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Martins AC, Proença CEB, Vasconcelos TNC, Aguiar AJC, Farinasso HC, de Lima ATF, Faria JEQ, Norrana K, Costa MBR, Carvalho MM, Dias RL, Bustamante MMC, Carvalho FA, Keller A. Contrasting patterns of foraging behavior in neotropical stingless bees using pollen and honey metabarcoding. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14474. [PMID: 37660141 PMCID: PMC10475120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41304-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stingless bees are major flower visitors in the tropics, but their foraging preferences and behavior are still poorly understood. Studying stingless bee interactions with angiosperms is methodologically challenging due to the high tropical plant diversity and inaccessibility of upper canopy flowers in forested habitats. Pollen DNA metabarcoding offers an opportunity of assessing floral visitation efficiently and was applied here to understand stingless bee floral resources spectra and foraging behavior. We analyzed pollen and honey from nests of three distantly related stingless bee species, with different body size and social behavior: Melipona rufiventris, Scaptotrigona postica and Tetragonisca angustula. Simultaneously, we evaluate the local floristic components through seventeen rapid botanical surveys conducted at different distances from the nests. We discovered a broad set of explored floral sources, with 46.3 plant species per bee species in honey samples and 53.67 in pollen samples. Plant families Myrtaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Melastomataceae and Malpighiaceae dominated the records, indicating stingless bee preferences for abundant resources that flowers of these families provide in the region. Results also reinforce the preference of stingless bees for forest trees, even if only available at long distances. Our high-resolution results encourage future bee-plant studies using pollen and honey metabarcoding in hyper-diverse tropical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline C Martins
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil.
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Carolyn E B Proença
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Thais N C Vasconcelos
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Antonio J C Aguiar
- Laboratório de Abelhas, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Hannah C Farinasso
- Laboratório de Abelhas, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Aluisio T F de Lima
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Jair E Q Faria
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Krissya Norrana
- Laboratório de Abelhas, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Marcella B R Costa
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Matheus M Carvalho
- Laboratório de Abelhas, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Comparada e Abelhas, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo L Dias
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda A Carvalho
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Alexander Keller
- Cellular and Organismic Networks, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 82152, Munich, Germany
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2
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Rodrigues AA, Macedo MN, Silvério DV, Maracahipes L, Coe MT, Brando PM, Shimbo JZ, Rajão R, Soares-Filho B, Bustamante MMC. Cerrado deforestation threatens regional climate and water availability for agriculture and ecosystems. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:6807-6822. [PMID: 36073184 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Brazilian Cerrado is one of the most biodiverse savannas in the world, yet 46% of its original cover has been cleared to make way for crops and pastures. These extensive land-use transitions (LUTs) are expected to influence regional climate by reducing evapotranspiration (ET), increasing land surface temperature (LST), and ultimately reducing precipitation. Here, we quantify the impacts of LUTs on ET and LST in the Cerrado by combining MODIS satellite data with annual land use and land cover maps from 2006 to 2019. We performed regression analyses to quantify the effects of six common LUTs on ET and LST across the entire gradient of Cerrado landscapes. Results indicate that clearing forests for cropland or pasture increased average LST by ~3.5°C and reduced mean annual ET by 44% and 39%, respectively. Transitions from woody savannas to cropland or pasture increased average LST by 1.9°C and reduced mean annual ET by 27% and 21%, respectively. Converting native grasslands to cropland or pasture increased average LST by 0.9 and 0.6°C, respectively. Conversely, grassland-to-pasture transitions increased mean annual ET by 15%. To date, land changes have caused a 10% reduction in water recycled to the atmosphere annually and a 0.9°C increase in average LST across the biome, compared to the historic baseline under native vegetation. Global climate changes from increased atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations will only exacerbate these effects. Considering potential future scenarios, we found that abandoning deforestation control policies or allowing legal deforestation to continue (at least 28.4 Mha) would further reduce yearly ET (by -9% and -3%, respectively) and increase average LST (by +0.7 and +0.3°C, respectively) by 2050. In contrast, policies encouraging zero deforestation and restoration of the 5.2 Mha of illegally deforested areas would partially offset the warming and drying impacts of land-use change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane A Rodrigues
- Department of Ecology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Marcia N Macedo
- Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, Massachusetts, USA
- Amazon Environmental Research Institute, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Divino V Silvério
- Amazon Environmental Research Institute, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Federal Rural University of the Amazon, Capitão Poço, Pará, Brazil
| | - Leandro Maracahipes
- Amazon Environmental Research Institute, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael T Coe
- Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, Massachusetts, USA
- Amazon Environmental Research Institute, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Paulo M Brando
- Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, Massachusetts, USA
- Amazon Environmental Research Institute, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Julia Z Shimbo
- Amazon Environmental Research Institute, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Raoni Rajão
- Department of Production Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Britaldo Soares-Filho
- Center for Remote Sensing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Schüler
- Ecosystem Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte Brasília Brazil
| | - Mercedes M. C. Bustamante
- Ecosystem Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte Brasília Brazil
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4
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Lannes LS, Karrer S, Teodoro DAA, Bustamante MMC, Edwards PJ, Olde Venterink H. Species richness both impedes and promotes alien plant invasions in the Brazilian Cerrado. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11365. [PMID: 32647221 PMCID: PMC7347851 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, alien plant invasions have been intensively studied in the past decades, but mechanisms controlling the invasibility of native communities are not fully understood yet. The stochastic niche hypothesis predicts that species-rich plant communities are less prone to alien plant invasions than species-poor communities, which is supported by some but not all field studies, with some very species-rich communities such as the Brazilian Cerrado becoming heavily invaded. However, species-rich communities potentially contain a greater variety of facilitative interactions in resource exploitation than species-poor communities, from which invasive plants might benefit. This alternative hypothetical mechanism might explain why nutrient-poor, species-rich ecosystems are prone to invasion. Here we show that a high species richness both impedes and promotes invasive plants in the Brazilian Cerrado, using structural equation modelling and data from 38 field sites. We found support for the stochastic niche hypothesis through an observed direct negative influence of species richness on abundance of alien invasive species, but an indirect positive effect of species richness on invasive alien plants through soil phosphatase activity that enhances P availability was also found. These field observations were supported with results from a mesocosm experiment. Root phosphatase activity of plants increased with species richness in the mesocosms, which was associated with greater community P and N uptake. The most prominent alien grass species of the region, Melinis minutiflora, benefited most from the higher N and P availability in the species mixtures. Hence, this study provides a novel explanation of why species-richness may sometimes promote rather than impede invasion, and highlights the need to perform facilitation experiments in multi-species communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciola S Lannes
- Department of Biology and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira, Passeio Monção 226 Zona Norte, Ilha Solteira, SP, 15385-000, Brazil.
| | - Stefanie Karrer
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Peter J Edwards
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Harry Olde Venterink
- Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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Sano EE, Rodrigues AA, Martins ES, Bettiol GM, Bustamante MMC, Bezerra AS, Couto AF, Vasconcelos V, Schüler J, Bolfe EL. Cerrado ecoregions: A spatial framework to assess and prioritize Brazilian savanna environmental diversity for conservation. J Environ Manage 2019; 232:818-828. [PMID: 30529869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Brazilian Cerrado is the second largest biome in Latin America, extending over more than 200 million ha and hosts some of the most intensive agricultural activities for grain and beef production in the world. Because of the biodiversity richness and high levels of endemism, Cerrado is considered one of world's hotspot for biodiversity conservation. The objectives of this study are three-fold: to present a comprehensive division of Cerrado into different ecoregions that reflect the environmental heterogeneity within the biome; to analyze the ecoregions in terms of biophysical characteristics, protected areas, environmental liability in riparian permanent protection areas along watercourses, and priorities for biodiversity conservation; and to rank the ecoregions in terms of endangerment for biodiversity conservation and restoration. A previous study that delineated 22 ecoregions using geomorphology, vegetation, soil, geology, and plant diversity maps was revised using topography, vegetation, precipitation, and soil maps. Our new ecoregion map consists of 19 units that are unique in terms of landscape characteristics and has been adjusted to the current official boundary map of Cerrado. Some of the ecoregions consist of only one geomorphological compartment, whereas others are heterogeneous, consisting of up to eight compartments. Ferralsols comprise the dominant soil type in 14 of the ecoregions. The percentage of protected areas within ecoregions ranges from 1.7% to 51.5%. The most endangered ecoregion, where land use change critically threatens habitat integrity, is the Depressão Cárstica do São Francisco (states of Bahia, Minas Gerais, and Piauí), where environmental liability along riparian permanent protection areas amounts to 85.6% of the total area. Our proposed ecoregion map provides a spatial framework for regional and local assessments to improve decision-making processes to reconcile conservation and restoration planning, sustainable agriculture, and provision of ecosystem services. Besides de adjustment of the previous Cerrado's ecoregion map to the official biome boundary (relevant for the implementation of public policies of conservation as those regulated by the Brazilian Forest Code), the new analyses of the ecoregion map represent a substantial improvement in comparison to the ones conducted by the previous study in 2003. In addition, current web resources allow us to make all the information used or derived from this study available to other users. This opens the possibility of additional improvements of our findings by the scientific community or to be used effectively by decision makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson E Sano
- Embrapa Cerrados, BR-020 km 18, CEP: 73301-970, Planaltina, DF Brazil.
