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Dodd GT, Kim SJ, Méquinion M, Xirouchaki CE, Brüning JC, Andrews ZB, Tiganis T. Insulin signaling in AgRP neurons regulates meal size to limit glucose excursions and insulin resistance. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/9/eabf4100. [PMID: 33637536 PMCID: PMC7909880 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf4100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The importance of hypothalamic insulin signaling on feeding and glucose metabolism remains unclear. We report that insulin acts on AgRP neurons to acutely decrease meal size and thereby limit postprandial glucose and insulin excursions. The promotion of insulin signaling in AgRP neurons decreased meal size without altering total caloric intake, whereas the genetic ablation of the insulin receptor had the opposite effect. The promotion of insulin signaling also decreased the intake of sucrose-sweetened water or high-fat food over standard chow, without influencing food-seeking and hedonic behaviors. The ability of heightened insulin signaling to override the hedonistic consumption of highly palatable high-fat food attenuated the development of systemic insulin resistance, without affecting body weight. Our findings define an unprecedented mechanism by which insulin acutely influences glucose metabolism. Approaches that enhance insulin signaling in AgRP neurons may provide a means for altering feeding behavior in a nutrient-dense environment to combat the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garron T Dodd
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Seung Jae Kim
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Mathieu Méquinion
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Chrysovalantou E Xirouchaki
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jens C Brüning
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Gleueler Str. 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 26, 50924 Cologne, Germany
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- National Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Land Str. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Zane B Andrews
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Tony Tiganis
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Monash Metabolic Phenotyping Facility, Monash University, VIC, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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Méquinion M, Foldi CJ, Andrews ZB. The Ghrelin-AgRP Neuron Nexus in Anorexia Nervosa: Implications for Metabolic and Behavioral Adaptations. Front Nutr 2020; 6:190. [PMID: 31998738 PMCID: PMC6962137 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is viewed as primarily a psychiatric disorder owing to the considerable behavioral and genetic overlap with mood disorders and other psychiatric traits. However, the recent reconceptualization of AN as one of both psychiatric and metabolic etiology suggests that metabolic circuits conveying hunger, or sensitive to signals of hunger, may be a critical nexus linking metabolic dysfunction to mood disturbances. Within the brain, hunger is primarily percieved by Agouti-related (AgRP) neurons and hunger increases plasma concentrations of the hormone ghrelin, which targets ghrelin receptors on AgRP neurons to facilitate metabolic adaptations to low energy availability. However, beyond the fundamental role in maintaining hunger signaling, AgRP neurons regulate a diverse range of behaviors such as motivation, locomotor activity, negative reinforcement, anxiety, and obsession and a key factor involved in the manifestation of these behavioral changes in response to activation is the presence or absence of food availability. These changes can be considered adaptive in that they promote affective food-seeking strategies in environments with limited food availability. However, it also suggests that these neurons, so well-studied for their metabolic control, shape mood-related behaviors in a context-dependent manner and dysfunctional control leads not only to metabolic problems but also potentially mood-related problems. The purpose of this review is to underline the potential role of AgRP neurons and ghrelin signaling in both the metabolic and behavioral changes observed in anorexia nervosa. We aim to highlight the most recent studies on AgRP neurons and ghrelin signaling and integrate their metabolic and behavioral roles in normal function and highlight how dysfunction may contribute to the development of AN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zane B. Andrews
