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Gilman E, Chaloupka M, Benaka LR, Bowlby H, Fitchett M, Kaiser M, Musyl M. Phylogeny explains capture mortality of sharks and rays in pelagic longline fisheries: a global meta-analytic synthesis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18164. [PMID: 36307432 PMCID: PMC9616952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21976-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Apex and mesopredators such as elasmobranchs are important for maintaining ocean health and are the focus of conservation efforts to mitigate exposure to fishing and other anthropogenic hazards. Quantifying fishing mortality components such as at-vessel mortality (AVM) is necessary for effective bycatch management. We assembled a database for 61 elasmobranch species and conducted a global meta-synthesis to estimate pelagic longline AVM rates. Evolutionary history was a significant predictor of AVM, accounting for up to 13% of variance in Bayesian phylogenetic meta-regression models for Lamniformes and Carcharhiniformes clades. Phylogenetically related species may have a high degree of shared traits that explain AVM. Model-estimated posterior mean AVM rates ranged from 5% (95% HDI 0.1%-16%) for pelagic stingrays and 76% (95% HDI 49%-90%) for salmon sharks. Measures that reduce catch, and hence AVM levels, such as input controls, bycatch quotas and gear technology to increase selectivity are appropriate for species with higher AVM rates. In addition to reducing catchability, handling-and-release practices and interventions such as retention bans in shark sanctuaries and bans on shark finning and trade hold promise for species with lower AVM rates. Robust, and where applicable, phylogenetically-adjusted elasmobranch AVM rates are essential for evidence-informed bycatch policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Gilman
- The Safina Center, Honolulu, USA.
- The Lyell Centre, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Milani Chaloupka
- Ecological Modelling Services Pty Ltd and Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lee R Benaka
- Office of Science and Technology, U.S. NOAA Fisheries, Silver Spring, USA
| | - Heather Bowlby
- Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans, Dartmouth, Canada
| | - Mark Fitchett
- Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council, Honolulu, USA
| | - Michel Kaiser
- The Lyell Centre, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
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2
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Giddens J, Kobayashi DR, Mukai GNM, Asher J, Birkeland C, Fitchett M, Hixon MA, Hutchinson M, Mundy BC, O’Malley JM, Sabater M, Scott M, Stahl J, Toonen R, Trianni M, Woodworth-Jefcoats PA, Wren JLK, Nelson M. Assessing the vulnerability of marine life to climate change in the Pacific Islands region. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270930. [PMID: 35802686 PMCID: PMC9269963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our changing climate poses growing challenges for effective management of marine life, ocean ecosystems, and human communities. Which species are most vulnerable to climate change, and where should management focus efforts to reduce these risks? To address these questions, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries Climate Science Strategy called for vulnerability assessments in each of NOAA’s ocean regions. The Pacific Islands Vulnerability Assessment (PIVA) project assessed the susceptibility of 83 marine species to the impacts of climate change projected to 2055. In a standard Rapid Vulnerability Assessment framework, this project applied expert knowledge, literature review, and climate projection models to synthesize the best available science towards answering these questions. Here we: (1) provide a relative climate vulnerability ranking across species; (2) identify key attributes and factors that drive vulnerability; and (3) identify critical data gaps in understanding climate change impacts to marine life. The invertebrate group was ranked most vulnerable and pelagic and coastal groups not associated with coral reefs were ranked least vulnerable. Sea surface temperature, ocean acidification, and oxygen concentration were the main exposure drivers of vulnerability. Early Life History Survival and Settlement Requirements was the most data deficient of the sensitivity attributes considered in the assessment. The sensitivity of many coral reef fishes ranged between Low and Moderate, which is likely underestimated given that reef species depend on a biogenic habitat that is extremely threatened by climate change. The standard assessment methodology originally developed in the Northeast US, did not capture the additional complexity of the Pacific region, such as the diversity, varied horizontal and vertical distributions, extent of coral reef habitats, the degree of dependence on vulnerable habitat, and wide range of taxa, including data-poor species. Within these limitations, this project identified research needs to sustain marine life in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatha Giddens
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, United States of America
- National Geographic Society Exploration Technology Lab, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Donald R. Kobayashi
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Gabriella N. M. Mukai
