1
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Hansen S, Nielsen S, Stober J, Rasmussen J, Salewski M, Willensdorfer M, Hoelzl M, Stejner M. Parametric Decay Instabilities during Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating of Fusion Plasmas, Problems and Possibilities. EPJ Web Conf 2023. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202327701002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We review parametric decay instabilities (PDIs) expected in connection with electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) of magnetically confined fusion plasmas, with a specific focus on conditions relevant for the ITER tokamak. PDIs involving upper hybrid (UH) waves are likely to occur in O-mode ECRH scenarios at ITER if electron density profiles allowing trapping of UH waves near the ECRH frequency are present. Such PDIs may occur near the plasma center in ITER full-field scenarios heated by 170 GHz O-mode ECRH and on the high-field side of half-field ITER plasmas heated by 110 GHz or 104 GHz O-mode ECRH. Additionally, 110 GHz O-mode ECRH of half-field ITER scenarios may have low ECRH absorption, due to the electron cyclotron resonance being located on the high-field side of the main plasma. This potentially allows PDIs driven by a significant amount of ECRH radiation reaching the UH resonance in X-mode to occur, as X-mode radiation can be generated by reflection of unabsorbed O-mode radiation from the high-field side wall. The occurrence of PDIs during ECRH may damage microwave diagnostics, such as the electron cyclotron emission and low-field side reflectometer systems at ITER, as well as complicate the calculation of heating and current drive characteristics. However, if PDIs are induced in a controlled manner, they may provide novel diagnostic tools and allow the generation of a moderate fast ion population in plasmas heated only by ECRH.
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2
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Harrer GF, Faitsch M, Radovanovic L, Wolfrum E, Albert C, Cathey A, Cavedon M, Dunne M, Eich T, Fischer R, Griener M, Hoelzl M, Labit B, Meyer H, Aumayr F. Quasicontinuous Exhaust Scenario for a Fusion Reactor: The Renaissance of Small Edge Localized Modes. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:165001. [PMID: 36306746 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.165001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tokamak operational regimes with small edge localized modes (ELMs) could be a solution to the problem of large transient heat loads in fusion reactors. A ballooning mode near the last closed flux surface governed by the pressure gradient and the magnetic shear there has been proposed for small ELMs. In this Letter, we experimentally investigate several stabilizing effects near the last closed flux surface and present linear ideal simulations that indeed develop ballooninglike fluctuations there and connect them with nonlinear resistive simulations. The dimensionless parameters of the small ELM regime in the region of interest are very similar to those in a reactor, making this regime the ideal exhaust scenario for a future device.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Harrer
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Fusion@ÖAW, Vienna, Austria
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - M Faitsch
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - L Radovanovic
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Fusion@ÖAW, Vienna, Austria
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - E Wolfrum
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - C Albert
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Physics, TU Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - A Cathey
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - M Cavedon
- Dipartimento di Fisica "G. Occhialini," Università di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - M Dunne
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - T Eich
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - R Fischer
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - M Griener
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - M Hoelzl
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - B Labit
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - H Meyer
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon, United Kingdom
| | - F Aumayr
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Fusion@ÖAW, Vienna, Austria
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3
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Khosravi-Maharlooei M, Li H, Hoelzl M, Zhao G, Ruiz A, Misra A, Li Y, Teteloshvili N, Nauman G, Danzl N, Ding X, Pinker EY, Obradovic A, Yang YG, Iuga A, Creusot RJ, Winchester R, Sykes M. Role of the thymus in spontaneous development of a multi-organ autoimmune disease in human immune system mice. J Autoimmun 2021; 119:102612. [PMID: 33611150 PMCID: PMC8044037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the role of the thymus in development of multi-organ autoimmunity in human immune system (HIS) mice. T cells were essential for disease development and the same T cell clones with varying phenotypes infiltrated multiple tissues. De novo-generated hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-derived T cells were the major disease drivers, though thymocytes pre-existing in grafted human thymi contributed if not first depleted. HIS mice with a native mouse thymus developed disease earlier than thymectomized mice with a thymocyte-depleted human thymus graft. Defective structure in the native mouse thymus was associated with impaired negative selection of thymocytes expressing a transgenic TCR recognizing a self-antigen. Disease developed without direct recognition of antigens on recipient mouse MHC. While human thymus grafts had normal structure and negative selection, failure to tolerize human T cells recognizing mouse antigens presented on HLA molecules may explain eventual disease development. These new insights have implications for human autoimmunity and suggest methods of avoiding autoimmunity in next-generation HIS mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Khosravi-Maharlooei