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Cuvelier E, Méquinion M, Leghay C, Sibran W, Stievenard A, Sarchione A, Bonte MA, Vanbesien-Mailliot C, Viltart O, Saitoski K, Caron E, Labarthe A, Comptdaer T, Semaille P, Carrié H, Mutez E, Gressier B, Destée A, Chartier-Harlin MC, Belarbi K. Overexpression of Wild-Type Human Alpha-Synuclein Causes Metabolism Abnormalities in Thy1-aSYN Transgenic Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:321. [PMID: 30333721 PMCID: PMC6176013 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons, pathological accumulation of alpha-synuclein and motor symptoms, but also by non-motor symptoms. Metabolic abnormalities including body weight loss have been reported in patients and could precede by several years the emergence of classical motor manifestations. However, our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying body weight loss in PD is limited. The present study investigated the links between alpha-synuclein accumulation and energy metabolism in transgenic mice overexpressing Human wild-type (WT) alpha-synuclein under the Thy1 promoter (Thy1-aSYN mice). Results showed that Thy1-aSYN mice gained less body weight throughout life than WT mice, with significant difference observed from 3 months of age. Body composition analysis of 6-month-old transgenic animals showed that body mass loss was due to lower adiposity. Thy1-aSYN mice displayed lower food consumption, increased spontaneous activity, as well as a reduced energy expenditure compared to control mice. While no significant change in glucose or insulin responses were observed, Thy1-aSYN mice had significantly lower plasmatic levels of insulin and leptin than control animals. Moreover, the pathological accumulation of alpha-synuclein in the hypothalamus of 6-month-old Thy1-aSYN mice was associated with a down-regulation of the phosphorylated active form of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and of Rictor (the mTORC2 signaling pathway), known to couple hormonal signals with the maintenance of metabolic and energy homeostasis. Collectively, our results suggest that (i) metabolic alterations are an important phenotype of alpha-synuclein overexpression in mice and that (ii) impaired STAT3 activation and mTORC2 levels in the hypothalamus may underlie the disruption of feeding regulation and energy metabolism in Thy1-aSYN mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Cuvelier
- UMR-S 1172, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Mathieu Méquinion
- UMR-S 1172, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Coline Leghay
- UMR-S 1172, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - William Sibran
- UMR-S 1172, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Aliçia Stievenard
- UMR-S 1172, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Alessia Sarchione
- UMR-S 1172, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Marie-Amandine Bonte
- UMR-S 1172, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Christel Vanbesien-Mailliot
- UMR-S 1172, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Odile Viltart
- UMR-S 1172, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Kevin Saitoski
- UMR-S 1172, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Emilie Caron
- UMR-S 1172, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Alexandra Labarthe
- UMR 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Inserm, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Comptdaer
- UMR-S 1172, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Pierre Semaille
- UMR-S 1172, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Hélène Carrié
- UMR-S 1172, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Eugénie Mutez
- UMR-S 1172, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Bernard Gressier
- UMR-S 1172, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Alain Destée
- UMR-S 1172, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Marie-Christine Chartier-Harlin
- UMR-S 1172, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Karim Belarbi
- UMR-S 1172, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
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Stievenard A, Méquinion M, Andrews ZB, Destée A, Chartier-Harlin MC, Viltart O, Vanbesien-Mailliot CC. Is there a role for ghrelin in central dopaminergic systems? Focus on nigrostriatal and mesocorticolimbic pathways. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 73:255-275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Méquinion M, Le Thuc O, Zgheib S, Alexandre D, Chartrel N, Rovère C, Hardouin P, Viltart O, Chauveau C. Long-Term Energy Deficit in Mice Causes Long-Lasting Hypothalamic Alterations after Recovery. Neuroendocrinology 2017; 105:372-383. [PMID: 28006784 DOI: 10.1159/000455048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the short-term effects of fasting or energy deficit on hypothalamic neuropeptide circuitries are now better understood, the effects of long-term energy deficit and refeeding remain to be elucidated. We showed that after a long-term energy deficit, mice exhibited persistent hypoleptinemia following the refeeding period despite restoration of fat mass, ovarian activity, and feeding behavior. We aimed to examine the hypothalamic adaptations after 10 weeks of energy deficit and after 10 further weeks of nutritional recovery. To do so, we assessed the mRNA levels of the leptin receptor and the main orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides, and their receptors regulated by leptin. Markers of hypothalamic inflammation were assessed as leptin can also participate in this phenomenon. Long-term time-restricted feeding and separation induced significant increase in mRNA levels of hypothalamic orexigenic peptides, while both Y1 and Y5 receptor mRNAs were downregulated. No changes occurred in the mRNA levels of orexin (OX), melanin-concentrating hormone, pro-opiomelanocortin, 26RFa (26-amino acid RF-amide peptide), and their receptors despite an increase in the expression of melanocortin receptors (MC3-R and MC4-R) and OXR1 (OX receptor 1). The refeeding period induced an overexpression of leptin receptor mRNA in the hypothalamus. The other assessed mRNA levels were normalized except for Y2, Y5, MC3-R, and MC4-R, which remained upregulated. No convincing changes were observed in neuroinflammatory markers, even if interleukin-1β mRNA levels were increased in parallel with those of Iba1 (ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1), a marker of microglial activation. Normalization of leptin-regulated functions and hypothalamic gene expressions in refed mice with low plasma leptin levels could be sustained by recalibration of hypothalamic sensitivity to leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Méquinion