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, United States of America
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, United States of America
| | - Jacob Asher
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, United States of America
- The Red Sea Development Company, Riyadh, KSA
| | - Charles Birkeland
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, United States of America
| | - Mark Fitchett
- Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Hixon
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, United States of America
| | - Melanie Hutchinson
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, United States of America
| | - Bruce C. Mundy
- Ocean Research Explorations, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. O’Malley
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, United States of America
| | - Marlowe Sabater
- Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, United States of America
| | - Molly Scott
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Stahl
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, United States of America
| | - Rob Toonen
- Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Kāne‘ohe, Hawaiʻi, United States of America
| | - Michael Trianni
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, United States of America
| | - Phoebe A. Woodworth-Jefcoats
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, United States of America
| | - Johanna L. K. Wren
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, United States of America
| | - Mark Nelson
- Office of Science and Technology, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
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3
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Juliusson G, Oscier D, Juliusson G, Gahrton G, Oscier D, Fitchett M, Ross F, Brito-Babapulle V, Catovsky D, Knuutila S, Elonen E, Lechleitner M, Tanzer J, Schoenwald M, Castoldi GL, Cuneo A, Nowell P, Peterson L, Kay N. Cytogenetic Findings and Survival in B-cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Second IWCCLL Compilation of Data on 662 Patients. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 5 Suppl 1:21-5. [DOI: 10.3109/10428199109103374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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4
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Stefanou EGG, Hanna G, Foakes A, Crocker M, Fitchett M. Prenatal diagnosis of cri du chat (5p-) syndrome in association with isolated moderate bilateral ventriculomegaly. Prenat Diagn 2002; 22:64-6. [PMID: 11810654 DOI: 10.1002/pd.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A case of prenatally detected cri du chat syndrome (5p-) is reported. Amniocentesis was performed following an abnormal ultrasound finding of isolated moderate bilateral ventriculomegaly. The karyotype showed a terminal deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5 including the critical region 5p15 for cri du chat syndrome. This was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). Isolated mild ventriculomegaly may be a non-specific marker for cri du chat syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- E-G G Stefanou
- Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK.
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5
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Horsley SW, Knight SJ, Nixon J, Huson S, Fitchett M, Boone RA, Hilton-Jones D, Flint J, Kearney L. Del(18p) shown to be a cryptic translocation using a multiprobe FISH assay for subtelomeric chromosome rearrangements. J Med Genet 1998; 35:722-6. [PMID: 9733029 PMCID: PMC1051423 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.35.9.722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We have previously described a fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) assay for the simultaneous analysis of all human subtelomeric regions using a single microscope slide. Here we report the use of this multiprobe FISH assay in the study of a patient whose karyotype was reported by G banding analysis as 46,XX,del(18)(p11.2). Although the proband had some features suggestive of a chromosomal abnormality, relatively few of the specific features of del(18p) were present. She was a 37 year old female with mild distal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), arthritis of the hands, an abnormal chest shape (pectus excavatum), and an unusual skin condition (keratosis pilaris). Reverse chromosome painting with degenerate oligonucleotide primer-polymerase chain reaction (DOP-PCR) amplified del(18p) chromosomes as a probe confirmed the abnormality as del(18p), with no evidence of any other chromosome involvement. Subsequently, the multiprobe FISH assay confirmed deletion of 18p subtelomeric sequence. However, the assay also showed that sequences corresponding to the 2p subtelomeric probe were present on the tip of the shortened 18p. The patient is therefore monosomic for 18p11.2-pter and trisomic for 2p25-pter, and the revised karyotype is 46,XX,der(18)t(2;18)(p25; p11.2). We believe that a proportion of all cases reported as telomeric deletions may be cryptic translocations involving other chromosome subtelomeric regions. Further studies such as this are necessary to define accurately the clinical characteristics associated with pure monosomy in chromosomal deletion syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Horsley
