the pocket confers a loss-of-function phenotype on RKIP. Loss-of-function RKIP mutants still appear to bind to Raf-1. However the stability of the complexes formed between mutants and the N-region Raf-1 phosphopeptide were drastically reduced. Our results therefore suggest that the RKIP conserved pocket may constitute a novel phosphoamino-acid binding motif and is absolutely required for RKIP function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Rath
- The Beatson institute for Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Cancer can be perceived as a disease of communication between and within cells. The aberrations are pleiotropic, but mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways feature prominently. Here, we discuss recent findings and hypotheses on the role of MAPK pathways in cancer. Cancerous mutations in MAPK pathways are frequently mostly affecting Ras and B-Raf in the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. Stress-activated pathways, such as Jun N-terminal kinase and p38, largely seem to counteract malignant transformation. The balance and integration between these signals may widely vary in different tumours, but are important for the outcome and the sensitivity to drug therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Dhillon
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rath O, Himmler A, Baum A, Sommergruber W, Beug H, Metz T. c-Myc is required for transformation of FDC-P1 cells by EGFRvIII. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:2549-56. [PMID: 17499721 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2007] [Revised: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to wtEGFR, its truncated version EGFRvIII transformed non-tumorigenic FDC-P1 cells only when c-Myc was coexpressed. In nude mice, EGFRvIII/c-Myc coexpressing cells induced tumors, whereas wtEGFR-expressing EGF-dependent FDC-P1 cells did not. EGFRvIII function was required for both the induction and maintenance of tumor growth. Cellular proliferation was inhibited by a selective EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor indicating intrinsic tyrosine kinase activities for both receptors. Unlike wtEGFR, constitutive signaling by EGFRvIII was refractory to stimulation by the EGFR ligands EGF and TGF-alpha. Summarized, EGFRvIII is a constitutively active receptor tyrosine kinase whose transforming capacity is lower than that of EGF-stimulated wtEGFR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Rath
- Department of NCE Lead Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Austria GmbH, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
The Wnt and the extracellular signal regulated-kinase (ERK) pathways are both involved in the pathogenesis of various kinds of cancers. Recently, the existence of crosstalk between Wnt and ERK pathways was reported. Gathering all reported results, we have discovered a positive feedback loop embedded in the crosstalk between the Wnt and ERK pathways. We have developed a plausible model that represents the role of this hidden positive feedback loop in the Wnt/ERK pathway crosstalk based on the integration of experimental reports and employing established basic mathematical models of each pathway. Our analysis shows that the positive feedback loop can generate bistability in both the Wnt and ERK signaling pathways, and this prediction was further validated by experiments. In particular, using the commonly accepted assumption that mutations in signaling proteins contribute to cancerogenesis, we have found two conditions through which mutations could evoke an irreversible response leading to a sustained activation of both pathways. One condition is enhanced production of beta-catenin, the other is a reduction of the velocity of MAP kinase phosphatase(s). This enables that high activities of Wnt and ERK pathways are maintained even without a persistent extracellular signal. Thus, our study adds a novel aspect to the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis by showing that mutational changes in individual proteins can cause fundamental functional changes well beyond the pathway they function in by a positive feedback loop embedded in crosstalk. Thus, crosstalk between signaling pathways provides a vehicle through which mutations of individual components can affect properties of the system at a larger scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Kim
- College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Park S, Rath O, Beach S, Xiang X, Kelly SM, Luo Z, Kolch W, Yeung KC. Regulation of RKIP binding to the N-region of the Raf-1 kinase. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:6405-12. [PMID: 17097642 PMCID: PMC1892598 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Revised: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) binds to Raf-1 interfering with binding of the MEK substrate and potentially also Raf-1 activation. In response to mitogen stimulation RKIP dissociates from Raf-1 and later re-associates. Here, using a combination of mutational approaches, biochemical studies, peptide arrays and plasmon surface resonance (BIAcore), we fine map and characterize a minimal 24 amino acid long RKIP binding domain in the Raf-1 N-region, which consists of constitutive elements at both flanks and a center element that is regulated by phosphorylation and enhances the re-binding of RKIP to Raf-1 in the later phase of mitogen stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sungdae Park
- Medical University of Ohio, Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, 3035 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614-5804, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Oppen G, Renwick S, Bowlin JB, Koch PM, Jensen RV, Rath O, Richards D, Leopold JG. Microwave ionization of hydrogen atoms: Experiment vs classical dynamics. Phys Rev Lett 1985; 55:2231-2234. [PMID: 10032087 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.55.2231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
25
|
Rath H, Rath O, Margolin JM, Schenken J. Intestinal gangrene with infantile diarrhea: survival following resection and ileorectostomy. Surgery 1966; 60:1271-4. [PMID: 5332811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|