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172, JPArc - Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center Neurosciences and Cancer, Lille, France
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Méquinion M, Chauveau C, Viltart O. The use of animal models to decipher physiological and neurobiological alterations of anorexia nervosa patients. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:68. [PMID: 26042085 PMCID: PMC4436882 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive studies were performed to decipher the mechanisms regulating feeding due to the worldwide obesity pandemy and its complications. The data obtained might be adapted to another disorder related to alteration of food intake, the restrictive anorexia nervosa. This multifactorial disease with a complex and unknown etiology is considered as an awful eating disorder since the chronic refusal to eat leads to severe, and sometimes, irreversible complications for the whole organism, until death. There is an urgent need to better understand the different aspects of the disease to develop novel approaches complementary to the usual psychological therapies. For this purpose, the use of pertinent animal models becomes a necessity. We present here the various rodent models described in the literature that might be used to dissect central and peripheral mechanisms involved in the adaptation to deficient energy supplies and/or the maintenance of physiological alterations on the long term. Data obtained from the spontaneous or engineered genetic models permit to better apprehend the implication of one signaling system (hormone, neuropeptide, neurotransmitter) in the development of several symptoms observed in anorexia nervosa. As example, mutations in the ghrelin, serotonin, dopamine pathways lead to alterations that mimic the phenotype, but compensatory mechanisms often occur rendering necessary the use of more selective gene strategies. Until now, environmental animal models based on one or several inducing factors like diet restriction, stress, or physical activity mimicked more extensively central and peripheral alterations decribed in anorexia nervosa. They bring significant data on feeding behavior, energy expenditure, and central circuit alterations. Animal models are described and criticized on the basis of the criteria of validity for anorexia nervosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Méquinion
- INSERM UMR-S1172, Development and Plasticity of Postnatal Brain, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Chauveau
- Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bone Diseases, EA 4490, University of the Littoral Opal Coast, Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Odile Viltart
- INSERM UMR-S1172, Early stages of Parkinson diseases, University Lille 1, Lille, France
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Méquinion M, Caron E, Zgheib S, Stievenard A, Zizzari P, Tolle V, Cortet B, Lucas S, Prévot V, Chauveau C, Viltart O. Physical activity: benefit or weakness in metabolic adaptations in a mouse model of chronic food restriction? Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E241-55. [PMID: 25465889 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00340.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In restrictive-type anorexia nervosa (AN) patients, physical activity is usually associated with food restriction, but its physiological consequences remain poorly characterized. In female mice, we evaluated the impact of voluntary physical activity with/without chronic food restriction on metabolic and endocrine parameters that might contribute to AN. In this protocol, FRW mice (i.e., food restriction with running wheel) reached a crucial point of body weight loss (especially fat mass) faster than FR mice (i.e., food restriction only). However, in contrast to FR mice, their body weight stabilized, demonstrating a protective effect of a moderate, regular physical activity. Exercise delayed meal initiation and duration. FRW mice displayed food anticipatory activity compared with FR mice, which was strongly diminished with the prolongation of the protocol. The long-term nature of the protocol enabled assessment of bone parameters similar to those observed in AN patients. Both restricted groups adapted their energy metabolism differentially in the short and long term, with less fat oxidation in FRW mice and a preferential use of glucose to compensate for the chronic energy imbalance. Finally, like restrictive AN patients, FRW mice exhibited low leptin levels, high plasma concentrations of corticosterone and ghrelin, and a disruption of the estrous cycle. In conclusion, our model suggests that physical activity has beneficial effects on the adaptation to the severe condition of food restriction despite the absence of any protective effect on lean and bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Méquinion
