1
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Emmons MF, Bennett RL, Riva A, Gupta K, Carvalho LADC, Zhang C, Macaulay R, Dupéré-Richér D, Fang B, Seto E, Koomen JM, Li J, Chen YA, Forsyth PA, Licht JD, Smalley KSM. HDAC8-mediated inhibition of EP300 drives a transcriptional state that increases melanoma brain metastasis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7759. [PMID: 38030596 PMCID: PMC10686983 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43519-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanomas can adopt multiple transcriptional states. Little is known about the epigenetic drivers of these cell states, limiting our ability to regulate melanoma heterogeneity. Here, we identify stress-induced HDAC8 activity as driving melanoma brain metastasis development. Exposure of melanocytes and melanoma cells to multiple stresses increases HDAC8 activation leading to a neural crest-stem cell transcriptional state and an amoeboid, invasive phenotype that increases seeding to the brain. Using ATAC-Seq and ChIP-Seq we show that increased HDAC8 activity alters chromatin structure by increasing H3K27ac and enhancing accessibility at c-Jun binding sites. Functionally, HDAC8 deacetylates the histone acetyltransferase EP300, causing its enzymatic inactivation. This, in turn, increases binding of EP300 to Jun-transcriptional sites and decreases binding to MITF-transcriptional sites. Inhibition of EP300 increases melanoma cell invasion, resistance to stress and increases melanoma brain metastasis development. HDAC8 is identified as a mediator of transcriptional co-factor inactivation and chromatin accessibility that drives brain metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Emmons
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Richard L Bennett
- UF Health Cancer Center, 2033 Mowry Road, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Alberto Riva
- Bioinformatics Core, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, 2033 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Kanchan Gupta
- UF Health Cancer Center, 2033 Mowry Road, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | | | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Robert Macaulay
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Daphne Dupéré-Richér
- UF Health Cancer Center, 2033 Mowry Road, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Bin Fang
- Proteomics & Metabolomics Core, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Edward Seto
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University, 2300 Eye Street, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - John M Koomen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Jiannong Li
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Y Ann Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Peter A Forsyth
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Jonathan D Licht
- UF Health Cancer Center, 2033 Mowry Road, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Keiran S M Smalley
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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2
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Sriramareddy SN, Faião-Flores F, Emmons MF, Saha B, Chellappan S, Wyatt C, Smalley I, Licht JD, Durante MA, Harbour JW, Smalley KS. HDAC11 activity contributes to MEK inhibitor escape in uveal melanoma. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:1840-1846. [PMID: 35332245 PMCID: PMC9508287 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-022-00452-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that pan-HDAC inhibitors could limit escape from MEK inhibitor (MEKi) therapy in uveal melanoma (UM) through suppression of AKT and YAP/TAZ signaling. Here, we focused on the role of specific HDACs in therapy adaptation. Class 2 UM displayed higher expression of HDACs 1, 2, and 3 than Class 1, whereas HDACs 6, 8, and 11 were uniformly expressed. Treatment of UM cells with MEKi led to modulation of multiple HDACs, with the strongest increases observed in HDAC11. RNA-seq analysis showed MEKi to decrease the expression of multiple HDAC11 target genes. Silencing of HDAC11 significantly reduced protein deacetylation, enhanced the apoptotic response to MEKi and reduced growth in long-term colony formation assays across multiple UM cell lines. Knockdown of HDAC11 led to decreased expression of TAZ in some UM cell lines, accompanied by decreased YAP/TAZ transcriptional activity and reduced expression of multiple YAP/TAZ target genes. Further studies showed this decrease in TAZ expression to be associated with increased LKB1 activation and modulation of glycolysis. In an in vivo model of uveal melanoma, silencing of HDAC11 limited the escape to MEKi therapy, an effect associated with reduced levels of Ki67 staining and increased cleaved caspase-3. We have demonstrated a novel role for adaptive HDAC11 activity in UM cells, that in some cases modulates YAP/TAZ signaling leading to MEKi escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathya Neelature Sriramareddy
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Fernanda Faião-Flores
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Michael F. Emmons
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Biswarup Saha
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Srikumar Chellappan
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Clayton Wyatt
- Department of Cancer Physiology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Inna Smalley
- Department of Cancer Physiology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Keiran S.M. Smalley
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA.,To whom correspondence should be addressed, Tel: 813-745-8725, Fax: 813-449-8260,
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3
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Emmons MF, Smalley KSM. Ironing-Out the Details: New Strategies for Combining Ferroptosis Inhibitors with Immunotherapy in Melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:18-20. [PMID: 34565560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Escape from ferroptosis is an important determinant of metastasis and immune evasion in melanoma. In a new article of the Journal of Investigative Dermatology, Wang et al. (2021) identify the CAMKK2‒adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase‒NRF2 signaling axis as a negative regulator of ferroptosis and showed that inhibiting CAMKK2 increases the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy. These findings offer new opportunities for the development of ferroptosis-inducing therapies to use in combination with immune checkpoint agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Emmons
- The Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Keiran S M Smalley
- The Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA; Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA.
