Pollination mechanism in Serapias with no pollinaria reconfiguration

Orchidaceae, one of the most numerous families in the world's flora, have evolved various pollination strategies to favour cross-pollination, such as deceptive pollination and pollinarium reconfiguration. Among the terrestrial orchids of the Mediterranean, only species belonging to the genus Serapias show a strategy defined as shelter imitation. The floral elements form a tubular structure that insects use during their resting phases. The purpose of this article was to clarify the mechanisms that guarantee pollination with particular attention to the morphological interactions between orchids and pollinators and whether pollinaria reconfiguration is necessary in the promotion of cross-pollination in Serapias. Breeding system experiments and hand-pollination treatments indicated that Serapias was highly self-compatible, shows low value of natural fruit set and is pollinator limited. Time-lapse photos showed that the pollinarium had no refolding of the stipe or caudicle after its removal from the flower. The morphology of the flower determined the attack of the pollinarium on the occiput/vertex of insect. When the insect left the flower, the pollinarium was unable to encounter the stigma. When the insect made a second visit to another flower, the pollen masses of the first pollinarium ended up on the stigma and at the same time, the insect picked up a second pollinarium. Our observations and analyses suggested that morphological interactions between flower and pollinator are crucial to the success of pollination and to prevent self-pollination and thus that pollinarium reconfiguration is unnecessary in shelter deceptive orchids, such as Serapias species, for the promotion of cross-pollination. Serapias represent a case of interactions between plant and pollinator; the formation of the tubular shape of the flower is an essential preadaptation for the development of resting site mimicry originating exclusively in Serapias among Mediterranean orchids.

The effect of inflorescence display size and flower position on pollination success in two deceptive and one rewarding orchid

Inflorescence display size and flower position on the inflorescence play important roles in plant reproduction, in the formation of fruits and are primarily linked to pollinator behaviour. We used three orchids to determine how visitation rates and choice of pollinator depend on number and position of the flowers along the inflorescence. We measured reproductive success in (1) natural conditions, (2) hand-pollination experiments and (3) an experimental design, by modifying composition of inflorescences in populations of two deceptive orchids, Orchis anthropophora and O. italica, and one rewarding orchid, Anacamptis coriophora subsp. fragrans. There were no differences in natural fruit production in relation to flower position on the inflorescence (i.e. upper versus lower part), suggesting no preference of pollinators for different parts of the inflorescence. Hand-pollination experiments highlighted low pollen limitation in A. coriophora subsp. fragrans but high limitation in O. italica and O. anthropophora. Reproductive success of deceptive orchids in experimental plots decreased significantly when flowers on the upper half of the inflorescence were removed leading to reduced floral display, while reproductive success of the nectariferous species did not differ significantly. Our data highlight that in the examined orchids there is no clear relationship between fruit formation and flower position along inflorescences. Thus we can affirm that, for orchids, the entire inflorescence plays a dominant role in insect attraction but the part of the flower spike does not influence the choice of the insect. This implies that all flowers have the same possibility of receiving visits from pollinators, and therefore each flower has the same opportunity to set fruit.

Pollinaria Reconfiguration Mechanism of Widespread Euro-Mediterranean Orchids: The Effects of Increasing Air Temperature

Orchids are fascinating for many reasons: their reproductive strategies, their pollination systems and the various morphological adaptations they have evolved, including the presence of pollen grains agglomerated into two masses, called pollinia, which form a structure known as a pollinarium. After withdrawal from a flower, the pollinarium undergoes a bending movement such that the pollen masses become correctly orientated to strike the stigma. We evaluated the duration of pollinator visits to inflorescences and the effects of temperature on pollinaria reconfiguration in eight orchid species in order to analyze the effects of increasing air temperature on the changes in bending time, and thus on geitonogamy levels. The impact of temperature on insect behavior was not assessed because our priority was to understand the effects of temperature on the process of pollinaria reconfiguration. All the examined species showed natural reconfiguration times that were 1.7-3.0 times longer than the pollinator residency times. A higher temperature showed a reduction in bending time regardless of the species tested. However, the bending time was never shorter than the residence time of the insects on the flower. Our data showed that high temperatures had a limited effect on the pollinarium reconfiguration time, thus indicating that high temperatures had a limited effect on folding compared to the effect that it had on the viability of the pollen.