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe, Headington, Oxford, UK
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6
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Sinclair EJ, Potter AM, Watmore AE, Fitchett M, Ross F. Trisomy 15 associated with loss of the Y chromosome in bone marrow: a possible new aging effect. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1998; 105:20-3. [PMID: 9689925 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(98)00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Trisomy 15 as a single autosomal abnormality is a rare finding in hematological disorders and has not as yet been associated with any specific disease type. We report 20 cases of trisomy 15 observed in the bone marrow of patients referred for a suspected hematological malignancy. Most patients were elderly, and a marked male predominance was evident. Aneuploidy for the Y chromosome was observed in addition to +15 in 11 out of 15 male patients. A myelodysplastic disorder (MDS) was confirmed in six cases, and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in one. There was no evidence of malignant hematological diseases in the remaining 13 patients. We propose that there may be an association between loss of the Y chromosome and trisomy 15 and that trisomy 15, like missing Y, may not always be a marker of malignancy, but may reflect an underlying age effect. The possibility that its presence may herald the development of a malignant condition cannot, however, be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Sinclair
- Centre for Human Genetics, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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7
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Mehta AB, Bain BJ, Fitchett M, Shah S, Secker-Walker LM. Trisomy 13 and myeloid malignancy--characteristic blast cell morphology: a United Kingdom Cancer Cytogenetics Group survey. Br J Haematol 1998; 101:749-52. [PMID: 9674750 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.00760.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We retrospectively report data on 28 patients with haematological malignancy and trisomy 13 (25 cases) or tetrasomy 13 (three cases) as the primary acquired cytogenetic change. Peripheral blood and/or bone marrow morphology was reviewed in 25/28 cases and the final diagnosis was as follows: AML M0 (11), AML M1 (6), AML M2 (2), AML M4 (2), AML M5b (1), AML M6 (1), RAEB-t (3), RAEB (1), RA (1). All three cases with tetrasomy 13 had AML M0. Characteristic small hand-mirror blasts with cytoplasmic blebs and tails and scanty small granules were seen in 13/25 cases and 18/25 cases had small blasts which could easily be mistaken for lymphoblasts. Trilineage dysplasia was present in 8/28 cases. Median patient survival was 3 months. We conclude that trisomy 13 is particularly associated with acute myeloid leukaemia with minimal differentiation (AML MO), often has distinctive morphological features, and has a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Mehta
- Department of Haematology, Royal Free Hospital and Royal Free University College London School of Medicine
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8
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Abstract
Interstitial deletions of the long arm of chromosome 3 are rare. We report a man with an interstitial deletion involving band 3q25. To our knowledge, this is the first patient to be described with this cytogenetic abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Slavotinek
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals, UK
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9
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Rodgers CS, Creasy MR, Fitchett M, Maliszewska CT, Pratt NR, Waters JJ. Solid tissue culture for cytogenetic analysis: a collaborative survey for the Association of Clinical Cytogeneticists. J Clin Pathol 1996; 49:638-41. [PMID: 8881913 PMCID: PMC500606 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.49.8.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To survey the diagnostic service provided by UK laboratories for the culture of solid tissue samples (excluding tumours) and in particular to examine the variation in culture success rates and the problems of maternal cell overgrowth. METHODS Twenty seven laboratories took part in a collaborative survey during 1992. Each laboratory submitted data on up to a maximum of 60 consecutive specimens (n = 1361) over a six month period. RESULTS Skin specimens, the largest category received (n = 520), were the most problematic (51% success rate). Culture success rates were significantly lower (43%) when skin specimens (n = 140) were transported dry to the laboratory. Success rates for skin specimens also varied, depending on the origin of the specimen, from 18% for intra-uterine deaths (IUD) (n = 94) to 85% for neonatal deaths (n = 33) and 83% for live patients (n = 54). Culture of selected extra-fetal tissues from IUD, stillbirths and following elective termination of pregnancy (TOP) gave comparable success rates to those achieved for skin samples from neonatal deaths and live births. Skewed sex ratios, female > male, were identified for products of conception (POC) (n = 298) and placental biopsy specimens (n = 97). CONCLUSIONS By appropriate selection, transport and processing of tissues, and in particular by avoiding relying solely on skin samples from IUD, stillbirths and TOP, an increase in culture success rates for solid tissue samples submitted for cytogenetic analysis could be achieved. The high risk of maternal cell contamination from POC and placental biopsy specimens was also identified in this survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Rodgers
