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McKenzie B, Peloquin M, Tovar A, Graves JL, Ratcliff E, Tucker K, Vo K, Greenwood K, Halioua-Haubold CL, Juarez-Salinas D. Feeding dogs a high-fat diet induces metabolic changes similar to natural aging, including dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, and peripheral insulin resistance. Am J Vet Res 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38604223 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.23.11.0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to characterize changes induced by a high-fat diet in body composition, insulin levels and sensitivity, blood lipids, and other key biomarkers also associated with the metabolic dysfunction that occurs with natural aging. ANIMALS 24 male Beagle dogs, 3 to 7 years of age, of mixed castration status. METHODS Dogs were randomly assigned to continue twice daily feeding of the commercial adult maintenance diet (n = 12, including 2 intact) that they were previously fed or to a high-fat diet (12, including 2 intact) for 17 weeks between December 1, 2021, and April 28, 2022. Assessments included body composition (weight, body condition score, and adipose mass determined by deuterium enrichment), clinical chemistries, plasma fatty acid quantification, oral glucose tolerance test, and histology of subcutaneous and visceral adipose biopsy samples. RESULTS The high-fat diet led to increased body weight, body condition score, fat mass and adipocyte size, hyperinsulinemia and peripheral insulin resistance, and elevations in serum lipids, including cholesterol, triglycerides, and several species of free fatty acids. Leptin levels increased in dogs fed a high-fat diet but not in control dogs. There were no significant changes in routine clinical chemistry values in either group. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Feeding a high-fat diet for 17 weeks led to potentially deleterious changes in metabolism similar to those seen in natural aging in dogs, including hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. A high-fat diet model may provide insights into the similar metabolic dysfunction that occurs during natural aging.
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Mazar J, Brooks JK, Peloquin M, Rosario R, Sutton E, Longo M, Drehner D, Westmoreland TJ. The Oncolytic Activity of Zika Viral Therapy in Human Neuroblastoma In Vivo Models Confers a Major Survival Advantage in a CD24-dependent Manner. Cancer Res Commun 2024; 4:65-80. [PMID: 38214542 PMCID: PMC10775766 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial tumor, accounting for 15% of all childhood cancer-related deaths. The long-term survival of patients with high-risk tumors is less than 40%, and MYCN amplification is one of the most common indicators of poor outcomes. Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus associated with mild constitutional symptoms outside the fetal period. Our published data showed that high-risk and recurrent neuroblastoma cells are permissive to ZIKV infection, resulting in cell type-specific lysis. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of ZIKV as an oncolytic treatment for high-risk neuroblastoma using in vivo tumor models. Utilizing both MYCN-amplified and non-amplified models, we demonstrated that the application of ZIKV had a rapid tumoricidal effect. This led to a nearly total loss of the tumor mass without evidence of recurrence, offering a robust survival advantage to the host. Detection of the viral NS1 protein within the tumors confirmed that a permissive infection preceded tissue necrosis. Despite robust titers within the tumor, viral shedding to the host was poor and diminished rapidly, correlating with no detectable side effects to the murine host. Assessments from both primary pretreatment and recurrent posttreatment isolates confirmed that permissive sensitivity to ZIKV killing was dependent on the expression of CD24, which was highly expressed in neuroblastomas and conferred a proliferative advantage to tumor growth. Exploiting this viral sensitivity to CD24 offers the possibility of its use as a prognostic target for a broad population of expressing cancers, many of which have shown resistance to current clinical therapies. SIGNIFICANCE Sensitivity to the tumoricidal effect of ZIKV on high-risk neuroblastoma tumors is dependent on CD24 expression, offering a prognostic marker for this oncolytic therapy in an extensive array of CD24-expressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Mazar
- Nemours Children's Hospital, Nemours Parkway, Orlando, Florida
- Burnett School of Biological Sciences, The University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida
| | | | | | - Rosa Rosario
- Nemours Children's Hospital, Nemours Parkway, Orlando, Florida
| | - Emma Sutton
- Nemours Children's Hospital, Nemours Parkway, Orlando, Florida
| | - Matthew Longo
- Nemours Children's Hospital, Nemours Parkway, Orlando, Florida
- Burnett School of Biological Sciences, The University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida
| | - Dennis Drehner
- Nemours Children's Hospital, Nemours Parkway, Orlando, Florida
| | - Tamarah J. Westmoreland
- Nemours Children's Hospital, Nemours Parkway, Orlando, Florida
- Burnett School of Biological Sciences, The University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida
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3