| | - Ariane A Rodrigues
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, CEP: 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Eder S Martins
- Embrapa Cerrados, BR-020 km 18, CEP: 73301-970, Planaltina, DF Brazil.
| | - Giovana M Bettiol
- Embrapa Cerrados, BR-020 km 18, CEP: 73301-970, Planaltina, DF Brazil.
| | - Mercedes M C Bustamante
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, CEP: 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Amanda S Bezerra
- Instituto de Geociências, Universidade de Brasília, CEP: 70910-900, Brasília, DF Brazil.
| | - Antônio F Couto
- Faculdade de Planaltina, Universidade de Brasília, CEP: 73345-010, Planaltina, DF Brazil.
| | - Vinicius Vasconcelos
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, CEP: 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Jéssica Schüler
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, CEP: 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Edson L Bolfe
- Embrapa Informática Agropecuária, CEP: 13083-886, Campinas, SP Brazil.
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Ramos DDL, Bustamante MMC, Silva FDDSE, Carvalheiro LG. Crop fertilization affects pollination service provision - Common bean as a case study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204460. [PMID: 30388124 PMCID: PMC6214648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for insect-pollinated crops is increasing. Conventional agricultural intensification heavily relies on increased input of fertilizers, which can have negative effects on local biodiversity. Such effects may be particularly accentuated in biodiversity hotspots that are naturally nutrient-poor. Ecological intensification of farming, i.e. practices that increase production through the increase of ecosystem services, emerges as an alternative to conventional intensification. For example, practices that boost abundance and diversity of crop pollinators can lead to substantial increases in cropland productivity. However, little is known about the synergisms and trade-offs between fertilizer input and such ecological intensification practices. Here we investigate interactive effects between fertilization practices and the provision of ecosystem services in a biodiversity hotspot where conventional agriculture is rapidly expanding (Brazilian savannas). We focus on a highly nitrogen-demanding crop species that benefits from pollinators (the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L.), for which nitrogen input greatly varies in the study region. Our findings show that positive effects of native pollinators on crop yield are most accentuated under low inputs of nitrogen (e.g. equal to or below 72kg ha-1). This interactive effect could be due to changes in flower visitor community composition or behaviour. Our study also suggests that landscape management practices that minimize isolation from patches of natural vegetation and maximize its cover nearby (within 500 meters) of production areas can increase pollinator and biocontrol agent abundance and richness. Overall, these results suggest that ecological intensification is a valuable alternative for common bean production in Brazil, and potentially other regions of the world. Land productivity can be enhanced if an adequate balance of chemical inputs and landscape management is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davi de L. Ramos
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de Brasília (UnB)—Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, D.F., Brazil
| | - Mercedes M. C. Bustamante
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de Brasília (UnB)—Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, D.F., Brazil
| | - Felipe D. da Silva e Silva
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade de Brasília (UnB)–Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, D.F., Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Mato Grosso (IFMT)—Av. Sen. Filinto Müller, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Luísa G. Carvalheiro
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de Brasília (UnB)—Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, D.F., Brazil
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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Leitão PJ, Schwieder M, Pötzschner F, Pinto JRR, Teixeira AMC, Pedroni F, Sanchez M, Rogass C, van der Linden S, Bustamante MMC, Hostert P. From sample to pixel: multi-scale remote sensing data for upscaling aboveground carbon data in heterogeneous landscapes. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J. Leitão
- Geography Department; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Unter den Linden 6 D-10099 Berlin Germany
- Department Landscape Ecology and Environmental System Analysis; Institute of Geoecology; Technische Universität Braunschweig; Langer Kamp 19c D-38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Marcel Schwieder
- Geography Department; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Unter den Linden 6 D-10099 Berlin Germany
| | - Florian Pötzschner
- Geography Department; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Unter den Linden 6 D-10099 Berlin Germany
| | - José R. R. Pinto
- Departamento de Engenharia Florestal; Universidade de Brasília; BR-70910-900 Brasília DF Brazil
| | - Ana M. C. Teixeira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Botânica; Universidade de Brasília; BR-70919-970 Brasília DF Brazil
| | - Fernando Pedroni
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso; BR-78698-000 Pontal do Araguaia MT Brazil
| | - Maryland Sanchez
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso; BR-78698-000 Pontal do Araguaia MT Brazil
| | - Christian Rogass
- Remote Sensing Section; Helmholtz Center Potsdam; GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences; Telegrafenberg A17 14473 Potsdam Germany
| | - Sebastian van der Linden
- Geography Department; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Unter den Linden 6 D-10099 Berlin Germany
- Integrative Research Institute on Transformations of Human-Environment Systems - IRI THESys; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Unter den Linden 6 D-10099 Berlin Germany
| | | | - Patrick Hostert
- Geography Department; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Unter den Linden 6 D-10099 Berlin Germany
- Integrative Research Institute on Transformations of Human-Environment Systems - IRI THESys; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Unter den Linden 6 D-10099 Berlin Germany
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Bustamante MMC, Valeriano D, Almeida CA, Cantinho RZ, Maurano LEP, Nobre CA, Oliveira PVC, Ometto JP, Roitman I, Rojas M, Santos MM, Shimbo JZ. Are Brazil deforesters avoiding detection?
