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Igumenshchev IV, Theobald W, Stoeckl C, Shah RC, Bishel DT, Goncharov VN, Bonino MJ, Campbell EM, Ceurvorst L, Chin DA, Collins TJB, Fess S, Harding DR, Sampat S, Shaffer NR, Shvydky A, Smith EA, Trickey WT, Waxer LJ, Colaïtis A, Liotard R, Adrian PJ, Atzeni S, Barbato F, Savino L, Alfonso N, Haid A, Do M. Proof-of-Principle Experiment on the Dynamic Shell Formation for Inertial Confinement Fusion. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 131:015102. [PMID: 37478441 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.015102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
In the dynamic-shell (DS) concept [V. N. Goncharov et al., Novel Hot-Spot Ignition Designs for Inertial Confinement Fusion with Liquid-Deuterium-Tritium Spheres, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 065001 (2020).PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.125.065001] for laser-driven inertial confinement fusion the deuterium-tritium fuel is initially in the form of a homogeneous liquid inside a wetted-foam spherical shell. This fuel is ignited using a conventional implosion, which is preceded by a initial compression of the fuel followed by its expansion and dynamic formation of a high-density fuel shell with a low-density interior. This Letter reports on a scaled-down, proof-of-principle experiment on the OMEGA laser demonstrating, for the first time, the feasibility of DS formation. A shell is formed by convergent shocks launched by laser pulses at the edge of a plasma sphere, with the plasma itself formed as a result of laser-driven compression and relaxation of a surrogate plastic-foam ball target. Three x-ray diagnostics, namely, 1D spatially resolved self-emission streaked imaging, 2D self-emission framed imaging, and backlighting radiography, have shown good agreement with the predicted evolution of the DS and its stability to low Legendre mode perturbations introduced by laser irradiation and target asymmetries.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Igumenshchev
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1212, USA
| | - W Theobald
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1212, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1212, USA
| | - R C Shah
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1212, USA
| | - D T Bishel
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1212, USA
| | - V N Goncharov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1212, USA
| | - M J Bonino
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1212, USA
| | - E M Campbell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1212, USA
| | - L Ceurvorst
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1212, USA
| | - D A Chin
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1212, USA
| | - T J B Collins
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1212, USA
| | - S Fess
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1212, USA
| | - D R Harding
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1212, USA
| | - S Sampat
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1212, USA
| | - N R Shaffer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1212, USA
| | - A Shvydky
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1212, USA
| | - E A Smith
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1212, USA
| | - W T Trickey
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1212, USA
| | - L J Waxer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1212, USA
| | - A Colaïtis
- Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications, UMR 5107, 351 Cours de la libération, 33400 Talence, France
| | - R Liotard
- Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications, UMR 5107, 351 Cours de la libération, 33400 Talence, France
| | - P J Adrian
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, MIT, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S Atzeni
- Dipartimento SBAI, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza,", Via Antonio Scarpa 14, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - F Barbato
- Dipartimento SBAI, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza,", Via Antonio Scarpa 14, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - L Savino
- Dipartimento SBAI, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza,", Via Antonio Scarpa 14, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - N Alfonso
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92816, USA
| | - A Haid
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92816, USA
| | - Mi Do
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92816, USA
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Gershman A, Chiang K, Do M, Abbink E, Harbers V, Audebert C, Campana-Salort E, Monforte M, Iyadurai S, Carey L, Heskamp L, Kan H, Heerschap A, Kissel J, Ricci E, Attarian S, Blackburn K, Mendlein J, Ashlock M. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multiple ascending dose study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, immunogenicity, and biological activity of ATYR1940 in adult patients with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). Neuromuscul Disord 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2016.06.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Otto J, Thörmer G, Seiwerts M, Fuchs J, Garnov N, Franz T, Horn LC, Do M, Stolzenburg JU, Kahn T, Moche M, Busse H. Value of Endorectal Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 3T for the Local Staging of Prostate Cancer. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2014; 186:795-802. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1356186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Otto
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Leipzig University Hospital
| | - G. Thörmer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Leipzig University Hospital
| | - M. Seiwerts
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Leipzig University Hospital
| | - J. Fuchs
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Leipzig University Hospital
| | - N. Garnov
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Leipzig University Hospital
| | - T. Franz
- Department of Urology, Leipzig University Hospital
| | - L.-C. Horn
- Institute of Pathology, University of Leipzig
| | - M. Do
- Department of Urology, Leipzig University Hospital
| | | | - T. Kahn
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Leipzig University Hospital
| | - M. Moche
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Leipzig University Hospital
| | - H. Busse
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Leipzig University Hospital