- Kennedy-Galton Centre, Northwick Park and St Marks NHS Trust, Harrow, Middlesex
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10
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Abstract
Trisomy 8 is seen in a range of disorders both constitutional and acquired. The full constitutional condition presents with physical stigmata, skeletal abnormalities and a mild to moderately retarded IQ. Trisomy 8 is frequently seen as a mosaic in the blood or in the skin or both. Trisomy 8 as an acquired condition is found in haematological disorders, notably in myelodysplasia (MDS) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), and is restricted to the malignant cells. These arise in the bone marrow and may also be found in the peripheral blood. Reported in the issue (Zollino et al. (1995) Leukemia Res. 19(10), 733) is a case of a patient with constitutional trisomy 8 mosaicism who developed myelodysplasia with trisomy 8 in 95-100% of bone marrow cells. Here we consider the implications of this case to the diagnosis of both malignant and constitutional conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Secker-Walker
- Department of Haematology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London, U.K
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11
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Lewis S, Oscier D, Boultwood J, Ross F, Fitchett M, Rack K, Abrahamson G, Buckle V, Wainscoat JS. Hematological features of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes associated with a chromosome 5q deletion. Am J Hematol 1995; 49:194-200. [PMID: 7604812 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.2830490304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The hematological and clinical features of 26 patients with myelodysplasia and a chromosome 5q deletion in the bone marrow are presented. We have examined the relationship of French-American-British Co-operative Group (FAB) 1982 classification and bone marrow karyotype at diagnosis with patient outcome and the presence or absence of the classical features of the 5q-syndrome. Those patients classified as refractory anemia (RA) with no additional karyotypic abnormalities have the typical features of the 5q-syndrome and a good prognosis. None of the patients in this group transformed to acute leukemia during the period of follow-up. Patients with either refractory anemia and excess blasts (RAEB) or additional karyotypic abnormalities show many of the hematologic features of the 5q-syndrome but do not share the good prognosis. We conclude that the 5q-syndrome may be best defined as primary MDS of the FAB type RA with a 5q deletion as the sole karyotypic abnormality. This simple definition will distinguish patients with a good prognosis and all the classical features of the 5q-syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lewis
- Haematology Department, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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12
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Abstract
There is a well-known raised risk of leukaemia in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1). We carried out the first detailed population-based study of leukaemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) associated with NF-1 in order to estimate the risk and elucidate the relationship between these conditions. Over the 17 year study period there were five cases of chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML) in patients with NF-1 (relative risk 221; 95% CI 71-514), 12 cases of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) (relative risk 5.4; 95% CI 2.8-9.4) and five cases of NHL (relative risk 10.0; 95% CI 3.3-23.4). Marrow cytogenetics could be reviewed for seven patients. Specific abnormalities found were monosomy 21 in a child with CMML and 7p+, 17p- in a child with ALL. No abnormalities were reported of 17q, which includes the NF1 gene. CMML occurred predominantly in boys, who also had a family history of NF-1. ALL and NHL were more often found in children with no previous family history.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Stiller
- University of Oxford, Department of Paediatrics, UK
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13
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Fewtrell MS, Tam PK, Thomson AH, Fitchett M, Currie J, Huson SM, Mulligan LM. Hirschsprung's disease associated with a deletion of chromosome 10 (q11.2q21.2): a further link with the neurocristopathies? J Med Genet 1994; 31:325-7. [PMID: 7915329 PMCID: PMC1049807 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.31.4.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We report a patient with total colonic aganglionosis in association with a deletion of part of the long arm of chromosome 10: (del(10)(q11.2q21.2)). This deletion includes the ret proto-oncogene, which has recently been implicated in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN 2A). The possible links between Hirschsprung's disease and the neurocristopathies and the aetiological role of abnormalities of neural crest development in these conditions are discussed.