Reply to Richards
et al
. 2016. Conserv Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dalton Valeriano
- Coordination of Earth Observation– National Institute for Space Research (INPE) São José dos Campos São Paulo Brazil
| | - Claudio Aparecido Almeida
- Coordination of Earth Observation– National Institute for Space Research (INPE) São José dos Campos São Paulo Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos A. Nobre
- National Institute of Science & Technology for Climate Change São José dos Campos São Paulo Brazil
| | - Pedro V. C. Oliveira
- Foundation of ScienceApplications and Technology (FUNCATE) São José dos Campos São Paulo
| | - Jean P. Ometto
- Earth System Science Centre – National Institute for Space Research (INPE) São José dos Campos São Paulo Brazil
| | - Iris Roitman
- Department of EcologyUniversity of Brasília (UnB) Brasilia Brazil
| | - Márcio Rojas
- Coordination of Climate Change, Ministry of Science, TechnologyInnovations and Communications Brasília Brazil
| | - Mauro Meirelles Santos
- Energy Planning Programme, CoppeFederal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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Bustamante MMC, Roitman I, Aide TM, Alencar A, Anderson LO, Aragão L, Asner GP, Barlow J, Berenguer E, Chambers J, Costa MH, Fanin T, Ferreira LG, Ferreira J, Keller M, Magnusson WE, Morales-Barquero L, Morton D, Ometto JPHB, Palace M, Peres CA, Silvério D, Trumbore S, Vieira ICG. Toward an integrated monitoring framework to assess the effects of tropical forest degradation and recovery on carbon stocks and biodiversity. Glob Chang Biol 2016; 22:92-109. [PMID: 26390852 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests harbor a significant portion of global biodiversity and are a critical component of the climate system. Reducing deforestation and forest degradation contributes to global climate-change mitigation efforts, yet emissions and removals from forest dynamics are still poorly quantified. We reviewed the main challenges to estimate changes in carbon stocks and biodiversity due to degradation and recovery of tropical forests, focusing on three main areas: (1) the combination of field surveys and remote sensing; (2) evaluation of biodiversity and carbon values under a unified strategy; and (3) research efforts needed to understand and quantify forest degradation and recovery. The improvement of models and estimates of changes of forest carbon can foster process-oriented monitoring of forest dynamics, including different variables and using spatially explicit algorithms that account for regional and local differences, such as variation in climate, soil, nutrient content, topography, biodiversity, disturbance history, recovery pathways, and socioeconomic factors. Generating the data for these models requires affordable large-scale remote-sensing tools associated with a robust network of field plots that can generate spatially explicit information on a range of variables through time. By combining ecosystem models, multiscale remote sensing, and networks of field plots, we will be able to evaluate forest degradation and recovery and their interactions with biodiversity and carbon cycling. Improving monitoring strategies will allow a better understanding of the role of forest dynamics in climate-change mitigation, adaptation, and carbon cycle feedbacks, thereby reducing uncertainties in models of the key processes in the carbon cycle, including their impacts on biodiversity, which are fundamental to support forest governance policies, such as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iris Roitman
- Department of Ecology, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, CEP 70910900, Brazil
| | - T Mitchell Aide
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, 00931-3360, Puerto Rico
| | - Ane Alencar
- Amazon Environmental Research Institute - IPAM, SHIN CA5 Bl J2 Sala 309, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Liana O Anderson
- National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters - CEMADEN, Parque Tecnológico de São José dos Campos, Estrada Doutor Altino Bondensan, 500, São José dos Campos, SP, 12247-016, Brazil
- Environmental Change Institute, ECI, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, SP, 12247-016, Brazil
| | - Luiz Aragão
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, SP, 12247-016, Brazil
| | - Gregory P Asner
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
- Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, C.P. 399, Belém, Pará, CEP 66040170, Brasil
| | - Erika Berenguer
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Jeffrey Chambers
- Geography Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Marcos H Costa
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Thierry Fanin
- Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laerte G Ferreira
- Instituto de Estudos Sócio-Ambientais - IESA, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Joice Ferreira
- Embrapa Amazonia Oriental, C. Postal 48 66017-970, Belem, PA, Brazil
| | - Michael Keller
- USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- EMBRAPA Monitoramento por Satélite, Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - William E Magnusson
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Caixa Postal 2223, Manaus, AM, 69067-971, Brazil
| | - Lucia Morales-Barquero
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Douglas Morton
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 618, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - Jean P H B Ometto
- Earth System Science Centre (CCST), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av dos Astronautas, 1758, São José dos Campos, SP, 12227-010, Brazil
| | - Michael Palace
- Earth System Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, UNH, Norwich, UK
| | - Carlos A Peres
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR47TJ, UK
| | - Divino Silvério
- Department of Ecology, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, CEP 70910900, Brazil
| | | | - Ima C G Vieira
- Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, C.P. 399, Belém, Pará, CEP 66040170, Brasil
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Catão ECP, Lopes FAC, Araújo JF, de Castro AP, Barreto CC, Bustamante MMC, Quirino BF, Krüger RH. Soil Acidobacterial 16S rRNA Gene Sequences Reveal Subgroup Level Differences between Savanna-Like Cerrado and Atlantic Forest Brazilian Biomes. Int J Microbiol 2014; 2014:156341. [PMID: 25309599 PMCID: PMC4181792 DOI: 10.1155/2014/156341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
