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Mapua SA, Hape EE, Kihonda J, Bwanary H, Kifungo K, Kilalangongono M, Kaindoa EW, Ngowo HS, Okumu FO. Corrigendum to "Persistently high proportions of plasmodium-infected Anopheles funestus mosquitoes in two villages in the Kilombero valley, South-Eastern Tanzania" [Parasite Epidemiology and Control 18 (2022) e00264]. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2023; 21:e00301. [PMID: 37223113 PMCID: PMC10201854 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2023.e00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2022.e00264.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Salum A. Mapua
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Emmanuel E. Hape
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Japhet Kihonda
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Hamis Bwanary
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Khamis Kifungo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Masoud Kilalangongono
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Emmanuel W. Kaindoa
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Morogoro, Tanzania
- School of Life Science and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Halfan S. Ngowo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Fredros O. Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Morogoro, Tanzania
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- School of Life Science and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
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Mapua SA, Hape EE, Kihonda J, Bwanary H, Kifungo K, Kilalangongono M, Kaindoa EW, Ngowo HS, Okumu FO. Persistently high proportions of plasmodium-infected Anopheles funestus mosquitoes in two villages in the Kilombero valley, South-Eastern Tanzania. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2022; 18:e00264. [PMID: 35959316 PMCID: PMC9357827 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2022.e00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In south-eastern Tanzania where insecticide-treated nets have been widely used for >20 years, malaria transmission has greatly reduced but remains highly heterogenous over small distances. This study investigated the seasonal prevalence of Plasmodium sporozoite infections in the two main malaria vector species, Anopheles funestus and Anopheles arabiensis for 34 months, starting January 2018 to November 2020. Methods Adult mosquitoes were collected using CDC-light traps and Prokopack aspirators inside local houses in Igumbiro and Sululu villages, where earlier surveys had found very high densities of An. funestus. Collected females were sorted by taxa, and the samples examined using ELISA assays for detecting Plasmodium circumsporozoite protein in their salivary glands. Results Of 7859 An. funestus tested, 4.6% (n = 365) were positive for Pf sporozoites in the salivary glands. On the contrary, only 0.4% (n = 9) of the 2382 An. arabiensis tested were positive. The sporozoite prevalence did not vary significantly between the villages or seasons. Similarly, the proportions of parous females of either species were not significantly different between the two villages (p > 0.05) but was slightly higher in An. funestus (0.50) than in An. arabiensis (0.42). Analysis of the 2020 data determined that An. funestus contributed 97.7% of all malaria transmitted in households in these two villages. Conclusions In contexts where individual vector species mediate most of the pathogen transmission, it may be most appropriate to pursue a species-focused approach to better understand the ecology of the dominant vectors and target them with effective interventions to suppress transmission. Despite the ongoing efforts on tackling malaria in the two study villages, there is still persistently high Plasmodium infection prevalence in local populations of An. funestus, which now carry ~97% of all malaria infections and mediates intense year-round transmission. Further reduction in malaria burden in these or other similar settings requires effective targeting of An. funestus.
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Mmbando AS, Kaindoa EW, Ngowo HS, Swai JK, Matowo NS, Kilalangongono M, Lingamba GP, Mgando JP, Namango IH, Okumu FO, Nelli L. Fine-scale distribution of malaria mosquitoes biting or resting outside human dwellings in three low-altitude Tanzanian villages. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245750. [PMID: 33507908 PMCID: PMC7842886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While malaria transmission in Africa still happens primarily inside houses, there is a substantial proportion of Anopheles mosquitoes that bite or rest outdoors. This situation may compromise the performance of indoor insecticidal interventions such as insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). This study investigated the distribution of malaria mosquitoes biting or resting outside dwellings in three low-altitude villages in south-eastern Tanzania. The likelihood of malaria infections outdoors was also assessed. METHODS Nightly trapping was done outdoors for 12 months to collect resting mosquitoes (using resting bucket traps) and host-seeking mosquitoes (using odour-baited Suna® traps). The mosquitoes were sorted by species and physiological states. Pooled samples of Anopheles were tested to estimate proportions infected with Plasmodium falciparum parasites, estimate proportions carrying human blood as opposed to other vertebrate blood and identify sibling species in the Anopheles gambiae complex and An. funestus group. Environmental and anthropogenic factors