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - HaoWei Li
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Markus Hoelzl
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Guiling Zhao
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Amanda Ruiz
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Aditya Misra
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Nato Teteloshvili
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Grace Nauman
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Nichole Danzl
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Xiaolan Ding
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Elisha Y Pinker
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Aleksandar Obradovic
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Alina Iuga
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Remi J Creusot
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Robert Winchester
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Megan Sykes
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA,Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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4
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Khosravi-Maharlooei M, Hoelzl M, Li HW, Madley RC, Waffarn EE, Danzl NM, Sykes M. Rapid thymectomy of NSG mice to analyze the role of native and grafted thymi in humanized mice. Eur J Immunol 2019; 50:138-141. [PMID: 31583677 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We developed a rapid method to remove the native mouse thymus from NSG mice, which allowed us to compare the behavior of human immune cells in the presence or absence of human T cells in human immune system mice. Removing the native mouse thymus is critical for studies of human thymopiesis in grafted thymic tissue in humanized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Khosravi-Maharlooei
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Markus Hoelzl
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hao Wei Li
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel C Madley
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Waffarn
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nichole M Danzl
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Megan Sykes
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Bandaru V, Hoelzl M, Artola FJ, Papp G, Huijsmans GTA. Simulating the nonlinear interaction of relativistic electrons and tokamak plasma instabilities: Implementation and validation of a fluid model. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:063317. [PMID: 31330586 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.063317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
For the simulation of disruptions in tokamak fusion plasmas, a fluid model describing the evolution of relativistic runaway electrons and their interaction with the background plasma is presented. The overall aim of the model is to self-consistently describe the nonlinear coupled evolution of runaway electrons (REs) and plasma instabilities during disruptions. In this model, the runaway electrons are considered as a separate fluid species in which the initial seed is generated through the Dreicer source, which eventually grows by the avalanche mechanism (further relevant source mechanisms can easily be added). Advection of the runaway electrons is considered primarily along field lines, but also taking into account the E×B drift. The model is implemented in the nonlinear magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) code jorek based on Bezier finite elements, with current coupling to the thermal plasma. Benchmarking of the code with the one-dimensional runaway electron code go is done using an artificial thermal quench on a circular plasma. As a first demonstration, the code is applied to the problem of an axisymmetric cold vertical displacement event in an ITER plasma, revealing significantly different dynamics between cases computed with and without runaway electrons. Though it is not yet feasible to achieve fully realistic runaway electron velocities close to the speed of light in complete simulations of slowly evolving plasma instabilities, the code is demonstrated to be suitable to study various kinds of MHD-RE interactions in MHD-active and disruption relevant plasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bandaru
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Boltzmannstaße 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M Hoelzl
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Boltzmannstaße 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - F J Artola
- ITER Organization, Saint Paul Lez Durance CS90046 13067, France
| | - G Papp
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Boltzmannstaße 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G T A Huijsmans