16S rRNA sequences from the phylum Acidobacteria have been commonly reported from soil microbial communities, including those from the Brazilian Savanna (Cerrado) and the Atlantic Forest biomes, two biomes that present contrasting characteristics of soil and vegetation. Using 16S rRNA sequences, the present work aimed to study acidobacterial diversity and distribution in soils of Cerrado savanna and two Atlantic forest sites. PCA and phylogenetic reconstruction showed that the acidobacterial communities found in "Mata de galeria" forest soil samples from the Cerrado biome have a tendency to separate from the other Cerrado vegetation microbial communities in the direction of those found in the Atlantic Forest, which is correlated with a high abundance of Acidobacteria subgroup 2 (GP2). Environmental conditions seem to promote a negative correlation between GP2 and subgroup 1 (GP1) abundance. Also GP2 is negatively correlated to pH, but positively correlated to high Al(3+) concentrations. The Cerrado soil showed the lowest Acidobacteria richness and diversity indexes of OTUs at the species and subgroups levels when compared to Atlantic Forest soils. These results suggest specificity of acidobacterial subgroups to soils of different biomes and are a starting point to understand their ecological roles, a topic that needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa C. P. Catão
- Cellular Biology Department, Instituto Central de Ciências Sul, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), 700910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Fabyano A. C. Lopes
- Cellular Biology Department, Instituto Central de Ciências Sul, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), 700910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Janaína F. Araújo
- Cellular Biology Department, Instituto Central de Ciências Sul, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), 700910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Alinne P. de Castro
- Cellular Biology Department, Instituto Central de Ciências Sul, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), 700910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Cristine C. Barreto
- Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Universidade Católica de Brasília, 70790-160 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Betania F. Quirino
- Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Universidade Católica de Brasília, 70790-160 Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Embrapa-Agroenergy, 70770-901 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Ricardo H. Krüger
- Cellular Biology Department, Instituto Central de Ciências Sul, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), 700910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Universidade Católica de Brasília, 70790-160 Brasília, DF, Brazil
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11
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Silvério DV, Brando PM, Balch JK, Putz FE, Nepstad DC, Oliveira-Santos C, Bustamante MMC. Testing the Amazon savannization hypothesis: fire effects on invasion of a neotropical forest by native cerrado and exotic pasture grasses. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120427. [PMID: 23610179 PMCID: PMC3638439 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in climate and land use that interact synergistically to increase fire frequencies and intensities in tropical regions are predicted to drive forests to new grass-dominated stable states. To reveal the mechanisms for such a transition, we established 50 ha plots in a transitional forest in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon to different fire treatments (unburned, burned annually (B1yr) or at 3-year intervals (B3yr)). Over an 8-year period since the commencement of these treatments, we documented: (i) the annual rate of pasture and native grass invasion in response to increasing fire frequency; (ii) the establishment of Brachiaria decumbens (an African C4 grass) as a function of decreasing canopy cover and (iii) the effects of grass fine fuel on fire intensity. Grasses invaded approximately 200 m from the edge into the interiors of burned plots (B1yr: 4.31 ha; B3yr: 4.96 ha) but invaded less than 10 m into the unburned plot (0.33 ha). The probability of B. decumbens establishment increased with seed availability and decreased with leaf area index. Fine fuel loads along the forest edge were more than three times higher in grass-dominated areas, which resulted in especially intense fires. Our results indicate that synergies between fires and invasive C4 grasses jeopardize the future of tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divino V Silvério
- Departamento de Ecologia Brasília, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
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12
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Bustamante MMC, Nardoto GB, Pinto AS, Resende JCF, Takahashi FSC, Vieira LCG. Potential impacts of climate change on biogeochemical functioning of Cerrado ecosystems. BRAZ J BIOL 2013; 72:655-71. [PMID: 23011296 DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842012000400005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cerrado Domain comprises one of the most diverse savannas in the world and is undergoing a rapid loss of habitats due to changes in fire regimes and intense conversion of native areas to agriculture. We reviewed data on the biogeochemical functioning of Cerrado ecosystems and evaluated the potential impacts of regional climate changes. Variation in temperature extremes and in total amount of rainfall and altitude throughout the Cerrado determines marked differences in the composition of species. Cerrado ecosystems are controlled by interactions between water and nutrient availability. In general, nutrient cycles (N, P and base cations) are very conservative, while litter, microbial and plant biomass are important stocks. In terms of C cycling, root systems and especially the soil organic matter are the most important stocks. Typical cerrado ecosystems function as C sinks on an annual basis, although they work as source of C to the atmosphere close to the end of the dry season. Fire is an important factor altering stocks and fluxes of C and nutrients. Predicted changes in temperature, amount and distribution of precipitation vary according to Cerrado sub-regions with more marked changes in the northeastern part of the domain. Higher temperatures, decreases in rainfall with increase in length of the dry season could shift net ecosystem exchanges from C sink to source of C and might intensify burning, reducing nutrient stocks. Interactions between the heterogeneity in the composition and abundance of biological communities throughout the Cerrado Domain and current and future changes in land use make it difficult to project the impacts of future climate scenarios at different temporal and spatial scales and new modeling approaches are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M C Bustamante