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Flaherty SE, Bezy O, Zheng W, Yan D, Li X, Jagarlapudi S, Albuquerque B, Esquejo RM, Peloquin M, Semache M, Mancini A, Kang L, Drujan D, Breitkopf SB, Griffin JD, Jean Beltran PM, Xue L, Stansfield J, Pashos E, Shakey Q, Pehmøller C, Monetti M, Birnbaum MJ, Fortin JP, Wu Z. Chronic UCN2 treatment desensitizes CRHR2 and improves insulin sensitivity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3953. [PMID: 37402735 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39597-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Urocortin 2 (UCN2) acts as a ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2 (CRHR2). UCN2 has been reported to improve or worsen insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in vivo. Here we show that acute dosing of UCN2 induces systemic insulin resistance in male mice and skeletal muscle. Inversely, chronic elevation of UCN2 by injection with adenovirus encoding UCN2 resolves metabolic complications, improving glucose tolerance. CRHR2 recruits Gs in response to low concentrations of UCN2, as well as Gi and β-Arrestin at high concentrations of UCN2. Pre-treating cells and skeletal muscle ex vivo with UCN2 leads to internalization of CRHR2, dampened ligand-dependent increases in cAMP, and blunted reductions in insulin signaling. These results provide mechanistic insights into how UCN2 regulates insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle and in vivo. Importantly, a working model was derived from these results that unifies the contradictory metabolic effects of UCN2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Flaherty
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Olivier Bezy
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dong Yan
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xiangping Li
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Srinath Jagarlapudi
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bina Albuquerque
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ryan M Esquejo
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Peloquin
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Liya Kang
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Doreen Drujan
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Susanne B Breitkopf
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John D Griffin
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pierre M Jean Beltran
- Machine Learning and Computational Sciences, Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Liang Xue
- Machine Learning and Computational Sciences, Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John Stansfield
- Biostatistics, Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Evanthia Pashos
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Quazi Shakey
- Biomedicine design, Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christian Pehmøller
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mara Monetti
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Morris J Birnbaum
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Fortin
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zhidan Wu
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Esquejo RM, Albuquerque B, Sher A, Blatnik M, Wald K, Peloquin M, Delmore J, Kindt E, Li W, Young JD, Cameron K, Miller RA. AMPK activation is sufficient to increase skeletal muscle glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis but is not required for contraction-mediated increases in glucose metabolism. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11091. [PMID: 36303906 PMCID: PMC9593205 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a cellular sensor of energetics and when activated in skeletal muscle during contraction can impart changes in skeletal muscle metabolism. Therapeutics that selectively activate AMPK have been developed to lower glucose levels through increased glucose disposal rates as an approach to abrogate the hyperglycemic state of diabetes; however, the metabolic fate of glucose following AMPK activation remains unclear. We have used a combination of in vivo evaluation of glucose homeostasis and ex vivo skeletal muscle incubation to systematically evaluate metabolism following pharmacological activation of AMPK with PF-739, comparing this with AMPK activation through sustained intermittent electrical stimulation of contraction. These methods to activate AMPK result in increased glucose uptake but divergent metabolism of glucose: pharmacological activation results in increased glycogen accumulation while contraction-induced glucose uptake results in increased lactate formation and glucose oxidation. These results provide additional evidence to support a role for AMPK in control of skeletal muscle metabolism and additional insight into the potential for AMPK stimulation with small molecule direct activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Esquejo
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Bina Albuquerque
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Anna Sher
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Matthew Blatnik
- Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, United States
| | - Kyle Wald
- Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, United States
| | - Matthew Peloquin
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Jake Delmore
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Erick Kindt
- Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical Affairs, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Wenlin Li
- Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical Affairs, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Jamey D. Young
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1604, United States
| | - Kim Cameron
- Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical Affairs, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Russell A. Miller
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, United States,Corresponding author.