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Depypere HT, Tummers P, De Bacquer D, De Backer G, Do M, Dhont M. Number of women needed in a prospective trial to prove potential cardiovascular benefit of hormone replacement therapy. Climacteric 2009; 10:238-43. [PMID: 17487650 DOI: 10.1080/13697130701344786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) may be beneficial for the cardiovascular system if hormones are given shortly after the onset of menopause. So far, no randomized trial has provided conclusive results. MATERIALS AND METHODS Based on Belgian population data, we calculated the number of women that should be included in a prospective double-blinded study to prove a potential cardiovascular benefit of HRT. Sample size calculations were based on the extrapolation of empirical observations made in three large databases from epidemiological studies carried out in Belgium during the past 20 years. RESULTS The 10-year mortality varies with the age at which women are included in the observation. In the normal Belgian female population, the cardiovascular mortality risk is 0.85% and 1.58% for women aged 50-54 and 55-59 years, respectively. To prove that HRT induces a decrease of 10-year mortality of 30% in a normal population of 50-54-year-old women, 34 630 subjects would have to be included; for reductions of 20% and 10%, the numbers would be, respectively, 82 468 and 348 056. To prove a significant decrease in 10-year mortality starting with a normal population with an average age of 55-59 years, the numbers needed for hypothetical reductions of 30%, 20% and 10% would be, respectively, 18 514, 44 072 and 185 936. CONCLUSION If cardiovascular mortality is the study end-point, it is obvious that such a study will be a gigantic task. Taking cardiovascular morbidity as the end-point, such a study would be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Depypere
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
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Stolzenburg JU, Truss MC, Rabenalt R, Do M, Pfeiffer H, Bekos A, Neuhaus J, Stief CG, Jonas U, Dorschner W. [Endoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy. Results after 300 procedures]. Urologe A 2004; 43:698-707. [PMID: 15067408 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-004-0561-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade laparoscopy has become the standard technique in the urologist's armamentarium due to constant technological advancements and refinements. Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRPE), although technically demanding and associated with a considerable learning curve, has become the operative procedure of choice for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer in selected and specialized urologic centers around the globe. However, a major drawback of LRPE is the transperitoneal route of access to the extraperitoneal organ of the prostate. The principal disadvantages of LRPE are potential intraperitoneal complications. Endoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy (EERPE) is a further advancement of minimally invasive surgery as it overcomes the limitations of LRPE by the strictly extraperitoneal route of access. Based on our growing experience with this procedure we introduce several technical modifications, improvements, and refinements including a nerve-sparing, potency-preserving approach (nEERPE) in an effort to further improve this minimally invasive procedure. We report our short-term follow-up results after 300 procedures. The mean operative times were 115 min without and 150 min with lymph node dissection, in total 140 min (range: 60-260 min). There was no conversion and the transfusion rate was 1.3%. There were three early reinterventions (two bleeding and one hematoma) and five late reinterventions (four symptomatic lymphoceles and one colostomy due to a rectal fistula). Pathological stage was pT2a in 54 patients (18%), pT2b in 87 patients (29%), pT3a in 115 patients (38.3%), pT3b in 40 patients (13.3%), and pT4 in 4 patients (1.3%). Positive surgical margins were found in 9.2% (13/141) of patients with pT2 tumor and 30.3% (47/155) of patients with pT3 tumor. The mean catheterization time was 6.9 days. Six and twelve months postoperatively 86.3 and 89.6% of the patients were completely continent; 9.2% of patients needed 1-2 pads per day and 4.5 and 1.2% of patients needed more than 2 pads per day, respectively. Short-term oncological and functional results of EERPE are at least as favorable as in LRPE while operative times are shorter and complication rates are low. EERPE is a technical advancement because it combines the advantages of a totally extraperitoneal access with the advantages of a minimally invasive procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-U Stolzenburg
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig.
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Hwu P, Du MX, Lapointe R, Do M, Taylor MW, Young HA. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase production by human dendritic cells results in the inhibition of T cell proliferation. J Immunol 2000; 164:3596-9. [PMID: 10725715 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.7.3596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in the activation and regulation of B and T lymphocytes. Production of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) by macrophages has recently been described to result in inhibition of T cell proliferation through tryptophan degradation. Since DCs can be derived from monocytes, we sought to determine whether DCs could produce IDO which could potentially regulate T cell proliferation. Northern blot analysis of RNA from cultured monocyte-derived human DC revealed that IDO mRNA was induced upon activation with CD40 ligand and IFN-gamma. IDO produced from activated DCs was functionally active and capable of metabolizing tryptophan to kynurenine. Activated T cells were also capable of inducing IDO production by DCs, which was inhibited by a neutralizing Ab against IFN-gamma. DC production of IDO resulted in inhibition of T cell proliferation, which could be prevented using the IDO inhibitor 1-methyl-dl -tryptophan. These results suggest that activation of DCs induces the production of functional IDO, which causes depletion of tryptophan and subsequent inhibition of T cell proliferation. This may represent a potential mechanism for DCs to regulate the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hwu
- Surgery Branch, Division of Clinical Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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