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Ecossistemas, Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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13
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Austin AT, Bustamante MMC, Nardoto GB, Mitre SK, Pérez T, Ometto JPHB, Ascarrunz NL, Forti MC, Longo K, Gavito ME, Enrich-Prast A, Martinelli LA. Environment. Latin America's nitrogen challenge. Science 2013; 340:149. [PMID: 23580515 DOI: 10.1126/science.1231679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A T Austin
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, IFEVA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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14
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Lannes LS, Bustamante MMC, Edwards PJ, Venterink HO. Alien and endangered plants in the Brazilian Cerrado exhibit contrasting relationships with vegetation biomass and N : P stoichiometry. New Phytol 2012; 196:816-823. [PMID: 22998613 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Although endangered and alien invasive plants are commonly assumed to persist under different environmental conditions, surprisingly few studies have investigated whether this is the case. We examined how endangered and alien species are distributed in relation to community biomass and N : P ratio in the above-ground community biomass in savanna vegetation in the Brazilian Cerrado. For 60 plots, we related the occurrence of endangered (Red List) and alien invasive species to plant species richness, vegetation biomass and N : P ratio, and soil variables. Endangered plants occurred mainly in plots with relatively low above-ground biomass and high N : P ratios, whereas alien invasive species occurred in plots with intermediate to high biomass and low N : P ratios. Occurrences of endangered or alien plants were unrelated to extractable N and P concentrations in the soil. These contrasting distributions in the Cerrado imply that alien species only pose a threat to endangered species if they are able to invade sites occupied by these species and increase the above-ground biomass and/or decrease the N : P ratio of the vegetation. We found some evidence that alien species do increase above-ground community biomass in the Cerrado, but their possible effect on N : P stoichiometry requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciola S Lannes
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Peter J Edwards
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Harry Olde Venterink
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
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15
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Araujo JF, de Castro AP, Costa MMC, Togawa RC, Júnior GJP, Quirino BF, Bustamante MMC, Williamson L, Handelsman J, Krüger RH. Characterization of soil bacterial assemblies in Brazilian savanna-like vegetation reveals acidobacteria dominance. Microb Ecol 2012; 64:760-770. [PMID: 22570118 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-012-0057-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Brazilian Cerrado is the second largest biome in Brazil and is considered a biodiversity hotspot. In this work, we compared the bacterial communities in Cerrado soil associated with four types of native vegetation (Cerrado Denso, Cerrado sensu stricto, Campo Sujo, and Mata de Galeria) by ribosomal RNA intergenic spacer analysis, terminal fragment restriction length polymorphism and pyrosequencing. The fingerprinting results were very similar. The bacterial communities of Cerrado Denso and Cerrado sensu stricto grouped together and were distinct from those in Campo Sujo and Mata de Galeria. Pyrosequencing generated approximately 40,000 16S rRNA gene sequences per sample and allowed the identification of 17 phyla in soil samples under Cerrado vegetation. Acidobacteria were dominant in all areas studied with a relative frequency of 40-47 %, followed closely by Proteobacteria accounting for 34-40 % of the sequences. Results from all molecular techniques used suggested that the bacterial communities of Cerrado sensu stricto and Cerrado Denso are very similar to each other, while Campo Sujo forms a separate group, and Mata de Galeria is the most distinct with higher species richness. This is the first extensive study of native Cerrado soil microbiota, an important but endangered biome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina F Araujo
- Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology Program, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil
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16
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Davidson EA, de Araújo AC, Artaxo P, Balch JK, Brown IF, C Bustamante MM, Coe MT, DeFries RS, Keller M, Longo M, Munger JW, Schroeder W, Soares-Filho BS, Souza CM, Wofsy SC. The Amazon basin in transition. Nature 2012; 481:321-8. [PMID: 22258611 DOI: 10.1038/nature10717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 755] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural expansion and climate variability have become important agents of disturbance in the Amazon basin. Recent studies have demonstrated considerable resilience of Amazonian forests to moderate annual drought, but they also show that interactions between deforestation, fire and drought potentially lead to losses of carbon storage and changes in regional precipitation patterns and river discharge. Although the basin-wide impacts of land use and drought may not yet surpass the magnitude of natural variability of hydrologic and biogeochemical cycles, there are some signs of a transition to a disturbance-dominated regime. These signs include changing energy and water cycles in the southern and eastern portions of the Amazon basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Davidson
- The Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, Massachusetts 02540-1644, USA.
