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Al Mahmud H, Patil SU, Radue MS, Odegard GM. Probing the Influence of Surface Chemical Functionalization on Graphene Nanoplatelets-Epoxy Interfacial Shear Strength Using Molecular Dynamics. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:287. [PMID: 36678040 PMCID: PMC9864781 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a characterization study of the interfacial interaction between different types of graphene nanoplatelets and an epoxy matrix is computationally performed. To quantify the discrete mutual graphene-epoxy "interfacial interaction energy" (IIE) within the nanocomposite, molecular dynamics simulations with a reactive force field are performed on a localized model of the suggested nanocomposite. Pull-out molecular dynamics simulations are also performed to predict the interfacial shear strength between the two constituents. The results indicate a significant increase in interfacial adhesion of functionalized nanoplatelets with the hosting epoxy matrix relative to virgin graphene nanoplatelets. The obtained results also demonstrate a dramatic increase in the interfacial interaction energy (IIE) (up to 570.0%) of the functionalized graphene/epoxy nanocomposites relative to the unmodified graphene/epoxy nanocomposites. In the same context, the surface functionalization of graphene nanoplatelets with the polymer matrix leads to a significant increase in the interfacial shear strength (ISS) (up to 750 times). The reported findings in this paper are essential and critical to producing the next generation of lightweight and ultra-strong polymer-based nanocomposite structural materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Al Mahmud
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kufa, Najaf 54001, Iraq
- Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931-1295, USA
| | - Sagar U. Patil
- Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931-1295, USA
| | - Matthew S. Radue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931-1295, USA
| | - Gregory M. Odegard
- Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931-1295, USA
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Radue MS, Mo Y, Butera R. Dopant precursor adsorption into single-dimer windows: Towards guided self-assembly of dopant arrays on Si(100). Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.139258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Deshpande PP, Radue MS, Gaikwad P, Bamane S, Patil SU, Pisani WA, Odegard GM. Prediction of the Interfacial Properties of High-Performance Polymers and Flattened CNT-Reinforced Composites Using Molecular Dynamics. Langmuir 2021; 37:11526-11534. [PMID: 34550699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The next generation of ultrahigh-strength composites for structural components of vehicles for manned missions to deep space will likely incorporate flattened carbon nanotubes (flCNTs). With a wide range of high-performance polymers to choose from as the matrix component, efficient and accurate computational modeling can be used to efficiently downselect compatible resins and provide critical physical insight into the flCNT/polymer interface. In this study, molecular dynamics simulation is used to predict the interaction energy, frictional sliding resistance, and mechanical binding of flCNT/polymer interfaces for epoxy, bismaleimide (BMI), and benzoxazine high-performance resins. The results indicate that BMI has a stronger interfacial interaction and transverse tension binding with flCNT interfaces, while benzoxazine demonstrates the strongest levels of interfacial friction resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathamesh P Deshpande
- Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Matthew S Radue
- Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Prashik Gaikwad
- Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Swapnil Bamane
- Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Sagar U Patil
- Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - William A Pisani
- Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Gregory M Odegard
- Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
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Bamane SS, Gaikwad PS, Radue MS, Gowtham S, Odegard GM. Wetting Simulations of High-Performance Polymer Resins on Carbon Surfaces as a Function of Temperature Using Molecular Dynamics. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13132162. [PMID: 34208950 PMCID: PMC8271784 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Resin/reinforcement wetting is a key parameter in the manufacturing of carbon nanotube (CNT)-based composite materials. Determining the contact angle between combinations of liquid resin and reinforcement surfaces is a common method for quantifying wettability. As experimental measurement of contact angle can be difficult when screening multiple high-performance resins with CNT materials such as CNT bundles or yarns, computational approaches are necessary to facilitate CNT composite material design. A molecular dynamics simulation method is developed to predict the contact angle of high-performance polymer resins on CNT surfaces dominated by aromatic carbon, aliphatic carbon, or a mixture thereof (amorphous carbon). Several resin systems are simulated and compared. The results indicate that the monomer chain length, chemical groups on the monomer, and simulation temperature have a significant impact on the predicted contact angle values on the CNT surface. Difunctional epoxy and cyanate ester resins show the overall highest levels of wettability, regardless of the aromatic/aliphatic nature of the CNT material surface. Tetrafunctional epoxy demonstrates excellent wettability on aliphatic-dominated surfaces at elevated temperatures. Bismaleimide and benzoxazine resins show intermediate levels of wetting, while typical molecular weights of polyether ether ketone demonstrate poor wetting on the CNT surfaces.
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Chinkanjanarot S, Radue MS, Gowtham S, Tomasi JM, Klimek‐McDonald DR, King JA, Odegard GM. Multiscale thermal modeling of cured cycloaliphatic epoxy/carbon fiber composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew S. Radue
- Michigan Technological University1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton Michigan 49931
| | - S. Gowtham
- Michigan Technological University1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton Michigan 49931
| | - Julie M. Tomasi
- Michigan Technological University1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton Michigan 49931
| | | | - Julia A. King
- Michigan Technological University1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton Michigan 49931
| | - Gregory M. Odegard
- Michigan Technological University1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton Michigan 49931
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Radue MS, Varshney V, Baur JW, Roy AK, Odegard GM. Molecular Modeling of Cross-Linked Polymers with Complex Cure Pathways: A Case Study of Bismaleimide Resins. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Radue
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Vikas Varshney
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
- Universal Technology Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Jeffery W. Baur
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Ajit K. Roy
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Gregory M. Odegard
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
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Radue MS, Jensen BD, Gowtham S, Klimek-McDonald DR, King JA, Odegard GM. Comparing the Mechanical Response of Di-, Tri-, and Tetra-functional Resin Epoxies with Reactive Molecular Dynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 56:255-264. [PMID: 31806922 DOI: 10.1002/polb.24539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The influence of monomer functionality on the mechanical properties of epoxies is studied using Molecular Dynamics (MD) with the Reax Force Field (ReaxFF). From deformation simulations, the Young's modulus, yield point, and Poisson's ratio are calculated and analyzed. The results demonstrate an increase in stiffness and yield strength with increasing resin functionality. Comparison between the network structures of distinct epoxies is further advanced by the Monomeric Degree Index (MDI). Experimental validation demonstrates the MD results correctly predict the relationship in Young's moduli. Therefore, ReaxFF is confirmed to be a useful tool for studying the mechanical behavior of epoxies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Radue
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Benjamin D Jensen
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931.,NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23666
| | - S Gowtham
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
| | | | - J A King
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - G M Odegard
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
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