Abstract P5-04-10: Phosphodiesterase type 5 promotes the invasive potential of breast cancer cells through Rho GTPase activation

The impairment of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling by overexpression of PDE5 isoform has been recently described in multiple human carcinomas. In addition, accumulating evidences indicate that PDE5 inhibitors could have direct anti-cancer activities as well as they may enhance the sensitivity of certain types of cancer to standard chemotherapeutic drugs. However, despite these studies, neither the expression of PDE5 in breast cancer subtypes nor the underlying regulatory molecular mechanisms by which PDE5 expression may contribute to breast cancer progression have been deeply studied.

We demonstrated that PDE5 was expressed in different subtypes of breast cancer cell lines at higher levels than in non tumorogenic human epithelial breast cell lines. Increased levels were detected in more aggressive endocrine non responsive basal-like breast cancer cells. Interestingly, PDE5 was expressed at very low levels in luminal A-type breast cancer cell lines, which display low ki67 expression, weak invasive behavior and endocrine responsiveness (MCF-7 and T47D cells) compared to luminal B-like cells (such as ZR-75 cells). These results well correlated with data obtained in immunohistochemistry analyses of human breast cancer tissues, showing PDE5 expression in 30 of 35 tumor entities analyzed, with the highest intensity staining in high-grade tumors. Concomitantly, no cytoplasmic PDE5 staining was observed in non neoplastic tissues examined (n=5). In addition, retrospective analyses (n=1959, median follow-up time: 25 years) showed that high PDE5 expression in breast cancer patients was correlated with a statistically significant poorer survival compared to low PDE5-expressing patients. A more relevant discrimination is achieved in lymphnode-negative patients, suggesting a role of PDE5 for identifying early patients at high risk of rapid progression.

In order to better ascertain the role of PDE5 in breast tumorogenesis, we selected a breast tumor cell line that express low levels of this enzyme, MCF-7 and engineered stable clones for overexpression studies. Both vector- and PDE5-stable MCF-7 clones demonstrated comparable proliferation rates; whereas, cell motility and invasion were dramatically increased in PDE5-overexpressing cells. RNA sequencing to compare the transcriptomes of vector- and PDE5-overexpressing MCF-7 cells identified differential expression of genes involved in cell migration and invasion. Particularly, based on pathway analysis we found marked changes in the expression of Rho GTPase family members, proteins involved in cell cytoskeleton organization, migration, and metastasis dissemination (Rho A, cdc42 and Rac signaling, activation score= 1.9, 1.342, and 0.302, respectively). Indeed, Rho and cdc42 pull-down assays revealed increased Rho GTPase activity in cells overexpressing PDE5. Moreover, the selective ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 as well as the PDE5 inhibitor sildenafil were able to significantly reduce both migration and invasion of PDE5 clones.

Our data reveal that PDE5 expression enhances motility and invasiveness of breast cancer cells through the activation of the Rho family of GTPases, and highlight, for the first time, a novel role for PDE5 as a marker of poor outcome in breast cancer patients.

Citation Format: Barone I, Campana A, Giordano C, Tarallo R, Rinaldi A, Bruno G, Gyorffy B, Lanzino M, Bonofiglio D, Catalano S, Ando' S. Phosphodiesterase type 5 promotes the invasive potential of breast cancer cells through Rho GTPase activation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-04-10.

Evidence that bergapten, independently of its photoactivation, enhances p53 gene expression and induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells

Psoralens (5-MOP and 8-MOP), a class of naturally occurring compounds, in combination with ultraviolect light are potent modulators of epidermal cell growth and differentiation. For a long time, photo-chemotherapy has been used in the treatment of psoriasis where it can reduce the number of cycling keratinocytes and decrease the IGF-1 receptors. However, the molecular mechanism of PUVA therapy remains unclear. In this study, we have evaluated, for the first time, in MCF-7 and SKBR-3 breast cancer cells the effects of 5-MOP (Bergapten), independently of its photoactivation, on the signalling pathways involved in cell cycle arrest and in apoptosis. Drug treatment induced a block in the G0/G1 phase and increased mRNA and protein levels of p53 and p21waf. These data correlate with a functional activation of caspase 8/caspase 9 together with DAPI staining and DNA ladder. Bergapten can transactivate p53 gene promoter in these cells and site-direct mutagenesis studies showed that the binding sequence of the nuclear factor NF-Y on p53 promoter is required for 5-MOP responsiveness. Besides, Bergapten increases NF-Y nuclear translocation through p38 MAPK activation. The same treatment impairs the PI3Kinase/AKT survival signal, in hormone-dependent MCF-7 cells even in the presence of IGF-I/E2 mitogenic factors. Here, we demonstrated that Bergapten, independently on the exposure to UV, generates membrane signalling pathways able to address apoptotic responses in breast cancer cells and to counteract the stimulatory effect of IGF-I/E2 on estrogen-receptor positive MCF-7 cell growth and progression.