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17
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Cleveland CC, Townsend AR, Taylor P, Alvarez-Clare S, Bustamante MMC, Chuyong G, Dobrowski SZ, Grierson P, Harms KE, Houlton BZ, Marklein A, Parton W, Porder S, Reed SC, Sierra CA, Silver WL, Tanner EVJ, Wieder WR. Relationships among net primary productivity, nutrients and climate in tropical rain forest: a pan-tropical analysis. Ecol Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Cleveland CC, Townsend AR, Taylor P, Alvarez-Clare S, Bustamante MMC, Chuyong G, Dobrowski SZ, Grierson P, Harms KE, Houlton BZ, Marklein A, Parton W, Porder S, Reed SC, Sierra CA, Silver WL, Tanner EVJ, Wieder WR. Relationships among net primary productivity, nutrients and climate in tropical rain forest: a pan-tropical analysis. Ecol Lett 2011; 14:939-47. [PMID: 21749602 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tropical rain forests play a dominant role in global biosphere-atmosphere CO(2) exchange. Although climate and nutrient availability regulate net primary production (NPP) and decomposition in all terrestrial ecosystems, the nature and extent of such controls in tropical forests remain poorly resolved. We conducted a meta-analysis of carbon-nutrient-climate relationships in 113 sites across the tropical forest biome. Our analyses showed that mean annual temperature was the strongest predictor of aboveground NPP (ANPP) across all tropical forests, but this relationship was driven by distinct temperature differences between upland and lowland forests. Within lowland forests (< 1000 m), a regression tree analysis revealed that foliar and soil-based measurements of phosphorus (P) were the only variables that explained a significant proportion of the variation in ANPP, although the relationships were weak. However, foliar P, foliar nitrogen (N), litter decomposition rate (k), soil N and soil respiration were all directly related with total surface (0-10 cm) soil P concentrations. Our analysis provides some evidence that P availability regulates NPP and other ecosystem processes in lowland tropical forests, but more importantly, underscores the need for a series of large-scale nutrient manipulations - especially in lowland forests - to elucidate the most important nutrient interactions and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory C Cleveland
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
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19
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Hirota M, Nobre C, Oyama MD, Bustamante MMC. The climatic sensitivity of the forest, savanna and forest-savanna transition in tropical South America. New Phytol 2010; 187:707-719. [PMID: 20609116 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
*We used a climate-vegetation-natural fire (CVNF) conceptual model to evaluate the sensitivity and vulnerability of forest, savanna, and the forest-savanna transition to environmental changes in tropical South America. *Initially, under current environmental conditions, CVNF model results suggested that, in the absence of fires, tropical forests would extend c. 200 km into the presently observed savanna domain. *Environmental changes were then imposed upon the model in temperature, precipitation and lightning strikes. These changes ranged from 2 to 6 degrees C warming, +10 to -20% precipitation change and 0 to 15% increase in lightning frequency, which, in aggregate form, represent expected future climatic changes in response to global warming and deforestation. *The most critical vegetation changes are projected to take place over the easternmost portions of the basin, with a widening of the forest-savanna transition. The transition width would increase from 150 to c. 300 km, with tree cover losses ranging from 20 to 85%. This means that c. 6% of the areas currently covered by forests could potentially turn into grass-dominated savanna landscapes. The mechanism driving tree cover reduction consists of the combination of less favorable climate conditions for trees and more fire activity. In addition, this sensitivity analysis predicts that the current dry shrubland vegetation of northeast Brazil could potentially turn into a bare soil landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Hirota
- Center for Earth System Science, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil.