- University Lille (ULCO, USTL, Lille2), Lille, France; Development and Plasticity of Postnatal Brain, UMR 837 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Lille, France; Physiopathology of Inflammatory Bone diseases, EA4490, Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Emilie Caron
- Development and Plasticity of Postnatal Brain, UMR 837 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Lille, France
| | - Sara Zgheib
- University Lille (ULCO, USTL, Lille2), Lille, France; Physiopathology of Inflammatory Bone diseases, EA4490, Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Aliçia Stievenard
- University Lille (ULCO, USTL, Lille2), Lille, France; Molecular Events Associated With Early stages of Parkinson's Disease UMR 837 INSERM, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Zizzari
- Psychiatry and Neurosciences Center, UMR 894 INSERM, Paris, France; and
| | - Virginie Tolle
- Psychiatry and Neurosciences Center, UMR 894 INSERM, Paris, France; and
| | - Bernard Cortet
- University Lille (ULCO, USTL, Lille2), Lille, France; Department of Rheumatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Régional, Lille, France
| | - Stéphanie Lucas
- University Lille (ULCO, USTL, Lille2), Lille, France; Physiopathology of Inflammatory Bone diseases, EA4490, Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Vincent Prévot
- University Lille (ULCO, USTL, Lille2), Lille, France; Development and Plasticity of Postnatal Brain, UMR 837 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Lille, France
| | - Christophe Chauveau
- University Lille (ULCO, USTL, Lille2), Lille, France; Physiopathology of Inflammatory Bone diseases, EA4490, Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Odile Viltart
- University Lille (ULCO, USTL, Lille2), Lille, France; Development and Plasticity of Postnatal Brain, UMR 837 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Lille, France;
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Zgheib S, Méquinion M, Lucas S, Leterme D, Ghali O, Tolle V, Zizzari P, Bellefontaine N, Legroux-Gérot I, Hardouin P, Broux O, Viltart O, Chauveau C. Long-term physiological alterations and recovery in a mouse model of separation associated with time-restricted feeding: a tool to study anorexia nervosa related consequences. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103775. [PMID: 25090643 PMCID: PMC4121212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anorexia nervosa is a primary psychiatric disorder, with non-negligible rates of mortality and morbidity. Some of the related alterations could participate in a vicious cycle limiting the recovery. Animal models mimicking various physiological alterations related to anorexia nervosa are necessary to provide better strategies of treatment. Aim To explore physiological alterations and recovery in a long-term mouse model mimicking numerous consequences of severe anorexia nervosa. Methods C57Bl/6 female mice were submitted to a separation-based anorexia protocol combining separation and time-restricted feeding for 10 weeks. Thereafter, mice were housed in standard conditions for 10 weeks. Body weight, food intake, body composition, plasma levels of leptin, adiponectin, IGF-1, blood levels of GH, reproductive function and glucose tolerance were followed. Gene expression of several markers of lipid and energy metabolism was assayed in adipose tissues. Results Mimicking what is observed in anorexia nervosa patients, and despite a food intake close to that of control mice, separation-based anorexia mice displayed marked alterations in body weight, fat mass, lean mass, bone mass acquisition, reproductive function, GH/IGF-1 axis, and leptinemia. mRNA levels of markers of lipogenesis, lipolysis, and the brown-like adipocyte lineage in subcutaneous adipose tissue were also changed. All these alterations were corrected during the recovery phase, except for the hypoleptinemia that persisted despite the full recovery of fat mass. Conclusion This study strongly supports the separation-based anorexia protocol as a valuable model of long-term negative energy balance state that closely mimics various symptoms observed in anorexia nervosa, including metabolic adaptations. Interestingly, during a recovery phase, mice showed a high capacity to normalize these parameters with the exception of plasma leptin levels. It will be interesting therefore to explore further the central and peripheral effects of the uncorrected hypoleptinemia during recovery from separation-based anorexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zgheib
- Université Lille Nord de France, Boulogne sur Mer, France
- Physiopathologie des Maladies Osseuses Inflammatoires, Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Mathieu Méquinion
- Université Lille Nord de France, Boulogne sur Mer, France
- Physiopathologie des Maladies Osseuses Inflammatoires, Boulogne sur Mer, France
- UMR INSERM 837, Développement et Plasticité du Cerveau Post-natal, Lille, France
| | - Stéphanie Lucas
- Université Lille Nord de France, Boulogne sur Mer, France