The estrogen receptor alpha:insulin receptor substrate 1 complex in breast cancer: structure-function relationships

BACKGROUND

Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) is a signaling molecule that exerts a key role in mediating cross talk between estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in breast cancer cells. Previously, we demonstrated that a fraction of IRS-1 binds ERalpha, translocates to the nucleus, and modulates ERalpha-dependent transcription at estrogen response elements (ERE). Here, we studied structure-function relationships of the ERalpha:IRS-1 complex under IGF-1 and/or estradiol (E2) stimulation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

ERalpha and IRS-1 deletion mutants were used to analyze structural and functional ERalpha/IRS-1 interactions. IRS-1 binding to ERE and IRS-1 role in ERalpha-dependent ERE transcription was examined by chromatin immunoprecipitation and gene reporter analysis, respectively. The requirement for IRS-1 in ERalpha function was tested with RNAi technology.

RESULTS

Nuclear translocation of IRS-1 was induced by E2, IGF-1, and a combination of both stimuli. ERalpha/IRS-1 binding was direct and involved the activation function-1 (AF-1)/DNA binding domain (DBD) region of ERalpha and two discrete regions of IRS-1 (the N-terminal pleckstrin homology domain and a region within the C-terminus). IRS-1 knock down abrogated IGF-1-dependent transcriptional activity of unliganded ERalpha, but induced the activity of liganded ERalpha.

CONCLUSIONS

ERalpha/IRS-1 interactions are direct and involve the ERalpha AF-1/DBD domain and IRS-1 domains mapping within N- and C-terminus. IRS-1 may act as a repressor of liganded ERalpha and coactivator of unliganded ERalpha.

Breast cancer: from estrogen to androgen receptor

To investigate the link existing between androgens and human breast cancer, the hormonal milieu present in pre- and post-menopausal women has been translated in an in vitro model utilizing a hormone dependent breast cancer cell line MCF-7 exposed to DHEA, DHEAS, androstenediol, T, DHT with or w/o E(2). DHEAS and androstenediol stimulate the growth of MCF-7 cell line but reduce cell proliferation induced by E(2) (1 nM). T and DHT (1-100 nM) instead inhibit MCF-7 cell proliferation independently on E(2) presence. When we focused our study on the most powerful androgen, DHT alone (100 nM) consistently inhibits MCF-7 cell proliferation by 50% of the basal growth rate and counteracts E(2) proliferative action by 68%. These data correlate well with cell cycle analysis showing an enhanced number of cells in G(0)/G(1) phase after 6 days of DHT treatment. Upon prolonged DHT exposure, Western blotting analysis shows a markedly increased AR content, while immunohistochemistry indicates that it was mostly translocated into the nucleus. So we assumed that the enhanced activation of the AR might inhibit MCF-7 cells proliferation. This assumption is corroborated by the fact that the inhibitory effects induced by DHT on MCF-7 cell proliferation are abrogated in the presence of hydroxyflutamide. Therefore to better investigate the role of AR in inhibiting E(2) action at genomic level, MCF-7 cells were transiently cotransfected with the reporter plasmid XETL carrying firefly luciferase sequence under the control of an estrogen responsive element and the full length AR or with an AR carrying a mutation (Cis 574-->Arg 574) which abolishes its binding to DNA. The over-expression of the AR markedly decreases E(2) signalling which furthermore appears inhibited by simultaneous exposure to DHT but reversed by addition of hydroxyflutamide. The inhibitory effect was no longer noticeable when MCF-7 cells were cotransfected with XETL and the mutant AR. Taken together these data demonstrate that gonadal androgens antagonize MCF-7 proliferation induced by E(2). This seems to be related to the inhibitory effects of the over-expressed AR on E(2) genomic action.

