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Prins HAB, Crespo R, Lungu C, Rao S, Li L, Overmars RJ, Papageorgiou G, Mueller YM, Stoszko M, Hossain T, Kan TW, Rijnders BJA, Bax HI, van Gorp ECM, Nouwen JL, de Vries-Sluijs TEMS, Schurink CAM, de Mendonça Melo M, van Nood E, Colbers A, Burger D, Palstra RJ, van Kampen JJA, van de Vijver DAMC, Mesplède T, Katsikis PD, Gruters RA, Koch BCP, Verbon A, Mahmoudi T, Rokx C. The BAF complex inhibitor pyrimethamine reverses HIV-1 latency in people with HIV-1 on antiretroviral therapy. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eade6675. [PMID: 36921041 PMCID: PMC10017042 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade6675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Reactivation of the latent HIV-1 reservoir is a first step toward triggering reservoir decay. Here, we investigated the impact of the BAF complex inhibitor pyrimethamine on the reservoir of people living with HIV-1 (PLWH). Twenty-eight PLWH on suppressive antiretroviral therapy were randomized (1:1:1:1 ratio) to receive pyrimethamine, valproic acid, both, or no intervention for 14 days. The primary end point was change in cell-associated unspliced (CA US) HIV-1 RNA at days 0 and 14. We observed a rapid, modest, and significant increase in (CA US) HIV-1 RNA in response to pyrimethamine exposure, which persisted throughout treatment and follow-up. Valproic acid treatment alone did not increase (CA US) HIV-1 RNA or augment the effect of pyrimethamine. Pyrimethamine treatment did not result in a reduction in the size of the inducible reservoir. These data demonstrate that the licensed drug pyrimethamine can be repurposed as a BAF complex inhibitor to reverse HIV-1 latency in vivo in PLWH, substantiating its potential advancement in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrieke A. B. Prins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Raquel Crespo
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cynthia Lungu
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Shringar Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Letao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ronald J. Overmars
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Yvonne M. Mueller
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mateusz Stoszko
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tanvir Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tsung Wai Kan
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bart J. A. Rijnders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hannelore I. Bax
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eric C. M. van Gorp
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan L. Nouwen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Theodora E. M. S. de Vries-Sluijs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carolina A. M. Schurink
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mariana de Mendonça Melo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Els van Nood
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Angela Colbers
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - David Burger
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Robert-Jan Palstra
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Thibault Mesplède
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter D. Katsikis
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rob A. Gruters
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Birgit C. P. Koch
- Department of Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Annelies Verbon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Casper Rokx
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Stoszko M, Al-Hatmi AMS, Skriba A, Roling M, Ne E, Crespo R, Mueller YM, Najafzadeh MJ, Kang J, Ptackova R, LeMasters E, Biswas P, Bertoldi A, Kan TW, de Crignis E, Sulc M, Lebbink JH, Rokx C, Verbon A, van Ijcken W, Katsikis PD, Palstra RJ, Havlicek V, de Hoog S, Mahmoudi T. Gliotoxin, identified from a screen of fungal metabolites, disrupts 7SK snRNP, releases P-TEFb, and reverses HIV-1 latency. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaba6617. [PMID: 32851167 PMCID: PMC7423394 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba6617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A leading pharmacological strategy toward HIV cure requires "shock" or activation of HIV gene expression in latently infected cells with latency reversal agents (LRAs) followed by their subsequent clearance. In a screen for novel LRAs, we used fungal secondary metabolites as a source of bioactive molecules. Using orthogonal mass spectrometry (MS) coupled to latency reversal bioassays, we identified gliotoxin (GTX) as a novel LRA. GTX significantly induced HIV-1 gene expression in latent ex vivo infected primary cells and in CD4+ T cells from all aviremic HIV-1+ participants. RNA sequencing identified 7SK RNA, the scaffold of the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) inhibitory 7SK small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) complex, to be significantly reduced upon GTX treatment of CD4+ T cells. GTX directly disrupted 7SK snRNP by targeting La-related protein 7 (LARP7), releasing active P-TEFb, which phosphorylated RNA polymerase II (Pol II) C-terminal domain (CTD), inducing HIV transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Stoszko
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Abdullah M. S. Al-Hatmi
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud UMC/CWZ, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Ministry of Health, Directorate General of Health Services, Ibri, Oman
| | - Anton Skriba
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, CZ 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Roling
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Enrico Ne
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Raquel Crespo
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yvonne M. Mueller
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Javad Najafzadeh
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Joyce Kang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring/Disease Control, Ministry of Education and Guizhou Talent Base of Microbes and Human Health, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Renata Ptackova
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, CZ 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Elizabeth LeMasters
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pritha Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alessia Bertoldi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tsung Wai Kan
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elisa de Crignis
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Miroslav Sulc
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, CZ 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Joyce H.G. Lebbink
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Radiation Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Casper Rokx
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Annelies Verbon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wilfred van Ijcken
- Erasmus MC Genomics Core Facility, Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter D. Katsikis
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert-Jan Palstra
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vladimir Havlicek
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, CZ 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud UMC/CWZ, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Corresponding author.