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14
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Wilkie AO, Campbell FM, Daubeney P, Grant DB, Daniels RJ, Mullarkey M, Affara NA, Fitchett M, Huson SM. Complete and partial XY sex reversal associated with terminal deletion of 10q: report of 2 cases and literature review. Am J Med Genet 1993; 46:597-600. [PMID: 8322827 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320460527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We describe 2 karyotypically male infants with terminal deletion of 10q and mental retardation, multiple phenotypic anomalies and abnormal genitalia. One [karyotype 46,XY, del(10)(q26.1)] had female external genitalia; the other [karyotype 46,XY,-10,+der(10)t (10;16)(q26.2;q21)] had an intersex phenotype. Of 8 males previously reported with terminal 10q deletion as the major or only cytogenetic abnormality, 2 had an intersex phenotype, and the others all had combinations of cryptorchidism, micropenis, and hypospadias. Terminal 10q deletions appear to be strongly associated with abnormal male genital development, and should be specifically searched for in the cytogenetic workup of such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Wilkie
- Department of Paediatric Genetics and Fetal Medicine, Hospitals for Sick Children, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Shackley P, McGuire A, Boyd PA, Dennis J, Fitchett M, Kay J, Roche M, Wood P. An economic appraisal of alternative pre-natal screening programmes for Down's syndrome. J Public Health Med 1993; 15:175-84. [PMID: 7688977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate economically a screening programme within the Oxford Regional Health Authority for Down's syndrome, based on maternal serum alpha fetoprotein, unconjugated oestriol and human chorionic gonadotrophin as well as maternal age (the triple test) against maternal age alone. The design of the study involved cost-effectiveness analysis of the triple test relative to the maternal age screening programme, and the main outcome measure was the cost per Down's birth avoided. It was found that the triple test is more cost-effective over a wide range of assumptions concerning detection rates and procedure costs. Indirect costs are important in considering the cost-effectiveness of the screening programmes. The most efficient detection rate is around 58 per cent for which the cost per Down's birth avoided is approximately 29,600 pounds if only direct costs are evaluated, 20,100 pounds if all NHS costs are considered and -49,800 pounds if all resource consequences are analysed. It may be concluded that screening for Down's syndrome using the triple test is cost-effective over a wide range of assumptions concerning detection rate and procedure costs. If all resource costs are considered, the programme is highly cost-effective in comparison with other health care interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Shackley
- Health Economics Research Unit, University of Aberdeen
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16
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Rack KA, Harris PC, MacCarthy AB, Boone R, Raynham H, McKinley M, Fitchett M, Towe CM, Rudd P, Armour JA. Characterization of three de novo derivative chromosomes 16 by "reverse chromosome painting" and molecular analysis. Am J Hum Genet 1993; 52:987-97. [PMID: 8488848 PMCID: PMC1682036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We have analyzed three de novo chromosome 16 rearrangements--two with a 16p+ chromosome and one a 16q+--none of which could be fully characterized by conventional cytogenetics. In each case, flow karyotypes have been produced, and the aberrant chromosome has been isolated by flow sorting. The origin of the additional material has been ascertained by amplifying and labeling the DNA of the abnormal chromosome by degenerate-oligonucleotide-primer-PCR and hybridizing it in situ to normal metaphase spreads (reverse chromosome painting). Both 16p+ chromosomes contain more than 30 Mb of DNA from the short arm of chromosome 9(9p21.2-pter), while the 16q+ contains approximately 9 Mb of DNA from 2q37. The breakpoints on chromosome 16 have been localized in each case; the two breakpoints on the short arm are at different points within the terminal band, 16p13.3. The breakpoint on the long arm of chromosome 16 is very close to (within 230 kb of) the 16q telomere. Determination of the regions of monosomy and trisomy allowed the observed phenotypes to be compared with other reported cases involving aneuploidy for these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Rack
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, England
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17
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Abrahamson GM, Rack K, Oscier DG, Fitchett M, Buckle VJ, Wainscoat JS. Comparison of cytogenetic and restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses for the detection of loss of chromosome material in clonal hemopoietic disorders. Am J Hematol 1993; 42:171-6. [PMID: 8094942 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.2830420206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Loss of chromosome material, as manifested by monosomy or partial deletion, is commonly found in neoplastic cells. We have undertaken a systematic comparison of standard cytogenetic analysis and molecular analysis for the detection of such loss, using as a model loss of chromosome 7 in 72 patients with a clonal myeloid malignancy. A large number of probes was used to screen three regions of chromosome 7 for loss by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. There were nine cases in which loss of chromosome 7 was detected by both techniques, but seven in which loss was detected by only one of the methods, demonstrating the complementary nature of these two techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Abrahamson