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20
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Bresolin JD, Bustamante MMC, Krüger RH, Silva MRSS, Perez KS. Structure and composition of bacterial and fungal community in soil under soybean monoculture in the Brazilian Cerrado. Braz J Microbiol 2010; 41:391-403. [PMID: 24031510 PMCID: PMC3768672 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220100002000021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean is the most important oilseed cultivated in the world and Brazil is the second major producer. Expansion of soybean cultivation has direct and indirect impacts on natural habitats of high conservation value, such as the Brazilian savannas (Cerrado). In addition to deforestation, land conversion includes the use of fertilizers and pesticides and can lead to changes in the soil microbial communities. This study evaluated the soil bacterial and fungal communities and the microbial biomass C in a native Cerrado and in a similar no-tillage soybean monoculture area using PCR-DGGE and sequencing of bands. Compared to the native area, microbial biomass C was lower in the soybean area and cluster analysis indicated that the structure of soil microbial communities differed. 16S and 18S rDNA dendrograms analysis did not show differences between row and inter-row samples, but microbial biomass C values were higher in inter-rows during soybean fructification and harvest. The study pointed to different responses and alterations in bacterial and fungal communities due to soil cover changes (fallow x growth period) and crop development. These changes might be related to differences in the pattern of root exudates affecting the soil microbial community. Among the bands chosen for sequencing there was a predominance of actinobacteria, γ-proteobacteria and ascomycetous divisions. Even under no-tillage management methods, the soil microbial community was affected due to changes in the soil cover and crop development, hence warning of the impacts caused by changes in land use.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Bresolin
- Universidade de Brasília , Brasília, DF , Brasil
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21
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Abstract
Correlations between foliar nutrient concentrations and soil nutrient availability have been found in multiple ecosystems. These relationships have led to the use of foliar nutrients as an index of nutrient status and to the prediction of broadscale patterns in ecosystem processes. More recently, a growing interest in ecological stoichiometry has fueled multiple analyses of foliar nitrogen:phosphorus (N:P) ratios within and across ecosystems. These studies have observed that N:P values are generally elevated in tropical forests when compared to higher latitude ecosystems, adding weight to a common belief that tropical forests are generally N rich and P poor. However, while these broad generalizations may have merit, their simplicity masks the enormous environmental heterogeneity that exists within the tropics; such variation includes large ranges in soil fertility and climate, as well as the highest plant species diversity of any biome. Here we present original data on foliar N and P concentrations from 150 mature canopy tree species in Costa Rica and Brazil, and combine those data with a comprehensive new literature synthesis to explore the major sources of variation in foliar N:P values within the tropics. We found no relationship between N:P ratios and either latitude or mean annual precipitation within the tropics alone. There is, however, evidence of seasonal controls; in our Costa Rica sites, foliar N:P values differed by 25% between wet and dry seasons. The N:P ratios do vary with soil P availability and/or soil order, but there is substantial overlap across coarse divisions in soil type, and perhaps the most striking feature of the data set is variation at the species level. Taken as a whole, our results imply that the dominant influence on foliar N:P ratios in the tropics is species variability and that, unlike marine systems and perhaps many other terrestrial biomes, the N:P stoichiometry of tropical forests is not well constrained. Thus any use of N:P ratios in the tropics to infer larger-scale ecosystem processes must comprehensively account for the diversity of any given site and recognize the broad range in nutrient requirements, even at the local scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Townsend
- INSTAAR and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
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22
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Quirino BF, Pappas GJ, Tagliaferro AC, Collevatti RG, Neto EL, da Silva MRSS, Bustamante MMC, Krüger RH. Molecular phylogenetic diversity of bacteria associated with soil of the savanna-like Cerrado vegetation. Microbiol Res 2007; 164:59-70. [PMID: 17324564 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Brazilian savanna-like vegetation of Cerrado is rapidly being converted to pasture and agricultural fields. A 16S rDNA-based approach was taken to study the bacterial community associated with the soil of a native cerrado area (sensu stricto) and an area that has been converted to pasture. The bacterial group most abundantly identified in cerrado sensu stricto soil was the alpha-Proteobacteria while in cerrado converted to pasture the Actinobacteria were the most abundant. Rarefaction curves indicate that the species richness of cerrado sensu stricto is greater than that of cerrado converted to pasture. Furthermore, lineage-through-time plots show that the expected richness of species present in cerrado sensu stricto soil is approximately 10 times greater than that of cerrado converted to pasture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betania F Quirino
- Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN Quadra 916, Av. W5 Norte, 70790-160 Brasília, DF, Brazil
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