- Physiopathologie des Maladies Osseuses Inflammatoires, Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Damien Leterme
- Université Lille Nord de France, Boulogne sur Mer, France
- Physiopathologie des Maladies Osseuses Inflammatoires, Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Olfa Ghali
- Université Lille Nord de France, Boulogne sur Mer, France
- Physiopathologie des Maladies Osseuses Inflammatoires, Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Virginie Tolle
- UMR-S 894 INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Zizzari
- UMR-S 894 INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nicole Bellefontaine
- Université Lille Nord de France, Boulogne sur Mer, France
- UMR INSERM 837, Développement et Plasticité du Cerveau Post-natal, Lille, France
| | - Isabelle Legroux-Gérot
- Université Lille Nord de France, Boulogne sur Mer, France
- Physiopathologie des Maladies Osseuses Inflammatoires, Boulogne sur Mer, France
- Service de Rhumatologie, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU Lille, France
| | - Pierre Hardouin
- Université Lille Nord de France, Boulogne sur Mer, France
- Physiopathologie des Maladies Osseuses Inflammatoires, Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Odile Broux
- Université Lille Nord de France, Boulogne sur Mer, France
- Physiopathologie des Maladies Osseuses Inflammatoires, Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Odile Viltart
- Université Lille Nord de France, Boulogne sur Mer, France
- UMR INSERM 837, Développement et Plasticité du Cerveau Post-natal, Lille, France
- Université de Lille1, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Christophe Chauveau
- Université Lille Nord de France, Boulogne sur Mer, France
- Physiopathologie des Maladies Osseuses Inflammatoires, Boulogne sur Mer, France
- * E-mail:
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Méquinion M, Langlet F, Zgheib S, Dickson S, Dehouck B, Chauveau C, Viltart O. Ghrelin: central and peripheral implications in anorexia nervosa. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:15. [PMID: 23549309 PMCID: PMC3581855 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing clinical and therapeutic interest in the neurobiology of eating disorders reflects their dramatic impact on health. Chronic food restriction resulting in severe weight loss is a major symptom described in restrictive anorexia nervosa (AN) patients, and they also suffer from metabolic disturbances, infertility, osteopenia, and osteoporosis. Restrictive AN, mostly observed in young women, is the third largest cause of chronic illness in teenagers of industrialized countries. From a neurobiological perspective, AN-linked behaviors can be considered an adaptation that permits the endurance of reduced energy supply, involving central and/or peripheral reprograming. The severe weight loss observed in AN patients is accompanied by significant changes in hormones involved in energy balance, feeding behavior, and bone formation, all of which can be replicated in animals models. Increasing evidence suggests that AN could be an addictive behavior disorder, potentially linking defects in the reward mechanism with suppressed food intake, heightened physical activity, and mood disorder. Surprisingly, the plasma levels of ghrelin, an orexigenic hormone that drives food-motivated behavior, are increased. This increase in plasma ghrelin levels seems paradoxical in light of the restrained eating adopted by AN patients, and may rather result from an adaptation to the disease. The aim of this review is to describe the role played by ghrelin in AN focusing on its central vs. peripheral actions. In AN patients and in rodent AN models, chronic food restriction induces profound alterations in the « ghrelin » signaling that leads to the development of inappropriate behaviors like hyperactivity or addiction to food starvation and therefore a greater depletion in energy reserves. The question of a transient insensitivity to ghrelin and/or a potential metabolic reprograming is discussed in regard of new clinical treatments currently investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Méquinion
- UMR INSERM 837, Development and Plasticity of Postnatal BrainLille, France
| | - Fanny Langlet
- UMR INSERM 837, Development and Plasticity of Postnatal BrainLille, France
| | - Sara Zgheib
- Pathophysiology of inflammatory of bone diseases, Université Lille Nord de France-ULCO – Lille 2Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Suzanne Dickson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bénédicte Dehouck
- UMR INSERM 837, Development and Plasticity of Postnatal BrainLille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France – Université d’ArtoisLiévin, France
| | - Christophe Chauveau
- Pathophysiology of inflammatory of bone diseases, Université Lille Nord de France-ULCO – Lille 2Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Odile Viltart
- UMR INSERM 837, Development and Plasticity of Postnatal BrainLille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France-USTL (Lille 1)Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
- *Correspondence: Odile Viltart, Development and Plasticity of the Postnatal Brain, Team 2, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, UMR INSERM 837, Bât Biserte, 1 place de Verdun, 59,045 Lille cedex, France. e-mail:
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