- Leukaemia Research Fund Molecular and Cytogenetic Haematology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Knight SJ, Hirst MC, Roche A, Christodoulou Z, Huson SM, Winter R, Fitchett M, McKinley MJ, Lindenbaum RH, Nakahori Y. Molecular studies of the fragile X syndrome. Am J Med Genet 1992; 43:217-23. [PMID: 1605194 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320430135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have studied families segregating for the fragile X syndrome for the presence of amplification of the CGG repeat sequence adjacent to the HpaII Tiny Fragment (HTF) island in the FMR-1 gene. We demonstrate that 138/143 fragile X positive, mentally retarded males show a characteristic smear of fragments corresponding to somatic variation in the amplification of the CGG sequence. In 7/8 normal transmitting males (NTM's), we show that there is a small amplification of sequence but no evidence for somatic variation. Defined mutated fragments in the size range found in NTM's are seen in daughters of NTM's. The daughters of these female carriers show either a defined fragment in the NTM size range, a defined larger fragment or a heterogeneous pattern of fragments. In the latter 2 cases the clinical phenotype of the females cannot easily be predicted, presumably because of variable X inactivation. In some families, the observed DNA genotype does not correlate with the phenotype; in others we demonstrate the occurrence of individuals with a mosaic DNA genotype. The implications of these data for diagnosis of the disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Knight
- Molecular Genetics Group, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, England
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19
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Fitchett M. M25 syndrome. Health Serv J 1991; 101:24-5. [PMID: 10115885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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20
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Abstract
Sequential cytogenetic studies were performed on a minimum of two and a maximum of nine occasions (mean 3.6) on the peripheral blood leucocytes of 112 patients with B-CLL. On initial cytogenetic analysis, 58 had a normal karyotype and 64 had a clonal abnormality. Karyotypic evolution occurred in 18 patients (16%). There was no significant difference in the incidence of disease progression between patients with a stable karyotype and those who underwent karyotypic evolution. In only one patient was there a clear association between disease progression, a change in cell morphology and karyotypic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Oscier
- Department of Haematology, Royal Victoria Hospital, Bournemouth, England
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Oscier DG, Stevens J, Hamblin TJ, Pickering RM, Lambert R, Fitchett M. Correlation of chromosome abnormalities with laboratory features and clinical course in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1990; 76:352-8. [PMID: 2261345 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1990.tb06367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
141 patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) have been studied for a minimum of 12 months and a maximum of 25 years. 30 of 133 patients (32.5%) had greater than 10% FMC7 positive peripheral blood lymphocytes and 19 of 131 patients (14.5%) had a serum or urinary paraprotein. At presentation 88 patients were stage A0, 18 A1, 18 A2, 11 B and six C. 44 (31%) had progressive disease and 42 (30%) died during the study period. 63 patients had a normal karyotype, 75 a clonal abnormality and in three no metaphases were obtained. The finding of a complex karyotypic abnormality was significantly associated with lambda surface phenotype (P less than 0.01), the presence of greater than 10% FMC7 positive cells (P less than 0.025), and the presence of a paraprotein (P = 0.025). Patients whose leukaemic cells had a complex karyotype and those with structural abnormalities of chromosomes 14 and 6 required treatment earlier than those with a normal karyotype.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Chromosome Aberrations/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/chemistry
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/chemistry
- Female
- Humans
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/mortality
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Neoplasm Staging
- Prognosis
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Oscier
- Department of Haematology, Royal Victoria Hospital, Bournemouth
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Abstract
85 patients presenting to a single centre with stage AO B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) have been studied. The duration of follow-up has ranged from a minimum of 1 year to a maximum of 18 years with a mean of 6 years. 14 patients have had progressive disease and 23 patients have died, of whom nine had CLL-related deaths. We assessed the prognostic significance of the following parameters: age at presentation, sex, haemoglobin concentration, initial lymphocyte count, surface membrane phenotype, serum immunoglobulin levels at presentation and karyotype. None of these factors were predictive of survival, but there was a correlation between initial lymphocyte count, surface immunoglobulin MD lambda phenotype, and complex karyotypic abnormalities and disease progression. Two patients with a complex karyotype have been followed for more than 5 years without evidence of progression.
