Stassen MJM, Preeker NL, Ragas AMJ, van de Ven MWPM, Smolders AJP, Roeleveld N. Metal exposure and reproductive disorders in indigenous communities living along the Pilcomayo River, Bolivia.
Sci Total Environ 2012;
427-428:26-34. [PMID:
22575376 DOI:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.072]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND
The Pilcomayo River is polluted by tailings and effluents from upstream mining activities, which contain high levels of metals. The Weenhayek live along this river and are likely to have elevated exposure.
OBJECTIVES
To assess whether the Weenhayek have increased risk of reproductive and developmental disorders related to elevated metal exposure in comparison with a reference population.
METHODS
We assessed reproductive and developmental outcomes, i.e. fertility, fetal loss, congenital anomalies, and walking onset by means of structured interviews. We sampled hair, water and fish to assess the relative exposure of the Weenhayek. Samples were analyzed for Pb and Cd with ICP-MS techniques.
RESULTS
The Weenhayek communities studied had a higher prevalence of small families (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.3-6.0) and delayed walking onset (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.4-5.1) than the reference population. Median Pb levels in Weenhayek hair were 2-5 times higher than in the reference population, while Cd levels were not elevated. In water and fish, both Pb and Cd levels were increased in the Weenhayek area.
CONCLUSIONS
We found indications for increased risks of small families and delayed walking onset among the Weenhayek living along the Pilcomayo River. Lactants form a high risk group for lead exposure.
Collapse