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Abstract
Cohesin is a trimeric complex containing a pair of SMC proteins (Smc1 and Smc3) whose ATPase domains at the end of long coiled coils (CC) are interconnected by Scc1. During interphase, it organizes chromosomal DNA topology by extruding loops in a manner dependent on Scc1's association with two large hook-shaped proteins called SA (yeast: Scc3) and Nipbl (Scc2). The latter's replacement by Pds5 recruits Wapl, which induces release from chromatin via a process requiring dissociation of Scc1's N-terminal domain (NTD) from Smc3. If blocked by Esco (Eco)-mediated Smc3 acetylation, cohesin containing Pds5 merely maintains pre-existing loops, but a third fate occurs during DNA replication, when Pds5-containing cohesin associates with Sororin and forms structures that hold sister DNAs together. How Wapl induces and Sororin blocks release has hitherto remained mysterious. In the 20 years since their discovery, not a single testable hypothesis has been proposed as to their role. Here, AlphaFold 2 (AF) three-dimensional protein structure predictions lead us to propose formation of a quarternary complex between Wapl, SA, Pds5, and Scc1's NTD, in which the latter is juxtaposed with (and subsequently sequestered by) a highly conserved cleft within Wapl's C-terminal domain. AF also reveals how Scc1's dissociation from Smc3 arises from a distortion of Smc3's CC induced by engagement of SMC ATPase domains, how Esco acetyl transferases are recruited to Smc3 by Pds5, and how Sororin prevents release by binding to the Smc3/Scc1 interface. Our hypotheses explain the phenotypes of numerous existing mutations and are highly testable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Nasmyth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Byung-Gil Lee
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Jan Löwe
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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Collier JE, Lee BG, Roig MB, Yatskevich S, Petela NJ, Metson J, Voulgaris M, Gonzalez Llamazares A, Löwe J, Nasmyth KA. Transport of DNA within cohesin involves clamping on top of engaged heads by Scc2 and entrapment within the ring by Scc3. eLife 2020; 9:e59560. [PMID: 32930661 PMCID: PMC7492086 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to extruding DNA loops, cohesin entraps within its SMC-kleisin ring (S-K) individual DNAs during G1 and sister DNAs during S-phase. All three activities require related hook-shaped proteins called Scc2 and Scc3. Using thiol-specific crosslinking we provide rigorous proof of entrapment activity in vitro. Scc2 alone promotes entrapment of DNAs in the E-S and E-K compartments, between ATP-bound engaged heads and the SMC hinge and associated kleisin, respectively. This does not require ATP hydrolysis nor is it accompanied by entrapment within S-K rings, which is a slower process requiring Scc3. Cryo-EM reveals that DNAs transported into E-S/E-K compartments are 'clamped' in a sub-compartment created by Scc2's association with engaged heads whose coiled coils are folded around their elbow. We suggest that clamping may be a recurrent feature of cohesin complexes active in loop extrusion and that this conformation precedes the S-K entrapment required for sister chromatid cohesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Collier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Byung-Gil Lee
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | - Naomi J Petela
- Department of Biochemistry, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Jean Metson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jan Löwe
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Kim A Nasmyth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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Beckouët F, Srinivasan M, Roig MB, Chan KL, Scheinost JC, Batty P, Hu B, Petela N, Gligoris T, Smith AC, Strmecki L, Rowland BD, Nasmyth K. Releasing Activity Disengages Cohesin's Smc3/Scc1 Interface in a Process Blocked by Acetylation. Mol Cell 2016; 61:563-574. [PMID: 26895425 PMCID: PMC4769318 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sister chromatid cohesion conferred by entrapment of sister DNAs within a tripartite ring formed between cohesin's Scc1, Smc1, and Smc3 subunits is created during S and destroyed at anaphase through Scc1 cleavage by separase. Cohesin's association with chromosomes is controlled by opposing activities: loading by Scc2/4 complex and release by a separase-independent releasing activity as well as by cleavage. Coentrapment of sister DNAs at replication is accompanied by acetylation of Smc3 by Eco1, which blocks releasing activity and ensures that sisters remain connected. Because fusion of Smc3 to Scc1 prevents release and bypasses the requirement for Eco1, we suggested that release is mediated by disengagement of the Smc3/Scc1 interface. We show that mutations capable of bypassing Eco1 in Smc1, Smc3, Scc1, Wapl, Pds5, and Scc3 subunits reduce dissociation of N-terminal cleavage fragments of Scc1 (NScc1) from Smc3. This process involves interaction between Smc ATPase heads and is inhibited by Smc3 acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Beckouët
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Eucaryote, UMR 5099 University Paul Sabatier Toulouse III CNRS, 118, Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Maurici Brunet Roig
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Kok-Lung Chan
- Genome Centre, University of Sussex, Sussex House, Brighton BN1 9RH, UK
| | - Johanna C Scheinost
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Paul Batty
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Naomi Petela
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Thomas Gligoris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Alexandra C Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Lana Strmecki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Benjamin D Rowland
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kim Nasmyth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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Marcocci L, Nocera S, Roig MB, Rea G, Mondovi B, Federico R. Enrichment of a human leukemia cell line (K562) with a plant histaminase. Inflamm Res 2001; 50 Suppl 2:S134-5. [PMID: 11411590 DOI: 10.1007/pl00022394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L Marcocci
- Department of Biochemical Sciences A. Rossi Fanelli and CHR Center of Molecular Biology, University of Rome La Sapienza Italy.
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