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Szucs Z, Prater MD, Stingl J, Brindle KM. Abstract 78: A novel orthotopic mammary epithelial cell (MEC) transplantation model of breast cancer formation. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The pathogenesis of breast cancer is polygenic. Exploring the involvement of different onco- and tumor suppressor genes, and combinations of these genes, in early breast cancer formation is important for understanding the natural history of the disease. Preclinical studies of the fundamental biological and metabolic changes that occur during breast oncogenesis in currently available transgenic mouse models are limited by the requirement for tissue-specific promoters and the random nature of tumor formation.
The mouse mammary gland is a unique organ in that most of its development occurs after birth. Moreover, isolated mammary epithelial cells (MECs) have the capacity to regenerate a functional gland upon orthotopic transplantation into the cleared fat pad of a syngeneic recipient. We describe here a new transplantation system using pure MECs derived from genetically engineered mice harboring floxed oncogenes. First we selected in vitro for a stromal and hematopoietic cell-free MEC preparation. In the MEC donor transgenic strains the activation of oncogenes (K-Ras, c-Myc) or the deletion of tumor suppressors (p53) is dependent on Cre recombinase expression (Cre-lox system). Using an adenoviral Cre-recombinase vector we activated these oncogenic changes in isolated MECs. Colony formation assays demonstrated the viability of these mixed transduced/non-transduced MEC populations. Following transplantation into the cleared fat pad of syngeneic mice the transduced MECs preserved their fat pad repopulating and duct forming potential and the induced oncogenic changes resulted in mammary tumor formation. This proposed system offers tissue specific promoter-free and lactation independent spatial control of oncogenic events in the epithelial cell compartment of breast ducts.
Citation Format: Zoltan Szucs, Michael D. Prater, John Stingl, Kevin M. Brindle. A novel orthotopic mammary epithelial cell (MEC) transplantation model of breast cancer formation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 78. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-78
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Szucs
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D. Prater
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John Stingl
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin M. Brindle
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Prater MD, Petit V, Alasdair Russell I, Giraddi RR, Shehata M, Menon S, Schulte R, Kalajzic I, Rath N, Olson MF, Metzger D, Faraldo MM, Deugnier MA, Glukhova MA, Stingl J. Mammary stem cells have myoepithelial cell properties. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16:942-50, 1-7. [PMID: 25173976 PMCID: PMC4183554 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Contractile myoepithelial cells dominate the basal layer of the mammary epithelium and are considered to be differentiated cells. However, we observe that up to 54% of single basal cells can form colonies when seeded into adherent culture in the presence of agents that disrupt actin-myosin interactions, and on average, 65% of the single-cell-derived basal colonies can repopulate a mammary gland when transplanted in vivo. This indicates that a high proportion of basal myoepithelial cells can give rise to a mammary repopulating unit (MRU). We demonstrate that myoepithelial cells, flow-sorted using two independent myoepithelial-specific reporter strategies, have MRU capacity. Using an inducible lineage-tracing approach we follow the progeny of myoepithelial cells that express α-smooth muscle actin and show that they function as long-lived lineage-restricted stem cells in the virgin state and during pregnancy.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/metabolism
- Animals
- Benzamides/pharmacology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Dioxoles/pharmacology
- Epithelial Cells/cytology
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/deficiency
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/genetics
- Mammary Glands, Animal/cytology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Prater
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Valérie Petit
- 1] Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248, France [2] CNRS, UMR144, Paris, F-75248, France
| | - I Alasdair Russell
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Rajshekhar R Giraddi
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Mona Shehata
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Suraj Menon
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Reiner Schulte
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Ivo Kalajzic
- Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3705, USA
| | - Nicola Rath
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Michael F Olson
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Daniel Metzger
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, (CNRS/INSERM/Université de Strasbourg/Collège de France), Illkirch Cedex 67404, France
| | - Marisa M Faraldo
- 1] Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248, France [2] CNRS, UMR144, Paris, F-75248, France
| | - Marie-Ange Deugnier
- 1] Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248, France [2] CNRS, UMR144, Paris, F-75248, France
| | - Marina A Glukhova
- 1] Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248, France [2] CNRS, UMR144, Paris, F-75248, France
| | - John Stingl
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