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Bollinger E, Peloquin M, Libera J, Albuquerque B, Pashos E, Shipstone A, Hadjipanayis A, Sun Z, Xing G, Clasquin M, Stansfield JC, Tierney B, Gernhardt S, Siddall CP, Greizer T, Geoly FJ, Vargas SR, Gao LC, Williams G, Marshall M, Rosado A, Steppan C, Filipski KJ, Zhang BB, Miller RA, Roth Flach RJ. BDK inhibition acts as a catabolic switch to mimic fasting and improve metabolism in mice. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101611. [PMID: 36220546 PMCID: PMC9589198 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Branched chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolic defects are implicated to be causal determinates of multiple diseases. This work aimed to better understand how enhancing BCAA catabolism affected metabolic homeostasis as well as the mechanisms underlying these improvements. METHODS The rate limiting step of BCAA catabolism is the irreversible decarboxylation by the branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) enzyme complex, which is post-translationally controlled through phosphorylation by BCKDH kinase (BDK). This study utilized BT2, a small molecule allosteric inhibitor of BDK, in multiple mouse models of metabolic dysfunction and NAFLD including the high fat diet (HFD) model with acute and chronic treatment paradigms, the choline deficient and methionine minimal high fat diet (CDAHFD) model, and the low-density lipoprotein receptor null mouse model (Ldlr-/-). shRNA was additionally used to knock down BDK in liver to elucidate liver-specific effects of BDK inhibition in HFD-fed mice. RESULTS A rapid improvement in insulin sensitivity was observed in HFD-fed and lean mice after BT2 treatment. Resistance to steatosis was assessed in HFD-fed mice, CDAHFD-fed mice, and Ldlr-/- mice. In all cases, BT2 treatment reduced steatosis and/or inflammation. Fasting and refeeding demonstrated a lack of response to feeding-induced changes in plasma metabolites including insulin and beta-hydroxybutyrate and hepatic gene changes in BT2-treated mice. Mechanistically, BT2 treatment acutely altered the expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and lipogenesis in liver, and upstream regulator analysis suggested that BT2 treatment activated PPARα. However, BT2 did not directly activate PPARα in vitro. Conversely, shRNA-AAV-mediated knockdown of BDK specifically in liver in vivo did not demonstrate any effects on glycemia, steatosis, or PPARα-mediated gene expression in mice. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that BT2 treatment acutely improves metabolism and liver steatosis in multiple mouse models. While many molecular changes occur in liver in BT2-treated mice, these changes were not observed in mice with AAV-mediated shRNA knockdown of BDK. All together, these data suggest that systemic BDK inhibition is required to improve metabolism and steatosis by prolonging a fasting signature in a paracrine manner. Therefore, BCAA may act as a "fed signal" to promote nutrient storage and reduced systemic BCAA levels as shown in this study via BDK inhibition may act as a "fasting signal" to prolong the catabolic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Bollinger
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew Peloquin
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Jenna Libera
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Bina Albuquerque
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Evanthia Pashos
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Arun Shipstone
- Inflammation & Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Angela Hadjipanayis
- Inflammation & Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Zhongyuan Sun
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Gang Xing
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Michelle Clasquin
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | - C. Parker Siddall
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Timothy Greizer
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Frank J. Geoly
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton CT 06340, USA
| | - Sarah R. Vargas
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton CT 06340, USA
| | - Lily C. Gao
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - George Williams
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Amy Rosado
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | | | | | - Bei B. Zhang
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Russell A. Miller
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Rachel J. Roth Flach
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA,Corresponding author. Pfizer Inc, 1 Portland St, Cambridge MA 02139, USA.