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, Netherlands.,CEA Cadarche, 13115 St Paul Lez Durance, France
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Galdon-Quiroga J, Garcia-Munoz M, McClements KG, Nocente M, Hoelzl M, Jacobsen AS, Orain F, Rivero-Rodriguez JF, Salewski M, Sanchis-Sanchez L, Suttrop W, Viezzer E. Beam-Ion Acceleration during Edge Localized Modes in the ASDEX Upgrade Tokamak. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 121:025002. [PMID: 30085760 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.025002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The acceleration of beam ions during edge localized modes (ELMs) in a tokamak is observed for the first time through direct measurements of fast-ion losses in low collisionality plasmas. The accelerated beam-ion population exhibits well-localized velocity-space structures which are revealed by means of tomographic inversion of the measurement, showing energy gains of the order of tens of keV. This suggests that the ion acceleration results from a resonant interaction between the beam ions and parallel electric fields arising during the ELM. Orbit simulations are carried out to identify the mode-particle resonances responsible for the energy gain in the particle phase space. The observation motivates the incorporation of a kinetic description of fast particles in ELM models and may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for particle acceleration, ubiquitous in astrophysical and space plasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Galdon-Quiroga
- Department of Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Physics, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Aceleradores (CNA), Universidad de Sevilla, Junta de Andalucia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Parque Cientifico y Tecnologico Cartuja, c/Thomas Alva Edison, 7 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - M Garcia-Munoz
- Department of Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Physics, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Aceleradores (CNA), Universidad de Sevilla, Junta de Andalucia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Parque Cientifico y Tecnologico Cartuja, c/Thomas Alva Edison, 7 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - K G McClements
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - M Nocente
- Dipartimento di Fisica G Occhialini, Universita di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - M Hoelzl
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Boltzmannstrasse, 2 85748 Garching bei Munchen, Germany
| | - A S Jacobsen
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Boltzmannstrasse, 2 85748 Garching bei Munchen, Germany
| | - F Orain
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Boltzmannstrasse, 2 85748 Garching bei Munchen, Germany
| | - J F Rivero-Rodriguez
- Centro Nacional de Aceleradores (CNA), Universidad de Sevilla, Junta de Andalucia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Parque Cientifico y Tecnologico Cartuja, c/Thomas Alva Edison, 7 41092 Seville, Spain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Manufacturing, University of Seville, Camino de los Descubrimientos s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - M Salewski
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - L Sanchis-Sanchez
- Department of Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Physics, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Aceleradores (CNA), Universidad de Sevilla, Junta de Andalucia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Parque Cientifico y Tecnologico Cartuja, c/Thomas Alva Edison, 7 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - W Suttrop
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Boltzmannstrasse, 2 85748 Garching bei Munchen, Germany
| | - E Viezzer
- Department of Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Physics, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Aceleradores (CNA), Universidad de Sevilla, Junta de Andalucia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Parque Cientifico y Tecnologico Cartuja, c/Thomas Alva Edison, 7 41092 Seville, Spain
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7
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Hegen H, Guger M, Harrer A, Hoelzl M, Kraus J, Skrobal A, Schautzer F, Schmidegg S, Schocke M, Deisenhammer F. High-dose intravenous interferon-beta in multiple sclerosis patients with high-titer neutralizing antibodies (HINABS II) - A pilot study. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2015; 3:220-6. [PMID: 25878009 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutralizing antibodies (NAb) against interferon-beta (IFNβ) affect its treatment efficacy. So far, there are no anti-NAb strategies available. OBJECTIVES To investigate if the repeated administration of high-dose IFNβ-1b intravenous in NAb positive multiple sclerosis (MS) patients induces tolerance and establishes IFNβ bioavailability as measured by the induction of myxovirus protein A (MxA). METHODS Nine MS patients with NAb titers >500 10-fold reduction units (TRU) received 1500μg IFNβ-1b intravenously once weekly over three months. Blood samples were collected at screening, monthly during the treatment period (before and four hours after IFNβ administration), and at follow-up after 6 months for determination of NAbs and MxA expression. RESULTS Median NAb titer at baseline was 1429TRU. NAb titers determined before each infusion did not significantly change over the treatment period and were not different at follow-up compared to baseline. However, NAb titers were significantly decreased four hours after IFNβ infusions (by roughly 50%) and MxA mRNA levels were significantly elevated reaching a median value of 206. CONCLUSIONS Weekly intravenous administration of IFNβ in patients with high NAb titers established its bioavailability, but failed to induce tolerance towards IFNβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hegen