were observed and recorded within 100 meters from each trapping positions. Generalised additive models were used to investigate relationships between these variables and vector densities, produce predictive maps of expected abundance and compare outcomes within and between villages. RESULTS A high degree of fine-scale heterogeneity in Anopheles densities was observed between and within villages. Water bodies covered with vegetation were associated with 22% higher densities of An. arabiensis and 51% lower densities of An. funestus. Increasing densities of houses and people outdoors were both associated with reduced densities of An. arabiensis and An. funestus. Vector densities were highest around the end of the rainy season and beginning of the dry seasons. More than half (14) 58.3% of blood-fed An. arabiensis had bovine blood, (6) 25% had human blood. None of the Anopheles mosquitoes caught outdoors was found infected with malaria parasites. CONCLUSION Outdoor densities of both host-seeking and resting Anopheles mosquitoes had significant heterogeneities between and within villages, and were influenced by multiple environmental and anthropogenic factors. Despite the high Anopheles densities outside dwellings, the substantial proportion of non-human blood-meals and absence of malaria-infected mosquitoes after 12 months of nightly trapping suggests very low-levels of outdoor malaria transmission in these villages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold S. Mmbando
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Emmanuel W. Kaindoa
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Republic of South Africa
| | - Halfan S. Ngowo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Johnson K. Swai
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Nancy S. Matowo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Masoud Kilalangongono
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Godfrey P. Lingamba
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Joseph P. Mgando
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Isaac H. Namango
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fredros O. Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Republic of South Africa
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- School of Life Science and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science & Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Luca Nelli
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Mmbando AS, Batista EPA, Kilalangongono M, Finda MF, Mwanga EP, Kaindoa EW, Kifungo K, Njalambaha RM, Ngowo HS, Eiras AE, Okumu FO. Evaluation of a push-pull system consisting of transfluthrin-treated eave ribbons and odour-baited traps for control of indoor- and outdoor-biting malaria vectors. Malar J 2019; 18:87. [PMID: 30894185 PMCID: PMC6427877 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2714-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Push–pull strategies have been proposed as options to complement primary malaria prevention tools, indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs), by targeting particularly early-night biting and outdoor-biting mosquitoes. This study evaluated different configurations of a push–pull system consisting of spatial repellents [transfluthrin-treated eave ribbons (0.25 g/m2 ai)] and odour-baited traps (CO2-baited BG-Malaria traps), against indoor-biting and outdoor-biting malaria vectors inside large semi-field systems. Methods Two experimental huts were used to evaluate protective efficacy of the spatial repellents (push-only), traps (pull-only) or their combinations (push–pull), relative to controls. Adult volunteers sat outdoors (1830 h–2200 h) catching mosquitoes attempting to bite them (outdoor-biting risk), and then went indoors (2200 h–0630 h) to sleep under bed nets beside which CDC-light traps caught host-seeking mosquitoes (indoor-biting risk). Number of traps and their distance from huts were varied to optimize protection, and 500 laboratory-reared Anopheles arabiensis released nightly inside the semi-field chambers over 122 experimentation nights. Results Push-pull offered higher protection than traps alone against indoor-biting (83.4% vs. 35.0%) and outdoor-biting (79% vs. 31%), but its advantage over repellents alone was non-existent against indoor-biting (83.4% vs. 81%) and modest for outdoor-biting (79% vs. 63%). Using two traps (1 per hut) offered higher protection than either one trap (0.5 per hut) or four traps (2 per hut). Compared to original distance (5 m from huts), efficacy of push–pull against indoor-biting peaked when traps were 15 m away, while efficacy against outdoor-biting peaked when traps were 30 m away. Conclusion The best configuration of push–pull comprised transfluthrin-treated eave ribbons plus two traps, each at least 15 m from huts. Efficacy of push–pull was mainly due to the spatial repellent component. Adding odour-baited traps slightly improved personal protection indoors, but excessive trap densities increased exposure near users outdoors. Given the marginal efficacy gains over spatial repellents alone and complexity of push–pull, it may be prudent to promote just spatial repellents alongside existing interventions, e.g. LLINs or non-pyrethroid IRS. However, since both transfluthrin and traps also kill mosquitoes, and because transfluthrin can inhibit blood-feeding, field studies should be done to assess potential community-level benefits that push–pull or its components may offer to users and non-users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold S Mmbando
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.