Effects of tri-iodothyronine on alternative splicing events in the coding region of cytochrome P450 aromatase in immature rat Sertoli cells

Transient postnatal hypothyroidism in male rats induces a prolonged proliferation of immature Sertoli cells. This change in Sertoli cell replication at young ages is coincident with enhanced and prolonged aromatase activity that leads to a marked increase in the conversion of androgens into estrogens. Both events are drastically inhibited by tri-iodothyronine (T(3)) replacement either in vivo or in vitro. This study, after the immunolocalization of aromatase in cultured rat Sertoli cells, examined the effects elicited by T(3) on this enzyme, by simultaneously investigating three functional levels of aromatase: mRNA expression, protein content, and enzymatic activity. The immunolocalization of cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450 arom) was shown in the cytoplasm of cultured Sertoli cells from 15- and 21-day-old rats. Western blot analysis revealed an enhancement of aromatase protein content upon stimulation with N(6),2'-O-dibutyryladenosine-3':5'-cyclic monophosphate ((Bu)(2)cAMP) that was clearly down-regulated by T(3). The presence of a functional P450 arom protein in purified Sertoli cells was confirmed by the measurement of [(3)H]H(2)O released after incubation with [1 beta-(3)H]androst-4-ene-3,17-dione. With 100 nM T3, a decrease in both P450 arom mRNA levels and aromatase activity was observed. The aromatase enzymatic activity was strongly stimulated by (Bu)(2)cAMP and markedly down-regulated by T(3). In contrast, the strong increase in aromatase mRNA upon (Bu)(2)cAMP stimulation was apparently unaffected by T(3) administration. This paper shows how the identification of an altered transcript induced by T(3) coding for putative truncated and inactive aromatase protein might explain such a decrease in aromatase activity in T(3)-treated cells. On the basis of these results, it is concluded that at least two mechanisms could be involved in the down-regulatory effect of T(3) on aromatase activity in prepuberal Sertoli cells. The first mechanism is linked to a possible direct modulatory role for T(3) in the regulation of the aromatase promoter, whilst the second one is represented by the induction of altered transcripts coding for truncated and inactive aromatase proteins.

Aromatase expression in prepuberal Sertoli cells: effect of thyroid hormone

Aromatase activity has recently been assumed as a Sertoli cell functional maturation marker since it is maximally expressed in prepuberal age then it dramatically decreases at puberty and is virtually absent in adult age. Neonatal hypothyroidism is associated with a prolonged proliferation of Sertoli cells. This immature stage persists concomitantly with a dramatic enhancement of aromatase activity reversed by triiodothyronine (T3) either in vivo or in vitro administration. Therefore, in the present study, after immunolocalisation of aromatase in the cytoplasm of cultured Sertoli cells as well as in testis section, we investigate the regulatory effects of T3 in the same cells just at the age when aromatase activity is reported to be maximally expressed. In this aim, the effects of thyroid hormone have been evaluated in 2-weeks-old rats, in basal condition and upon stimulation with dibutyryl cyclic AMP [(Bu)(2)cAMP] by simultaneously analysing three functional levels of aromatase, mRNA expression; protein content; enzymatic activity. Western-blot analysis of Sertoli cell extracts revealed a protein, which co-migrated with a 55 kDa protein detected in human placenta used a positive control. The presence of a functional P450 aromatase protein in purified Sertoli cells was confirmed by the measurement [3H]H(2)O released after incubation with [1beta-(3)H]androst-4-3,17-dione. At the dose used, T3 down-regulates basal aromatase activity, while aromatase mRNA expression was apparently not inhibited. It is noteworthy that aromatase content pattern evaluated by Western blot analysis did not tightly parallel the aromatase activity pattern which clearly displays the inhibitory effects of T3, in basal condition ad upon (Bu)(2)cAMP stimulation, simulating FSH stimulation. The detection of mRNA altered transcript coding for putative protein lacking both aromatic and heme-binding regions upon T3 treatment and unable to convert androgens into estrogens, provides a reasonable explanation for the observed discrepancies between aromatase protein pattern, P450arom mRNA levels and aromatase activity. The authors conclude that although the altered transcript induced by prolonged exposure to T3 is a mechanism by which T3 may down regulate aromatase activity, it cannot be ruled out a direct effect of this hormone at the transcription levels since a recognisable emisite for potential TR(s) binding is located in the promoter region of aromatase gene. Thus a further investigation on T3 modulator role on aromatase gene promoter should be pursued even utilising higher doses of T3.