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Bernardo B, Joaquim S, Garren J, Boucher M, Houle C, LaCarubba B, Qiao S, Wu Z, Esquejo RM, Peloquin M, Kim H, Breen DM. Characterization of cachexia in the human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 mouse tumour model. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:1813-1829. [PMID: 32924335 PMCID: PMC7749621 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cachexia is a complex metabolic disease with unmet medical need. Although many rodent models are available, none are identical to the human disease. Therefore, the development of new preclinical models that simulate some of the physiological, biochemical, and clinical characteristics of the human disease is valuable. The HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma tumour cell line was reported to induce cachexia in mice. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to determine how well the HT-1080 tumour model could recapitulate human cachexia and to examine its technical performance. Furthermore, the efficacy of ghrelin receptor activation via anamorelin treatment was evaluated, because it is one of few clinically validated mechanisms. METHODS Female severe combined immunodeficient mice were implanted subcutaneously or heterotopically (renal capsule) with HT-1080 tumour cells. The cachectic phenotype was evaluated during tumour development, including body weight, body composition, food intake, muscle function (force and fatigue), grip strength, and physical activity measurements. Heterotopic and subcutaneous tumour histology was also compared. Energy balance was evaluated at standard and thermoneutral housing temperatures in the subcutaneous model. The effect of anamorelin (ghrelin analogue) treatment was also examined. RESULTS The HT-1080 tumour model had excellent technical performance and was reproducible across multiple experimental conditions. Heterotopic and subcutaneous tumour cell implantation resulted in similar cachexia phenotypes independent of housing temperature. Tumour weight and histology was comparable between both routes of administration with minimal inflammation. Subcutaneous HT-1080 tumour-bearing mice presented with weight loss (decreased fat mass and skeletal muscle mass/fibre cross-sectional area), reduced food intake, impaired muscle function (reduced force and grip strength), and decreased spontaneous activity and voluntary wheel running. Key circulating inflammatory biomarkers were produced by the tumour, including growth differentiation factor 15, Activin A, interleukin 6, and TNF alpha. Anamorelin prevented but did not reverse anorexia and weight loss in the subcutaneous model. CONCLUSIONS The subcutaneous HT-1080 tumour model displays many of the perturbations of energy balance and physical performance described in human cachexia, consistent with the production of key inflammatory factors. Anamorelin was most effective when administered early in disease progression. The HT-1080 tumour model is valuable for studying potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bernardo
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jeonifer Garren
- Biostatistics, Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Magalie Boucher
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Shuxi Qiao
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zhidan Wu
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ryan M Esquejo
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Peloquin
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hanna Kim
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Danna M Breen
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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Wu Z, Bennett D, Brosnan J, Calle R, Collins S, Esquejo R, Joaquim S, Joyce A, Kim H, LaCarubba B, Lin L, Kim-Muller J, Peloquin M, Pettersen B, Qiao S, Rossulek M, Weber G, Zhang B, Birnbaum M, Breen D. 2O Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) neutralization reverses cancer cachexia, restores physical performance and mitigates emesis associated with platinum-based chemotherapy. Ann Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.08.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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8
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Peloquin M, LaCarubba B, Joaqium S, Weber G, Stansfield J, Bezy O, Kim-Muller JY, Breen D, Wu Z, Zhang BB. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) inhibition to increase muscle mass and function in cancer cachexia. J Clin Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e15633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