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Makarem M, Kannan N, Nguyen LV, Knapp DJHF, Balani S, Prater MD, Stingl J, Raouf A, Nemirovsky O, Eirew P, Eaves CJ. Developmental changes in the in vitro activated regenerative activity of primitive mammary epithelial cells. PLoS Biol 2013; 11:e1001630. [PMID: 23966837 PMCID: PMC3742452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse fetal mammary cells display greater regenerative activity than do adult mammary cells when stimulated to proliferate in a new system that supports the production of transplantable mammary stem cells ex vivo. Many normal adult tissues contain rare stem cells with extensive self-maintaining regenerative potential. During development, the stem cells of the hematopoietic and neural systems undergo intrinsically specified changes in their self-renewal potential. In the mouse, mammary stem cells with transplantable regenerative activity are first detectable a few days before birth. They share some phenotypic properties with their adult counterparts but are enriched in a subpopulation that displays a distinct gene expression profile. Here we show that fetal mammary epithelial cells have a greater direct and inducible growth potential than their adult counterparts. The latter feature is revealed in a novel culture system that enables large numbers of in vitro clonogenic progenitors as well as mammary stem cells with serially transplantable activity to be produced within 7 days from single fetal or adult input cells. We further show that these responses are highly dependent on novel factors produced by fibroblasts. These findings provide new avenues for elucidating mechanisms that regulate normal mammary epithelial stem cell properties at the single-cell level, how these change during development, and how their perturbation may contribute to transformation. Many adult tissues are maintained by a rare subset of undifferentiated stem cells that can self-renew and give rise to specialized daughter cells that have a more limited regenerative ability. The recent identification of cells in the fetal and adult mammary gland that display the properties of stem cells provides a foundation for investigating their self-renewal and differentiation control. We now show that these stem cell properties can be elicited from single mouse mammary cells placed in 3D cultures if novel factors produced by fibroblasts are present. Moreover, a comparison of the clonal outputs of fetal and adult mammary cells in this in vitro system shows that the fetal mammary cells have superior regenerative activity relative to their adult counterparts. The ability to activate and quantify the regenerative capacity of single mouse mammary epithelial cells in vitro sets the stage for further investigations of the timing and mechanisms that alter their stem cell properties during development, the potential relevance of these events to other normal epithelial tissues, and how these processes might be involved in the genesis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisam Makarem
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nagarajan Kannan
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Long V. Nguyen
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David J. H. F. Knapp
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sneha Balani
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael D. Prater
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John Stingl
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Afshin Raouf
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Immunology and The Regenerative Medicine Program, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Oksana Nemirovsky
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter Eirew
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Connie J. Eaves
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Departments of Medical Genetics, Medicine, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Smalley MJ, Kendrick H, Sheridan JM, Regan JL, Prater MD, Lindeman GJ, Watson CJ, Visvader JE, Stingl J. Isolation of mouse mammary epithelial subpopulations: a comparison of leading methods. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2012; 17:91-7. [PMID: 22644112 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-012-9257-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolation of mammary epithelial subpopulations, including stem and progenitor cells, has become a standard technique in recent years. However, a number of methods and approaches for this have developed and the relative benefits of the different approaches, and the reason for their development, have not always been clear. Here, three of the leading laboratories working on the separation of mammary cell subpopulations have summarised their methods, highlighted their differences and similarities and also discussed the reasoning behind the approaches they have taken. This article will assist workers establishing mammary cell separation protocols in their laboratories to make informed choices about the methods they should use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Smalley
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, UK.
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Bower AS, Le Cann B, Rossby T, Zenk W, Gould J, Speer K, Richardson PL, Prater MD, Zhang HM. Directly measured mid-depth circulation in the northeastern North Atlantic Ocean. Nature 2002; 419:603-7. [PMID: 12374975 DOI: 10.1038/nature01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2002] [Accepted: 08/19/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The circulation of water masses in the northeastern North Atlantic Ocean has a strong influence on global climate owing to the northward transport of warm subtropical water to high latitudes. But the ocean circulation at depths below the reach of satellite observations is difficult to measure, and only recently have comprehensive, direct observations of whole ocean basins been possible. Here we present quantitative maps of the absolute velocities at two levels in the northeastern North Atlantic as obtained from acoustically tracked floats. We find that most of the mean flow transported northward by the Gulf Stream system at the thermocline level (about 600 m depth) remains within the subpolar region, and only relatively little enters the Rockall trough or the Nordic seas. Contrary to previous work, our data indicate that warm, saline water from the Mediterranean Sea reaches the high latitudes through a combination of narrow slope currents and mixing processes. At both depths under investigation, currents cross the Mid-Atlantic Ridge preferentially over deep gaps in the ridge, demonstrating that sea-floor topography can constrain even upper-ocean circulation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Bower
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA.
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