- Innsbruck Medical University, Department of Neurology, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - M Guger
- Allgemeines Krankenhaus Linz, Department of Neurology, Krankenhausstraße 9, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - A Harrer
- Paracelsus Medical University, Department of Neurology, Ignaz-Harrer-Straße 79, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - M Hoelzl
- Innsbruck Medical University, Department of Neurology, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J Kraus
- Paracelsus Medical University, Department of Neurology, Ignaz-Harrer-Straße 79, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - A Skrobal
- Landesklinikum Horn, Department of Neurology, Spitalgase 10, 3580 Horn, Austria
| | - F Schautzer
- Landeskrankenhaus Villach, Department of Neurology, Nikolaigasse 43, 9500 Villach, Austria
| | - S Schmidegg
- Allgemeines Krankenhaus Linz, Department of Neurology, Krankenhausstraße 9, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - M Schocke
- Innsbruck Medical University, Department of Radiology, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - F Deisenhammer
- Innsbruck Medical University, Department of Neurology, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Orain F, Bécoulet M, Huijsmans GTA, Dif-Pradalier G, Hoelzl M, Morales J, Garbet X, Nardon E, Pamela S, Passeron C, Latu G, Fil A, Cahyna P. Resistive reduced MHD modeling of multi-edge-localized-mode cycles in Tokamak X-point plasmas. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 114:035001. [PMID: 25659004 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.035001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The full dynamics of a multi-edge-localized-mode (ELM) cycle is modeled for the first time in realistic tokamak X-point geometry with the nonlinear reduced MHD code jorek. The diamagnetic rotation is found to be instrumental to stabilize the plasma after an ELM crash and to model the cyclic reconstruction and collapse of the plasma pressure profile. ELM relaxations are cyclically initiated each time the pedestal gradient crosses a triggering threshold. Diamagnetic drifts are also found to yield a near-symmetric ELM power deposition on the inner and outer divertor target plates, consistent with experimental measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Orain
- CEA-IRFM, Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - M Bécoulet
- CEA-IRFM, Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - G T A Huijsmans
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | | | - M Hoelzl
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J Morales
- CEA-IRFM, Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - X Garbet
- CEA-IRFM, Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - E Nardon
- CEA-IRFM, Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - S Pamela
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Oxon, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - C Passeron
- CEA-IRFM, Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - G Latu
- CEA-IRFM, Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - A Fil
- CEA-IRFM, Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - P Cahyna
- Institute of Plasma Physics ASCR, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
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9
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Bécoulet M, Orain F, Huijsmans GTA, Pamela S, Cahyna P, Hoelzl M, Garbet X, Franck E, Sonnendrücker E, Dif-Pradalier G, Passeron C, Latu G, Morales J, Nardon E, Fil A, Nkonga B, Ratnani A, Grandgirard V. Mechanism of edge localized mode mitigation by resonant magnetic perturbations. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 113:115001. [PMID: 25259985 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.115001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A possible mechanism of edge localized modes (ELMs) mitigation by resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) is proposed based on the results of nonlinear resistive magnetohydrodynamic modeling using the jorek code, realistic JET-like plasma parameters and an RMP spectrum of JET error-field correction coils (EFCC) with a main toroidal number n=2 were used in the simulations. Without RMPs, a large ELM relaxation is obtained mainly due to the most unstable medium-n ballooning mode. The externally imposed RMP drives nonlinearly the modes coupled to n=2 RMP which produce small multimode relaxations, mitigated ELMs. The modes driven by RMPs exhibit a tearinglike structure and produce additional islands. Mitigated ELMs deposit energy into the divertor mainly in the structures ("footprints") created by n=2 RMPs, however, slightly modulated by other nonlinearly driven even harmonics. The divertor power flux during a ELM phase mitigated by RMPs is reduced almost by a factor of 10. The mechanism of ELM mitigation by RMPs proposed here reproduces generic features of high collisionality RMP experiments, where large ELMs are replaced by small, much more frequent ELMs or magnetic turbulence. Total ELM suppression was also demonstrated in modeling at higher RMP amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bécoulet