| | - Elis P A Batista
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation of Vector Control, Department of Parasitology, Biological Science Institue, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Masoud Kilalangongono
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Marceline F Finda
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Republic of South Africa
| | - Emmanuel P Mwanga
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Emmanuel W Kaindoa
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Republic of South Africa
| | - Khamis Kifungo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Rukiyah M Njalambaha
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Halfan S Ngowo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alvaro E Eiras
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation of Vector Control, Department of Parasitology, Biological Science Institue, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fredros O Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Republic of South Africa.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Mmbando AS, Ngowo H, Limwagu A, Kilalangongono M, Kifungo K, Okumu FO. Eave ribbons treated with the spatial repellent, transfluthrin, can effectively protect against indoor-biting and outdoor-biting malaria mosquitoes. Malar J 2018; 17:368. [PMID: 30333015 PMCID: PMC6192339 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2520-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Long-lasting insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying protect against indoor-biting and indoor-resting mosquitoes but are largely ineffective for early-biting and outdoor-biting malaria vectors. Complementary tools are, therefore, needed to accelerate control efforts. This paper describes simple hessian ribbons treated with spatial repellents and wrapped around eaves of houses to prevent outdoor-biting and indoor-biting mosquitoes over long periods of time. Methods The eave ribbons are 15 cm-wide triple-layered hessian fabrics, in lengths starting 1 m. They can be fitted onto houses using nails, adhesives or Velcro, without completely closing eave-spaces. In 75 experimental nights, untreated ribbons and ribbons treated with 0.02%, 0.2%, 1.5% or 5% transfluthrin emulsion (spatial repellent) were evaluated against blank controls using two experimental huts inside a 202 m2 semi-field chamber where 500 laboratory-reared Anopheles arabiensis were released nightly. Two volunteers sat outdoors (one/hut) and collected mosquitoes attempting to bite them from 6 p.m. to 10 p.m. (outdoor-biting), then went indoors and slept under bed nets, beside which CDC-light traps collected mosquitoes from 10 p.m. to 6.30 a.m. (indoor-biting). To assess survival, 200 caged mosquitoes were suspended near the huts nightly and monitored for 24 h thereafter. Additionally, field tests were done in experimental huts in a rural Tanzanian village to evaluate treated ribbons (1.5% transfluthrin). Here, indoor-biting was assessed using window traps and Prokopack® aspirators, and outdoor-biting assessed using volunteer-occupied double-net traps. Results Indoor-biting and outdoor-biting decreased > 99% in huts fitted with eave ribbons having ≥ 0.2% transfluthrin. Even 0.02% transfluthrin-treated ribbons provided 79% protection indoors and 60% outdoors. Untreated ribbons however reduced indoor-biting by only 27% and increased outdoor-biting by 18%, though these were non-significant (P > 0.05). Of all caged mosquitoes exposed near treated huts, 99.5% died within 24 h. In field tests, the ribbons provided 96% protection indoors and 84% outdoors against An. arabiensis, plus 42% protection indoors and 40% outdoors against Anopheles funestus. Current prototypes cost ~ 7USD/hut, are made of widely-available hessian and require no specialized expertise. Conclusion Transfluthrin-treated eave ribbons significantly prevented outdoor-biting and indoor-biting malaria vectors and could potentially complement current tools. The technique is simple, low-cost, highly-scalable and easy-to-use; making it suitable even for poorly-constructed houses and low-income groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold S Mmbando
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.
| | - Halfan Ngowo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Alex Limwagu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Masoud Kilalangongono
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Khamis Kifungo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Fredros O Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Republic of South Africa.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Mmbando AS, Ngowo HS, Kilalangongono M, Abbas S, Matowo NS, Moore SJ, Okumu FO. Small-scale field evaluation of push-pull system against early- and outdoor-biting malaria mosquitoes in an area of high pyrethroid resistance in Tanzania. Wellcome Open Res 2017; 2:112. [PMID: 29568808 PMCID: PMC5840620 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.13006.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite high coverage of indoor interventions like insecticide-treated nets, mosquito-borne infections persist, partly because of outdoor-biting, early-biting and insecticide-resistant vectors. Push-pull systems, where mosquitoes are repelled from humans and attracted to nearby lethal targets, may constitute effective complementary interventions. Methods: A partially randomized cross-over design was used to test efficacy of push-pull in four experimental huts and four local houses, in an area with high pyrethroid resistance in Tanzania. The push-pull system consisted of 1.1% or 2.2% w/v transfluthrin repellent dispensers and an outdoor lure-and-kill device (odour-baited mosquito landing box). Matching controls were set up without push-pull. Adult male volunteers collected mosquitoes attempting to bite them outdoors, but collections were also done indoors using exit traps in experimental huts and by volunteers in the local houses. The collections were done hourly (1830hrs-0730hrs) and mosquito catches compared between push-pull and controls.
An. gambiae s.l. and
An. funestus s.l. were assessed by PCR to identify sibling species, and ELISA to detect
Plasmodium falciparum and blood meal sources. Results: Push-pull in experimental huts reduced outdoor-biting for
An. arabiensis and
Mansonia species by 30% and 41.5% respectively. However, the reductions were marginal and insignificant for
An. funestus (12.2%; p>0.05) and
Culex (5%; p>0.05). Highest protection against all species occurred before 2200hrs. There was no significant difference in number of mosquitoes inside exit traps in huts with or without push-pull. In local households, push-pull significantly reduced indoor and outdoor-biting of
An. arabiensis by 48% and 25% respectively, but had no effect on other species. Conclusion: This push-pull system offered modest protection against outdoor-biting
An. arabiensis, without increasing indoor mosquito densities. Additional experimentation is required to assess how transfluthrin-based products affect mosquito blood-feeding and mortality in push-pull contexts. This approach, if optimised, could potentially complement existing malaria interventions even in areas with high pyrethroid resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold S Mmbando
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,Univeristy of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Halfan S Ngowo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Masoud Kilalangongono
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Said Abbas
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Nancy S Matowo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah J Moore
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,Univeristy of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fredros O Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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