e15633 Background: Almost half of cancer deaths are attributed to cancers most frequently associated with cachexia. Cachexia is a complex metabolic disease characterized by anorexia and unintentional weight loss. Skeletal muscle depletion has been recognized as a key feature of the disease, however muscle anabolic therapies have not been successful, suggesting that treatments that target multiple aspects of the disease will be most effective. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a cytokine that induces anorexia and weight loss and is associated with cachexia in cancer patients. In preclinical cancer cachexia models, GDF-15 inhibition is sufficient to normalize food intake and body weight, including skeletal muscle mass. However, it remains to be determined whether the increased skeletal muscle mass also results in restoration of muscle function. Therefore, we examined the effect of GDF-15 inhibition on muscle mass and function in mouse models of cancer cachexia in comparison with myostatin inhibition, an established muscle anabolic pathway. Methods: Cachectic mouse tumor models were established with subcutaneous implantation of tumor cell lines reported to be GDF-15-dependent; mouse renal cell carcinoma (RENCA) and human ovarian cancer (TOV-21G) cell lines. Mice were treated with anti-GDF-15 (mAB2) or anti-myostatin (RK35) monoclonal antibodies and skeletal muscle function was assessed in vivo via maximum force, maximum rate of contraction and half relax time. In the RENCA tumor model, GDF-15 inhibition fully restored body weight and skeletal muscle mass whereas myostatin inhibition showed only a modest effect. Results: Consistent with the muscle mass improvement, GDF-15 inhibition dramatically increased functional muscle endpoints compared to the partial effect of myostatin inhibition. Interestingly, in the TOV-21G tumor model GDF-15 inhibition only partially restored body weight, however skeletal muscle mass and muscle function were completely normalized. Consistent with the functional assessment, GDF-15 inhibition in the RENCA tumor model decreased the expression of several catabolic genes (i.e. Trim63, Fbxo32, Myh7 and Myh2). The GDF-15 effect is likely to be secondary to the reversal of anorexia since wildtype mice pair-fed to Fc-GDF-15-treated mice demonstrated equivalent muscle mass loss. Conclusions: Taken together these data suggest that GDF-15 inhibition holds potential as an effective therapeutic approach to alleviate multiple aspects of cachexia.
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Siddall P, Bollinger E, Peloquin M, Albuquerque B, Sun Z, Xing G, Clasquin M, Dumlao D, Piotrowski M, Delmore J, Pashos E, Hadjipanayis A, Cunio T, Zou C, Zhang BB, Miller RA, Roth Flach RJ. Abstract 566: Branched Chain Ketoacid Dehydrogenase Kinase Inhibition Alters Substrate Utilization and Gene Expression in Myocytes. Circ Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1161/res.125.suppl_1.566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Circulating increases in branched chain amino acid (BCAA) levels have long been associated with type II diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Emerging data also suggest that impaired BCAA catabolism may play a role in heart failure progression. BCAA are catabolized via the branched chain ketoacid (BCKA) dehydrogenase enzyme complex (BCKDH). BCKD kinase (BCKDK) is a negative regulator of BCAA catabolism through its inhibitory phosphorylation of the BCKDHE1a subunit, and the phosphatase PPM1k dephosphorylates this same site to activate BCAA catabolism. Using an inhibitor of BCKDK (BT2), BCAA catabolism is increased in vivo. Here, we utilized metabolomics to evaluate the contribution of BCAA catabolism to substrate preference in heart and skeletal muscle. Surprisingly, BCKDK inhibition with BT2 had no effect on incorporation of glucose into TCA cycle intermediates in heart or skeletal muscle. Because others have recently shown that the primary site of BCAA catabolism is skeletal muscle, we knocked down BCKDK and PPM1k in human skeletal myocytes to further investigate how BCKDK loss or inhibition affects substrate utilization. Similar to our in vivo observations, knockdown of BCKDK and PPM1k had no effect on glucose and pyruvate utilization in a mitochondrial function assay. However, an increase in maximal respiration was observed after BCKDK knockdown when fatty acids were used. To evaluate the mechanisms underlying this increase we then performed RNAseq in these cells after BCKDK and PPM1K knockdown and observed changes in a number of genes that may explain these alterations in substrate utilization. Finally, we performed C13 BCAA metabolomics in human skeletal myocytes after BT2 treatment or knockdown of BCKDK and PPM1k. Using BT2, we observed a dose-responsive reduction in BCKA production from C13 BCAA by the muscle cells as expected; however, though BCKA production was increased after PPM1k was knocked down, we surprisingly did not observe a decrease in BCKA production after BCKDK knockdown. Collectively these data suggest that BCKDK inhibition may improve metabolism and cardiac function by altering substrate preference in skeletal myocytes.