- CEA, IRFM, 13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - F Orain
- CEA, IRFM, 13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - G T A Huijsmans
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, 13067 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - S Pamela
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Oxon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - P Cahyna
- Institute of Plasma Physics ASCR, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - M Hoelzl
- Max-Planck-Institut, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - X Garbet
- CEA, IRFM, 13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - E Franck
- Max-Planck-Institut, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | | | - C Passeron
- CEA, IRFM, 13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - G Latu
- CEA, IRFM, 13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - J Morales
- CEA, IRFM, 13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - E Nardon
- CEA, IRFM, 13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - A Fil
- CEA, IRFM, 13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - B Nkonga
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques J.A. Dieudonné, UMR 7351, CNRS UNS, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 02, France
| | - A Ratnani
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques J.A. Dieudonné, UMR 7351, CNRS UNS, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 02, France
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10
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Hegen H, Millonig A, Bertolotto A, Comabella M, Giovanonni G, Guger M, Hoelzl M, Khalil M, Killestein J, Lindberg R, Malucchi S, Mehling M, Montalban X, Polman CH, Rudzki D, Schautzer F, Sellebjerg F, Sørensen PS, Deisenhammer F. Early detection of neutralizing antibodies to interferon-beta in multiple sclerosis patients: binding antibodies predict neutralizing antibody development. Mult Scler 2013; 20:577-87. [PMID: 24009164 DOI: 10.1177/1352458513503597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutralizing antibodies (NAb) affect efficacy of interferon-beta (IFN-b) treatment in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. NAbs evolve in up to 44% of treated patients, usually between 6-18 months on therapy. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether early binding antibody (BAb) titers or different IFN-b biomarkers predict NAb evolution. METHODS We included patients with MS or clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) receiving de novo IFN-b treatment in this prospective European multicenter study. Blood samples were collected at baseline, before and after the first IFN-b administration, and again after 3, 12 and 24 months on that therapy; for determination of NAbs, BAbs, gene expression of MxA and protein concentrations of MMP-9, TIMP-1, sTRAIL, CXCL-10 and CCL-2. RESULTS We found that 22 of 164 (13.4%) patients developed NAbs during a median time of 23.8 months on IFN-b treatment. Of these patients, 78.9% were BAb-positive after 3 months. BAb titers ≥ 1:2400 predicted NAb evolution with a sensitivity of 74.7% and a specificity of 98.5%. Cross-sectionally, MxA levels were significantly diminished in the BAb/NAb-positive samples; similarly, CXCL-10 and sTRAIL concentrations in BAb/NAb-positive and BAb-positive/NAb-negative samples, respectively, were also diminished compared to BAb/NAb-negative samples. CONCLUSIONS BAb titers reliably predict NAbs. CXCL-10 is a promising sensitive biomarker for IFN-b response and its abrogation by anti-IFN-b antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hegen
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria
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Hegen H, Guger M, Harrer A, Hoelzl M, Kraus J, Skrobal A, Schautzer F, Schmidegg S, Deisenhammer F. Immune Tolerance Induction with High-Dose Intravenous Interferon-beta in Multiple Sclerosis Patients with Neutralizing Antibodies - A Pilot Study (P04.121). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p04.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Stemmler HJ, Hoelzl M, Moosmann N, Becker C, Lennertz A, Babaryka G. [Lymphadenopathy and constitutional symptoms. Progress of a low-grade follicular lymphoma?]. Internist (Berl) 2006; 47:528-32. [PMID: 16601988 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-005-1563-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Atypical presentation of Churg-Strauss syndrome includes lymph-node and parenchymatous organ involvement which mimics the clinical presentation of lymphoproliferative disorders.A 54-year old man with a history of a low-grade follicular lymphoma presented with rapidly growing abdominal lymph-nodes and hepatic, renal and pulmonary infiltrations. CT guided biopsies to verify either lymphoma or infections showed eosinophilic, necrotizing, granulomatous vasculitis leading to the diagnosis of atypical Churg-Strauss syndrome. Within a few days of cyclophosphamide and prednisone treatment the clinical presentation improved and imaging studies detected regression of all manifestations during follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Stemmler
- Medizinische Klinik III, Klinikum Grosshadern der LMU München.
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