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Stoszko M, Ne E, Abner E, Mahmoudi T. A broad drug arsenal to attack a strenuous latent HIV reservoir. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 38:37-53. [PMID: 31323521 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
HIV cure is impeded by the persistence of a strenuous reservoir of latent but replication competent infected cells, which remain unsusceptible to c-ART and unrecognized by the immune system for elimination. Ongoing progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms that control HIV transcription and latency has led to the development of strategies to either permanently inactivate the latent HIV infected reservoir of cells or to stimulate the virus to emerge out of latency, coupled to either induction of death in the infected reactivated cell or its clearance by the immune system. This review focuses on the currently explored and non-exclusive pharmacological strategies and their molecular targets that 1. stimulate reversal of HIV latency in infected cells by targeting distinct steps in the HIV-1 gene expression cycle, 2. exploit mechanisms that promote cell death and apoptosis to render the infected cell harboring reactivated virus more susceptible to death and/or elimination by the immune system, and 3. permanently inactivate any remaining latently infected cells such that c-ART can be safely discontinued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Stoszko
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee634 PO Box 2040, 3000CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Enrico Ne
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee634 PO Box 2040, 3000CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Abner
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee634 PO Box 2040, 3000CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Marian CA, Stoszko M, Wang L, Leighty MW, de Crignis E, Maschinot CA, Gatchalian J, Carter BC, Chowdhury B, Hargreaves DC, Duvall JR, Crabtree GR, Mahmoudi T, Dykhuizen EC. Small Molecule Targeting of Specific BAF (mSWI/SNF) Complexes for HIV Latency Reversal. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:1443-1455.e14. [PMID: 30197195 PMCID: PMC6404985 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The persistence of a pool of latently HIV-1-infected cells despite combination anti-retroviral therapy treatment is the major roadblock for a cure. The BAF (mammalian SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complex is involved in establishing and maintaining viral latency, making it an attractive drug target for HIV-1 latency reversal. Here we report a high-throughput screen for inhibitors of BAF-mediated transcription in cells and the subsequent identification of a 12-membered macrolactam. This compound binds ARID1A-specific BAF complexes, prevents nucleosomal positioning, and relieves transcriptional repression of HIV-1. Through this mechanism, these compounds are able to reverse HIV-1 latency in an in vitro T cell line, an ex vivo primary cell model of HIV-1 latency, and in patient CD4+ T cells without toxicity or T cell activation. These macrolactams represent a class of latency reversal agents with unique mechanism of action, and can be combined with other latency reversal agents to improve reservoir targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Marian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mateusz Stoszko
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee634, P.O. Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lili Wang
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Matthew W Leighty
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Elisa de Crignis
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee634, P.O. Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chad A Maschinot
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jovylyn Gatchalian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Benjamin C Carter
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Basudev Chowdhury
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Diana C Hargreaves
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeremy R Duvall
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gerald R Crabtree
- HHMI and the Departments of Developmental Biology and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee634, P.O. Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Emily C Dykhuizen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Stoszko M, Röling M, De Crignis E, Wai Kan T, Mohammed Said Al-Hatmi A, Sulc M, Bourne A, LeMasters E, Funa N, Kang J, Müller Y, Katsikis P, de Hoog S, Havlíček V, Mahmoudi T. Validation of an unbiased screen method for the identification of secondary fungal metabolites reversing HIV-1 latency. J Virus Erad 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s2055-6640(20)30680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Jazwa A, Stoszko M, Tomczyk M, Bukowska-Strakova K, Pichon C, Jozkowicz A, Dulak J. HIF-regulated HO-1 gene transfer improves the post-ischemic limb recovery and diminishes TLR-triggered immune responses — Effects modified by concomitant VEGF overexpression. Vascul Pharmacol 2015; 71:127-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Jazwa A, Tomczyk M, Taha HM, Hytonen E, Stoszko M, Zentilin L, Giacca M, Yla-Herttuala S, Emanueli C, Jozkowicz A, Dulak J. Arteriogenic therapy based on simultaneous delivery of VEGF-A and FGF4 genes improves the recovery from acute limb ischemia. Vasc Cell 2013; 5:13. [PMID: 23816205 PMCID: PMC3703285 DOI: 10.1186/2045-824x-5-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gene therapy stimulating the growth of blood vessels is considered for the treatment of peripheral and myocardial ischemia. Here we aimed to achieve angiogenic synergism between vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A, VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) in murine normoperfused and ischemic limb muscles. Methods Adeno-associated viral vectors (AAVs) carrying β-galactosidase gene (AAV-LacZ), VEGF-A (AAV-VEGF-A) or two angiogenic genes (AAV-FGF4-IRES-VEGF-A) were injected into the normo-perfused adductor muscles of C57Bl/6 mice. Moreover, in a different experiment, mice were subjected to unilateral hindlimb ischemia by femoral artery ligation followed by intramuscular injections of AAV-LacZ, AAV-VEGF-A or AAV-FGF4-IRES-VEGF-A below the site of ligation. Post-ischemic blood flow recovery was assessed sequentially by color laser Doppler. Mice were monitored for 28 days. Results VEGF-A delivered alone (AAV-VEGF-A) or in combination with FGF4 (AAV-FGF4-IRES-VEGF-A) increased the number of capillaries in normo-perfused hindlimbs when compared to AAV-LacZ. Simultaneous overexpression of both agents (VEGF-A and FGF4) stimulated the capillary wall remodeling in the non-ischemic model. Moreover, AAV-FGF4-IRES-VEGF-A faster restored the post-ischemic foot blood flow and decreased the incidence of toe necrosis in comparison to AAV-LacZ. Conclusions Synergy between VEGF-A and FGF4 to produce stable and functional blood vessels may be considered a promising option in cardiovascular gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Jazwa
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Tomczyk
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Hevidar M Taha
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Elisa Hytonen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mateusz Stoszko
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lorena Zentilin
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Mauro Giacca
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Seppo Yla-Herttuala
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Costanza Emanueli
- Laboratory of Vascular Pathology and Regeneration, School of Clinical Sciences, Regenerative Medicine Section, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alicja Jozkowicz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jozef Dulak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
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