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10
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Patsalos A, Simandi Z, Hays TT, Peloquin M, Hajian M, Restrepo I, Coen PM, Russell AJ, Nagy L. In vivo GDF3 administration abrogates aging related muscle regeneration delay following acute sterile injury. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12815. [PMID: 30003692 PMCID: PMC6156497 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue regeneration is a highly coordinated process with sequential events including immune cell infiltration, clearance of damaged tissues, and immune‐supported regrowth of the tissue. Aging has a well‐documented negative impact on this process globally; however, whether changes in immune cells per se are contributing to the decline in the body’s ability to regenerate tissues with aging is not clearly understood. Here, we set out to characterize the dynamics of macrophage infiltration and their functional contribution to muscle regeneration by comparing young and aged animals upon acute sterile injury. Injured muscle of old mice showed markedly elevated number of macrophages, with a predominance for Ly6Chigh pro‐inflammatory macrophages and a lower ratio of the Ly6Clow repair macrophages. Of interest, a recently identified repair macrophage‐derived cytokine, growth differentiation factor 3 (GDF3), was markedly downregulated in injured muscle of old relative to young mice. Supplementation of recombinant GDF3 in aged mice ameliorated the inefficient regenerative response. Together, these results uncover a deficiency in the quantity and quality of infiltrating macrophages during aging and suggest that in vivo administration of GDF3 could be an effective therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Patsalos
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona; Orlando Florida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Zoltan Simandi
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona; Orlando Florida
| | - Tristan T. Hays
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona; Orlando Florida
| | - Matthew Peloquin
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona; Orlando Florida
| | - Matine Hajian
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona; Orlando Florida
| | - Isabella Restrepo
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona; Orlando Florida
| | - Paul M. Coen
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona; Orlando Florida
- Florida Hospital; Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes; Orlando Florida
| | - Alan J. Russell
- Muscle Metabolism Discovery Performance Unit; GlaxoSmithKline; King of Prussia Pennsylvania
| | - Laszlo Nagy
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona; Orlando Florida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
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11
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Czimmerer Z, Daniel B, Horvath A, Rückerl D, Nagy G, Kiss M, Peloquin M, Budai MM, Cuaranta-Monroy I, Simandi Z, Steiner L, Nagy B, Poliska S, Banko C, Bacso Z, Schulman IG, Sauer S, Deleuze JF, Allen JE, Benko S, Nagy L. The Transcription Factor STAT6 Mediates Direct Repression of Inflammatory Enhancers and Limits Activation of Alternatively Polarized Macrophages. Immunity 2018; 48:75-90.e6. [PMID: 29343442 PMCID: PMC5772169 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The molecular basis of signal-dependent transcriptional activation has been extensively studied in macrophage polarization, but our understanding remains limited regarding the molecular determinants of repression. Here we show that IL-4-activated STAT6 transcription factor is required for the direct transcriptional repression of a large number of genes during in vitro and in vivo alternative macrophage polarization. Repression results in decreased lineage-determining transcription factor, p300, and RNA polymerase II binding followed by reduced enhancer RNA expression, H3K27 acetylation, and chromatin accessibility. The repressor function of STAT6 is HDAC3 dependent on a subset of IL-4-repressed genes. In addition, STAT6-repressed enhancers show extensive overlap with the NF-κB p65 cistrome and exhibit decreased responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide after IL-4 stimulus on a subset of genes. As a consequence, macrophages exhibit diminished inflammasome activation, decreased IL-1β production, and pyroptosis. Thus, the IL-4-STAT6 signaling pathway establishes an alternative polarization-specific epigenenomic signature resulting in dampened macrophage responsiveness to inflammatory stimuli. IL-4-activated STAT6 acts as a transcriptional repressor in macrophages IL-4-STAT6-repressed enhancers associate with reduced LDTF and p300 binding Inflammatory responsiveness of the IL-4-repressed enhancers is attenuated IL-4 limits the LPS-induced inflammasome activation, IL-1β production, and pyroptosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Czimmerer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Bence Daniel
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 6400 Sanger Road, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Attila Horvath
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dominik Rückerl
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Gergely Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; MTA-DE "Lendület" Immunogenomics Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mate Kiss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Matthew Peloquin