Aromatase messenger RNA is derived from the proximal promoter of the aromatase gene in Leydig, Sertoli, and germ cells of the rat testis

It has long been recognized that individual cell types within the testes possess the capacity to synthesize estrogen. A number of studies on different species have demonstrated that the levels of aromatase expression and the patterns of regulation are distinct between the different cell types of the testes. Whereas a variety of promoters have been shown to contribute to the patterns of aromatase expression in different cell lineages, studies using ovarian RNA, testis RNA, and Leydig cell tumor lines have demonstrated that the same promoter (promoter II) was used in each. Recent experiments using potent aromatase inhibitors or analysis of animals in which the genes encoding the estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-alpha) or the aromatase, P450, are defective, have confirmed the importance of local estrogen formation in normal testicular function. In order to permit experiments to identify the elements controlling aromatase expression in the individual cell compartments of the testes, we prepared RNA from purified preparations of Leydig, Sertoli, and germ cells. Using specific oligonucleotide primers, the sites of initiation of the aromatase mRNA were determined using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and nucleotide sequence analysis of the resulting cDNA fragments. Our results indicate that aromatase mRNA is derived from the proximal promoter (PII) of the aromatase gene in each of the major cell types of the rat testes.

Role of IRS-1 signaling in insulin-induced modulation of estrogen receptors in breast cancer cells

Cross-talk between steroid hormones and polypeptide growth factors regulates the growth of hormone-responsive breast cancer cells. For example, in the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line, insulin up-regulates estrogen receptor (ER) content and binding capacity. Since the insulin receptor (IR) substrate 1 (IRS-1) is one of the core signaling elements transmitting mitogenic and metabolic effects of insulin, we investigated whether IRS-1 is also required for the insulin-induced function of the ER. The effects of insulin on the ER were compared in MCF-7 cells and MCF-7-derived cell lines with decreased levels (by approximately 80%) of IRS-1 due to the expression of IRS-1 antisense RNA. The severe IRS-1 deficiency in MCF-7 cells was associated with (1) reduced mitogenic response to 20 ng/ml insulin and 10% calf serum (CS), but not to 1 nM estradiol (E2); (2) loss of insulin-E2 synergism; (3) up-regulation of ER protein expression and binding capacity; and (4) loss of insulin-induced regulation of ER tyrosine phosphorylation. In conclusion, the data confirm the existence of the IR-ER cross-talk and suggest that IRS-1-dependent signaling may contribute to the negative regulation of the ER expression and function in MCF-7 cells.

A time course study on the "in vitro" effects of T3 and testosterone on androgen and estrogen receptors in peripuberal primary rat Sertoli cells

The effect of Tri-iodothyronine (T3) administration leading to the precocius differentiation of Sertoli cell in prepuberal rats has been previously shown. The functional maturation of Sertoli cells is associated with changes in androgen metabolism. We have recently demonstrated that T3 influences androgen metabolism in Sertoli cells by inhibiting aromatase activity and reduces drastically the ER contents in peripubertal hypothyroid rats. To better understand the role of T3 in modulating steroid action on Sertoli cells, we performed a time course study evaluating the in vitro effects of T3 and testosterone (T) on androgen (ARs) and estrogen (ERs) receptor content in Sertoli cells isolated from two weeks old Wistar rats. ARs and ERs basal levels did not change during the time course study indicating that the exposure to culture medium per se did not affect either receptor type. After 24 hrs of incubation with either T3 or T, a decrease of ERs in both nucleus and cytosol was observed. Such a decrease was augmented by the simultaneous administration of both hormones. ARs displayed a different temporal pattern in the two cellular compartments and exhibited an earlier rise in the cytosol induced by either T3 or T. At 36 hrs, ARs were significantly enhanced in both compartments in response to either T or T3 exposure while combined hormonal treatment caused an additive increase compared with the single treatment group. As a consequence of the opposite behaviour pattern displayed by ARs and ERs, the ratio between total ARs and ERs contents was increased after 24 hrs of exposure to hormonal treatment. To evaluate if treatments performed induced a functional maturation of Sertoli cells, transferrin levels in culture medium were measured. The increase of this protein paralleled that of ARs content as well as that of ARs/ERs ratio. This study demonstrates that thyroid hormone induces a progressive increase of (AR)/(ER) ratio in the differentiating Sertoli cells bringing them to a prevalent androgen dependency along their functional maturation.