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23
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Juliusson G, Oscier DG, Fitchett M, Ross FM, Stockdill G, Mackie MJ, Parker AC, Castoldi GL, Guneo A, Knuutila S, Elonen E, Gahrton G. Prognostic subgroups in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia defined by specific chromosomal abnormalities. N Engl J Med 1990; 323:720-4. [PMID: 2201915 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199009133231105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHODS Specific chromosomal abnormalities have been shown to affect the overall survival of patients with acute leukemia, but the possibility that specific chromosomal defects may influence the course of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is controversial. We assessed this possibility as follows: blood mononuclear cells from 433 patients with B-cell CLL in five European centers were cultured with B-cell mitogens, and banded metaphases were studied. RESULTS Three hundred ninety-one patients could be evaluated cytogenetically, and 218 had clonal chromosomal changes. The most common abnormalities were trisomy 12 (n = 67) and structural abnormalities of chromosome 13 (n = 51; most involving the site of the retinoblastoma gene) and of chromosome 14 (n = 41). Patients with a normal karyotype had a median overall survival of more than 15 years, in contrast to 7.7 years for patients with clonal changes. Patients with single abnormalities (n = 113) did better than those with complex karyotypes (P less than 0.001). Patients with abnormalities involving chromosome 14q had poorer survival than those with aberrations of chromosome 13q (P less than 0.05). Among patients with single abnormalities, those with trisomy 12 alone had poorer survival than patients with single aberrations of chromosome 13q (P = 0.01); the latter had the same survival as those with a normal karyotype. A high percentage of cells in metaphase with chromosomal abnormalities, indicating highly proliferative leukemic cells, was associated with poor survival (P less than 0.001). Cox proportional-hazards analysis identified age, sex, the percentage of cells in metaphase with chromosomal abnormalities, and the clinical stage of the disease (Binet classification system) as independent prognostic variables. CONCLUSIONS Chromosomal analysis provides prognostic information about overall survival in addition to that supplied by clinical data in patients with B-cell CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14
- Female
- Humans
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/mortality
- Male
- Metaphase
- Middle Aged
- Multicenter Studies as Topic
- Prognosis
- Survival Rate
- Trisomy
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Affiliation(s)
- G Juliusson
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge Hospital, Sweden
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Fitchett M. Chromosome 5 variation. Am J Med Genet 1990; 36:523. [PMID: 2248674 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320360434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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al-Gazali LI, Mueller RF, Caine A, Antoniou A, McCartney A, Fitchett M, Dennis NR. Two 46,XX,t(X;Y) females with linear skin defects and congenital microphthalmia: a new syndrome at Xp22.3. J Med Genet 1990; 27:59-63. [PMID: 2308157 PMCID: PMC1016884 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.27.1.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We describe two females with de novo X;Y translocations, who presented at birth with irregular linear areas of erythematous skin hypoplasia involving the head and neck, along with eye findings that included microphthalmia, corneal opacities, and orbital cysts. The features in these children are similar to but distinct from those seen in females with Goltz syndrome and incontinentia pigmenti. Cytogenetic analysis has shown the X chromosome breakpoint in both females to be at Xp22.3. We suggest that this syndrome is the result of a deletion or disruption of DNA sequences in the region of Xp22.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- L I al-Gazali
- Department of Genetic Counselling, Leeds General Infirmary
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Abstract
Three cases of interstitial deletion of chromosome 13 involving the common segment 13q22.1----q32.1 are reported. In addition to the recognised clinical features of this deletion, two had Hirschsprung's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Lamont
- Department of Child Health, Southampton General Hospital
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Pembrey M, Fennell SJ, van den Berghe J, Fitchett M, Summers D, Butler L, Clarke C, Griffiths M, Thompson E, Super M. The association of Angelman's syndrome with deletions within 15q11-13. J Med Genet 1989; 26:73-7. [PMID: 2918545 PMCID: PMC1015553 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.26.2.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The inheritance of Angelman's syndrome, a disorder characterised by mental retardation, epilepsy, ataxia, and a happy disposition, is debated because affected sibs occur less frequently than expected with autosomal recessive inheritance. After discovering two unrelated patients with a small deletion of the proximal long arm of chromosome 15, 10 further patients with Angelman's syndrome were reassessed. Five had apparently normal karyotypes, four had a deletion within 15q11-13, and one had a pericentric inversion, inv(15)(p11q13) involving the same chromosomal region. In the latter case, the healthy mother had the same pericentric inversion, indicating that the patient also had a submicroscopic mutation on his other chromosome 15. These data map the Angelman locus to 15q11-13 and suggest that de novo visible deletions (associated with a low recurrence risk) and autosomal recessively inherited cases combine to give an overall sib recurrence risk of less than 25%.