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 6400 Sanger Road, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Marietta M Budai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ixchelt Cuaranta-Monroy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Simandi
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 6400 Sanger Road, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Laszlo Steiner
- UD-Genomed Medical Genomic Technologies Ltd., Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Bela Nagy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilard Poliska
- Genomic Medicine and Bioinformatic Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Banko
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Bacso
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ira G Schulman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sascha Sauer
- Otto Warburg Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany; CU Systems Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (BIMSB and BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Judith E Allen
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Szilvia Benko
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 6400 Sanger Road, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; MTA-DE "Lendület" Immunogenomics Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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12
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Esquejo RM, Salatto CT, Delmore J, Albuquerque B, Reyes A, Shi Y, Moccia R, Cokorinos E, Peloquin M, Monetti M, Barricklow J, Bollinger E, Smith BK, Day EA, Nguyen C, Geoghegan KF, Kreeger JM, Opsahl A, Ward J, Kalgutkar AS, Tess D, Butler L, Shirai N, Osborne TF, Steinberg GR, Birnbaum MJ, Cameron KO, Miller RA. Activation of Liver AMPK with PF-06409577 Corrects NAFLD and Lowers Cholesterol in Rodent and Primate Preclinical Models. EBioMedicine 2018; 31:122-132. [PMID: 29673898 PMCID: PMC6014578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of hepatic lipid and cholesterol metabolism is a significant contributor to cardiometabolic health, resulting in excessive liver lipid accumulation and ultimately non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Therapeutic activators of the AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) have been proposed as a treatment for metabolic diseases; we show that the AMPK β1-biased activator PF-06409577 is capable of lowering hepatic and systemic lipid and cholesterol levels in both rodent and monkey preclinical models. PF-06409577 is able to inhibit de novo lipid and cholesterol synthesis pathways, and causes a reduction in hepatic lipids and mRNA expression of markers of hepatic fibrosis. These effects require AMPK activity in the hepatocytes. Treatment of hyperlipidemic rats or cynomolgus monkeys with PF-06409577 for 6 weeks resulted in a reduction in circulating cholesterol. Together these data suggest that activation of AMPK β1 complexes with PF-06409577 is capable of impacting multiple facets of liver disease and represents a promising strategy for the treatment of NAFLD and NASH in humans. PF-06409577 is a potent activator of AMPK β1 containing complexes. PF-06409577 improves liver function and systemic dyslipidemia in rodents through hepatic AMPK activation. PF-06409577-mediated reductions in circulating cholesterol was observed in monkeys and diabetic rats.
NAFLD and NASH remain poorly treated and are diseases which are growing rapidly in societal cost. Therapeutic mechanisms that impact multiple aspects of the dysregulated metabolic regulation of NAFLD and NASH are needed. Pharmacological AMPK activation has long held promise as a treatment for NAFLD because of its impact on hepatic lipid and cholesterol synthesis, as well as its proposed anti-inflammatory and anti-lipolytic actions. Recent development of clinically viable small molecule AMPK activators, including PF-06409577, has enabled their more thorough characterization in preclinical disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Esquejo
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jake Delmore
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Allan Reyes
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yuji Shi
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rob Moccia
- Computational Sciences, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emily Cokorinos
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Mara Monetti
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jason Barricklow
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Eliza Bollinger
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Brennan K Smith
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Emily A Day
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Chuong Nguyen
- Primary Pharmacology Group, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
| | | | - John M Kreeger
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Alan Opsahl
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Jessica Ward
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 6400 Sanger Road, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - David Tess
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 6400 Sanger Road, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Lynne Butler
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Norimitsu Shirai
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Timothy F Osborne
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 6400 Sanger Road, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | | | | | - Russell A Miller
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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