Effect of triiodothyronine administration on estrogen receptor contents in peripuberal Sertoli cells

The effects of thyroid hormone on androgen metabolism in peripuberal Sertoli cells through the inhibition of estradiol production have been reported previously. It was our intention to investigate further the possible role of thyroid hormone on the interaction between testicular steroids and Sertoli cells by analyzing the effects of triiodothyronine (T3) on estrogen receptor content in 2-, 3- and 4- week-old euthyroid rats. Triiodothyronine treatment (3 micrograms/100 body wt per day) given during the last week prior to sacrifice resulted in reduced testicular growth in 2-week-old animals. Sertoli cells from all groups were cultured initially under basal conditions for the first 24 h and subsequently in the presence of testosterone and/or T3 for the additional 24 h. The in vitro addition of T3 induced a decrease of estrogen receptors (ERs) in 2- and 3-week-old animals that appeared more pronounced especially in the presence of T3 and testosterone. When T3 was tested in vivo we noticed that the decrease of ER content was even greater in all three groups under the in vitro influence of both T3 and testosterone. In 3-week-old animals a simultaneous assay of ERs in both nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments was performed. The ER concentrations in the nucleus were closely related to those of the cytoplasm. The in vivo administration of T3 was responsible for a greater decrease of ERs in the nucleus than in the cytosol. On the basis of these results, and in agreement with our previous data, we speculate that the effect of T3 in the maturational events of Sertoli cells could involve both estradiol production and ER content.

Thyroid hormone modulates androgen and oestrogen receptor content in the Sertoli cells of peripubertal rats

A possible role of tri-iodothyronine (T3) on the interplay between testicular steroids and Sertoli cells has been investigated on the basis of previous findings demonstrating a direct inhibitory influence of T3 on aromatase activity and oestradiol production in peripuberal Sertoli cells. In this context, the present study was focused on the effects of T3 on oestrogen receptor (ER) and androgen receptor (AR) contents in the cytosol and nucleus of Sertoli cells isolated from 2-, 3- and 4-week-old euthyroid, hypothyroid and hypothyroid treated rats. Hypothyroidism was induced by the oral administration of 0.025% methimazole (MMI) from birth until the rats were killed at 2, 3 and 4 weeks of age. Half of the MMI-treated animals were injected i.p. with L-tri-iodothyronine (T3; 3 micrograms/100 g body weight) during the last week before death. Sertoli cells from all groups were initially cultured under basal conditions for the first 24 h and subsequently in the presence of testosterone with or without T3 for an additional 24 h. Hypothyroidism was associated with severe impairment of body as well as testicular growth. Euthyroid ERs showed an elevated Kd (0.76 nM) which was similar in the different age groups investigated. The in vitro addition of T3 or testosterone induced a decrease in ER content and this decrease was greater after exposure to both hormones. In 2- and 3-week-old hypothyroid rats, ER content was markedly increased and was reversed in euthyroid rats when T3 was given in vivo. When ERs were assayed in the Sertoli cell nucleus and cytoplasm of 2- and 3-week-old animals, a strong relationship in ER content in the two cellular compartments was observed. Neither of the hormones tested seemed to affect the AR content in the nucleus significantly, while the in vitro addition of testosterone or T3 or both hormones together augmented the ARs in the cytosol to a greater extent, resulting in an increase in their total (cytosolic and nuclear) content in the cells. The present data suggest that T3 down-regulates ERs and up-regulates ARs in peripuberal Sertoli cells. The additive effect of testosterone and T3 in up-regulating ARs could possibly involve a role for T3 in influencing the androgen responsiveness of the Sertoli cells during spermatogenesis.

Follow-up study on the effects of thyroid hormone administration on androgen metabolism of peripubertal rat Sertoli cells

