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Tokaz MC, Baldomero H, Cowan AJ, Saber W, Greinix H, Koh MBC, Kröger N, Mohty M, Galeano S, Okamoto S, Chaudhri N, Karduss AJ, Ciceri F, Colturato VAR, Corbacioglu S, Elhaddad A, Force LM, Frutos C, León AGD, Hamad N, Hamerschlak N, He N, Ho A, Huang XJ, Jacobs B, Kim HJ, Iida M, Lehmann L, de Latour RP, Percival MEM, Perdomo M, Rasheed W, Schultz KR, Seber A, Ko BS, Simione AJ, Srivastava A, Szer J, Wood WA, Kodera Y, Nagler A, Snowden JA, Weisdorf D, Passweg J, Pasquini MC, Sureda A, Atsuta Y, Aljurf M, Niederwieser D. An Analysis of the Worldwide Utilization of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Transplant Cell Ther 2023; 29:279.e1-279.e10. [PMID: 36572384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2022.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has an aggressive course and a historically dismal prognosis. For many patients, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) represents the best option for cure, but access, utilization, and health inequities on a global scale remain poorly elucidated. We wanted to describe patterns of global HSCT use in AML for a better understanding of global access, practices, and unmet needs internationally. Estimates of AML incident cases in 2016 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study. HSCT activities were collected from 2009 to 2016 by the Worldwide Network for Blood and Marrow Transplantation through its member organizations. The primary endpoint was global and regional use (number of HSCT) and utilization of HSCT (number of HSCT/number of incident cases) for AML. Secondary outcomes included trends from 2009 to 2016 in donor type, stem cell source, and remission status at time of HSCT. Global AML incidence has steadily increased, from 102,000 (95% uncertainty interval: 90,200-108,000) in 2009 to 118,000 (104,000-126,000) in 2016 (16.2%). Over the same period, a 54.9% increase from 9659 to 14,965 HSCT/yr was observed globally, driven by an increase in allogeneic (64.9%) with a reduction in autologous (-34.9%) HSCT. Although the highest numbers of HSCT continue to be performed in high-resource regions, the largest increases were seen in resource-constrained regions (94.6% in Africa/East Mediterranean Region [AFR/EMR]; 34.7% in America-Nord Region [AMR-N]). HSCT utilization was skewed toward high-resource regions (in 2016: AMR-N 18.4%, Europe [EUR] 17.9%, South-East Asia/Western Pacific Region [SEAR/WPR] 11.7%, America-South Region [AMR-S] 4.5%, and AFR/EMR 2.8%). For patients <70 years of age, this difference in utilization was widened; AMR-N had the highest allogeneic utilization rate, increasing from 2009 to 2016 (30.6% to 39.9%) with continued low utilization observed in AFR/EMR (1.7% to 2.9%) and AMR-S (3.5% to 5.4%). Across all regions, total HSCT for AML in first complete remission (CR1) increased (from 44.1% to 59.0%). Patterns of donor stem cell source from related versus unrelated donors varied widely by geographic region. SEAR/WPR had a 130.2% increase in related donors from 2009 to 2016, and >95% HSCT donors in AFR/EMR were related; in comparison, AMR-N and EUR have a predilection for unrelated HSCT. Globally, the allogeneic HSCT stem cell source was predominantly peripheral blood (69.7% of total HSCT in 2009 increased to 78.6% in 2016). Autologous HSCT decreased in all regions from 2009 to 2016 except in SEAR/WPR (18.9%). HSCT remains a central curative treatment modality in AML. Allogeneic HSCT for AML is rising globally, but there are marked variations in regional utilization and practices, including types of graft source. Resource-constrained regions have the largest growth in HSCT use, but utilization rates remain low, with a predilection for familial-related donor sources and are typically offered in CR1. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the reasons, including economic factors, to understand and address these health inequalities and improve discrepancies in use of HSCT as a potentially curative treatment globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly C Tokaz
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Helen Baldomero
- University Hospital Basel, Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J Cowan
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Wael Saber
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Mickey B C Koh
- Infection and Immunity Clinical Academic Group, St George's Hospital and Medical School, London, United Kingdom; Academic Cell Therapy Facility and Programme Health Sciences Authority, Singapore
| | | | - Mohamad Mohty
- Sorbonne University, Hospital Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Sebastian Galeano
- Latin American Blood and Marrow Transplantation Group - LABMT Hospital Británico, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Shinichiro Okamoto
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naeem Chaudhri
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amado J Karduss
- Clínica Las Américas, Latin AmericanBlood and Marrow Transplantation Group- LABMT, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Fabio Ciceri
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Alaa Elhaddad
- African Blood and Marrow Transplantation Group - AfBMT; Department of Pediatric Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lisa M Force
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | - Nada Hamad
- Department of Haematology, St. Vincent's Hospital Sydney, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Naya He
- University Hospital Basel, Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Switzerland
| | - Aloysius Ho
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Ben Jacobs
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hee-Je Kim
- Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minako Iida
- Department of Promotion for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Leslie Lehmann
- Dana Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Mary-Elizabeth M Percival
- Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Walid Rasheed
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kirk R Schultz
- BC Children's Hospital/UBC, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adriana Seber
- Latin American Blood and Marrow Transplantation Group-LABMT, Bern, Switzerland; Hospital Samaritano - Americas, Sao Paulo Brazil and Pediatric Oncology Institute-Graacc-Unifesp, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bor-Sheng Ko
- Department of Hematological Oncology, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Jeff Szer
- Australasian Bone Marrow Transplant Recipient Registry (ABMTRR), St. Vincent ́s Hospital Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Center and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - William A Wood
- CIBMTR, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Yoshihisa Kodera
- Department of Promotion for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Arnon Nagler
- The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - John A Snowden
- Department of Hematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Weisdorf
- CIBMTR (Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research), National Marrow Donor Program/Be The Match, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jakob Passweg
- University Hospital Basel, Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Switzerland
| | - Marcelo C Pasquini
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Anna Sureda
- Clinical Hematology Department, Institut Català d'Oncologia-Hospitalet, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yoshiko Atsuta
- Japanese Data Center for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Department of Registry Science for Transplant and Cellular Therapy, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Mahmoud Aljurf
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dietger Niederwieser
- University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Japanese Data Center for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Department of Registry Science for Transplant and Cellular Therapy, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan; KaunoKlinikos University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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