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Abstract
Whole blood from two mentally retarded fra-X brothers was grown in low folate medium where fra-X expression was enhanced. Bromodeoxyuridine was added to mitigate the low folate conditions and metaphases were sampled sequentially, and stained for replication banding, through one cell cycle of recovery. The replication bands allowed detailed analysis of the cell cycle and the allocation of individual cells to precise sub-phases. Various classes of fra-X and all other types of chromosomal aberrations were scored in these classified cells. The fra-X does not conform in morphology to any of the known simple chromatid intrachange types, which were often present within the same cells, but the subsequent fall in frequency once bromodeoxyuridine was added closely paralleled that of the conventional aberrations. Normal folate level frequencies of fra-X are restored by the time early S-phase cells (sub-phase SkI) reach metaphase. When sub-phased cells are rearranged in true chronological sequence, there is a suggestion of a sudden fall in frequency between SkII-III (about 70% of the transit of S). This suggests that the critical point for low folate enhancement occurs in this region of the S-phase. This is somewhat earlier than the band-appearance distribution curve for Xq27 which lies within sub-phase SkIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Savage
- MRC Radiobiology Unit, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, UK
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Thein SL, Oscier DG, Jeffreys AJ, Hesketh C, Pilkington S, Summers C, Fitchett M, Wainscoat JS. Detection of chromosomal 7 loss in myelodysplasia using an extremely polymorphic DNA probe. Br J Cancer 1988; 57:131-4. [PMID: 3358903 PMCID: PMC2246429 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1988.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal loss is a characteristic feature of the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). A method is described which detects chromosomal 7 loss in MDS by DNA analysis using a specific hypervariable region gene probe which has been cloned from a human DNA fingerprint. Loss of one of the chromosomal 7 homologues was demonstrated in 10/118 MDS patients; the ten patients include all the five patients which had previously been shown to have monosomy 7 by cytogenetic analysis. This technique makes it feasible to study serial samples from large numbers of patients for loss of chromosomal material and could be readily applied to the study of other human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Thein
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Fitchett M, Gilbert BC, Willson RL. Fragmentation reactions of radicals formed from sugar phosphates and the hydroxyl radical: an investigation by electron spin resonance spectroscopy and pulse radiolysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1039/p29880000673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fitchett M, Griffiths MJ, Oscier DG, Johnson S, Seabright M. Chromosome abnormalities involving band 13q14 in hematologic malignancies. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1987; 24:143-50. [PMID: 3491671 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(87)90091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fifteen patients with hematologic disorders showed abnormalities involving chromosome band 13q14. Nine patients had an interstitial deletion of this band, similar to that reported in some retinoblastoma tumors and as a constitutional abnormality in a small proportion of cases of familial retinoblastoma. In five patients, band 13q14 was involved in translocations and in one case there was a deletion of one chromosome #13 and a translocation involving the homologous #13. The diagnosis in the majority of our patients (11 of 15) was chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In these patients the abnormalities were detected in cultures stimulated with 4-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). It is possible that the utilization of this agent is a fundamental requirement for the reliable demonstration of abnormalities involving 13q14 in patients with B-cell malignancies. The incidence of abnormalities involving 13q14 and their significance in the development of neoplasias, other than retino-blastoma, is discussed.
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Fitchett M, Gilbert BC. Radical reactions of carbohydrates. Part 6. An electron spin resonance. Study of the reaction of the hydroxyl radical with some lactones derived from sugars and with ascorbic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1039/p29860001169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
E.s.r. spectroscopy has been used in conjunction with an aqueous flow system to investigate both the metal-catalysed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to OH. and the subsequent reactions of this radical with a variety of biomolecules. Particular emphasis is placed on the effects of pH and ligand on the FeII-H2O2 reaction and on the sites of attack by OH. in its reaction with pyranose and furanose sugars, sugar phosphates, nucleosides and nucleotides. Attention is focused on subsequent reactions (for example, of radicals formed by attack in the ribofuranose moiety of adenosine) which may be involved in radiation damage.
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35
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Fitchett M, Downing RG, Hopkinson DA, Bayley AC. Interstitial deletion of chromosome band 13q14 associated with squamous cell carcinoma. J Med Genet 1984; 21:399. [PMID: 6502658 PMCID: PMC1049332 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.21.5.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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37
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Mufti GJ, Hamblin TJ, Stevenson FK, Fitchett M. Polycythaemia rubra vera and hairy cell leukaemia in the same patient: studies on the spleen. J Clin Pathol 1982; 35:1312-5. [PMID: 7174843 PMCID: PMC497968 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.35.12.1312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The first association of polycythaemia rubra vera (PRV) and hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) is reported. The secretion by spleen cells in short term culture of IfGlambda to the exclusion kappa demonstrated that despite aberrant surface marker studies the HCL was a monoclonal tumour of B cells. Chromosomal studies on splenic cells were not able to demonstrate the common clonal origin of the two tumours.
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