The inhibitory effect of triiodothyronine (T3) given in early postnatal life on Sertoli cell proliferative activity, leading to their precocious terminal differentiation, has been demonstrated previously. However, data concerning the role of thyroid hormone on androgen metabolism of Sertoli cells during the same period are still lacking. In this study we performed a time-course investigation on the effects of T3 treatment on testosterone metabolism in Sertoli cells isolated from 2-, 3- and 4-weeks-old euthyroid rats. Triiodothyronine (3 micrograms/100 g body wt) was given ip., during the last week prior to sacrifice. Sertoli cells from all animal groups initially were cultured under basal conditions during the first 24 h and subsequently in the presence of testosterone (0.5 mumol/l) with or without T3 (1 nmol/l) for an additional 24 h. This treatment given to 2-week-old animals resulted in reduced testicular growth. As far as androgen metabolism is concerned, T3 in vivo and in vitro treatment in 2- and 3-week-old animals induced a lowering of dihydrotestosterone + 3 alpha-diol with an enhancement of the two other 5 alpha-reduced androgens. The effect was much less pronounced in the oldest group. In both 2- and 3-week-old treated rats a marked reduction of oestradiol was observed, which indicates an inhibition of aromatase activity, mainly in younger animals. This enzyme has been reported to be extremely active in Sertoli cells of rats (of the same strain) between the age of 5 and 20 days, but it decreases rapidly thereafter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Follow-up study of thyroid function in polytransfused thalassemic patients

The aim of our investigation was to evaluate thyroid function by a follow-up study in 45 polytransfused thalassemic patients, since endocrine abnormalities are frequent consequences of iron overload in thalassemia major. Significant changes of thyroid function have been revealed in the time elapsing the observation, despite unchanged haematological parameters; at the end of the present study five patients were affected by overt hypothyroidism and 15 patients by subclinical hypothyroidism. Ultrasound thyroid volume in 13 randomly selected patients was greatly reduced, while thyroid Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was not able to detect tissue alterations. Inversely, liver MRI was markedly reduced in 14 patients and negatively related to ferritine levels (P< 0.01). We conclude that polytransfused thalassemics are frequently affected by thyroid disfunction; haepatic haemosiderosis due to iron overload seems influence hormonal peripheral metabolism, although the patients display a moderate compliance with iron chelation therapy. Therefore, periodic thyroid investigation should be carried out in thalassemic subjects in order to detect patients who need hormone replacement therapy.

GH secretion in thalassemia patients with short stature

The physiological role of GH secretion on growth retardation remains to be elucidated especially in patients with beta-thalassemia. In the present study, we investigated IGF-1 circulating levels as well as GH release following GHRH alone or combined with some inhibitors of somatostatin: pyridostigmine and arginine. In thalassemic patients lower IGF-1 circulating levels appear to be negatively correlated with both aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase as well as with ferritin circulating levels indicating a probable role of hepatic hemosiderosis in IGF-1 production. The authors however suggest that reduced IGF-1 secretion is not the main cause of growth retardation since this would have elicited an enhanced response of GHRH in the presence of a normal hypothalamic pituitary axis. In contrast, they noticed that GH response to GHRH when expressed as area under the curve was lower in thalassemic patients compared to controls. The combination of GHRH with either pyridostigmine or arginine induced a GH secretion in thalassemics which was comparable to that of controls. The results of this study lead to conclude that the alteration of GH secretion is due, in such patients, to an increased somatostatin activity.

Influence of thyroid hormone on androgen metabolism in peripuberal rat Sertoli cells

The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of thyroid hormones on androgen metabolism in Sertoli cells isolated from 3- and 4- week-old rats. Hypothyroidism was induced by the oral administration of 0.025% methimazole (MMI) from birth until the rats were killed at 3 and 4 weeks of age. Half of the MMI-treated animals were injected i.p. with L-triiodothyronine (T3 3 micrograms/100 g body weight) during the last week before death. Sertoli cells from all groups were initially cultured under basal conditions for the first 24 h and subsequently in the presence of testosterone with or without T3 for an additional 24 h. Hypothyroidism was associated with severe impairment of body as well as testicular growth. Indeed, body and testicular weights were similar in 4-week-old hypothyroid animals to those in 3-week-old control rats. Testosterone metabolism in Sertoli cells isolated from 3- and 4-week-old hypothyroid rats was mainly expressed by the lowering of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone + androstane 3 alpha, 17 beta-diol and an enhanced formation of 5 alpha-reduced steroids with poor androgenic properties (e.g. 5 alpha-androstane, 3, 17 alpha-dione (androstanedione), 5 alpha-androstane, 3-ol-17-one (androsterone)). Treatment of the same group of animals with T3 in vivo and in vitro did not influence the pattern of 5 alpha-reductase steroids substantially. The most striking finding in the Sertoli cells of 3-week-old hypothyroid rats was the dramatic enhancement of oestradiol formation which persisted to a lesser extent 1 week later.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)