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4
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Zhang C, Smalley I, Emmons MF, Sharma R, Izumi V, Messina J, Koomen JM, Pasquale EB, Forsyth PA, Smalley KSM. Noncanonical EphA2 Signaling Is a Driver of Tumor-Endothelial Cell Interactions and Metastatic Dissemination in BRAF Inhibitor‒Resistant Melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:840-851.e4. [PMID: 32890629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acquired BRAF/MAPK/extracellular signal‒regulated kinase inhibitor resistance in melanoma results in a new transcriptional state associated with an increased risk of metastasis. In this study, we identified noncanonical ephrin receptor (Eph) EphA2 signaling as a driver of the resistance-associated metastatic state. We used mass spectrometry‒based proteomic and phenotypic assays to demonstrate that the expression of active noncanonical EphA2-S897E in melanoma cells led to a mesenchymal-to-amoeboid transition driven by Cdc42 activation. The induction of mesenchymal-to-amoeboid transition promoted melanoma cell invasion, survival under shear stress, adhesion to endothelial cells under continuous-flow conditions, increased permeability of endothelial cell monolayers, and stimulated melanoma transendothelial cell migration. In vivo, melanoma cells expressing EphA2-S897E or active Cdc42 showed superior lung retention after tail-vain injection. Analysis of BRAF inhibitor‒sensitive and ‒resistant melanoma cells demonstrated resistance to be associated with a mesenchymal-to-amoeboid transition switch, upregulation of Cdc42 activity, increased invasion, and transendothelial migration. The drug-resistant metastatic state was dependent on histone deacetylase 8 activity. Silencing of histone deacetylase 8 led to the inhibition of EphA2 and protein kinase B phosphorylation, reduced invasion, and impaired melanoma cell-endothelial cell interactions. In summary, we have demonstrated that the metastatic state associated with acquired BRAF inhibitor resistance is dependent on noncanonical EphA2 signaling, leading to increased melanoma-endothelial cell interactions and enhanced tumor dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- The Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Inna Smalley
- The Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
| | - Michael F Emmons
- The Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Ritin Sharma
- The Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Victoria Izumi
- The Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jane Messina
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - John M Koomen
- The Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Elena B Pasquale
- Department of Tumor Initiation and Maintenance, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Peter A Forsyth
- The Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA; The Department of Neuro-Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA; Tom Baker Cancer Center, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keiran S M Smalley
- The Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA; The Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
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5
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Gonçalves J, Emmons MF, Faião-Flores F, Aplin AE, Harbour JW, Licht JD, Wink MR, Smalley KSM. Decitabine limits escape from MEK inhibition in uveal melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2019; 33:507-514. [PMID: 31758842 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
MEK inhibitors (MEKi) demonstrate anti-proliferative activity in patients with metastatic uveal melanoma, but responses are short-lived. In the present study, we evaluated the MEKi trametinib alone and in combination with drugs targeting epigenetic regulators, including DOT1L, EZH2, LSD1, DNA methyltransferases, and histone acetyltransferases. The DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (DNMTi) decitabine effectively enhanced the anti-proliferative activity of trametinib in cell viability, colony formation, and 3D organoid assays. RNA-Seq analysis showed the MEKi-DNMTi combination primarily affected the expression of genes involved in G1 and G2/2M checkpoints, cell survival, chromosome segregation and mitotic spindle. The DNMTi-MEKi combination did not appear to induce a DNA damage response (as measured by γH2AX foci) or senescence (as measured by β-galactosidase staining) compared to either MEKi or DNMTi alone. Instead, the combination increased expression of the CDK inhibitor p21 and the pro-apoptotic protein BIM. In vivo, the DNMTi-MEKi combination was more effective at suppressing growth of MP41 uveal melanoma xenografts than either drug alone. Our studies indicate that DNMTi may enhance the activity of MEKi in uveal melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Gonçalves
- The Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA.,Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Michael F Emmons
- The Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Andrew E Aplin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J William Harbour
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jonathan D Licht
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Márcia R Wink
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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6
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Faião-Flores F, Emmons MF, Durante MA, Kinose F, Saha B, Fang B, Koomen JM, Chellappan SP, Maria-Engler SS, Rix U, Licht JD, Harbour JW, Smalley KSM. HDAC Inhibition Enhances the In Vivo Efficacy of MEK Inhibitor Therapy in Uveal Melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:5686-5701. [PMID: 31227503 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The clinical use of MEK inhibitors in uveal melanoma is limited by the rapid acquisition of resistance. This study has used multiomics approaches and drug screens to identify the pan-HDAC inhibitor panobinostat as an effective strategy to limit MEK inhibitor resistance.Experimental Design: Mass spectrometry-based proteomics and RNA-Seq were used to identify the signaling pathways involved in the escape of uveal melanoma cells from MEK inhibitor therapy. Mechanistic studies were performed to evaluate the escape pathways identified, and the efficacy of the MEK-HDAC inhibitor combination was demonstrated in multiple in vivo models of uveal melanoma. RESULTS We identified a number of putative escape pathways that were upregulated following MEK inhibition, including the PI3K/AKT pathway, ROR1/2, and IGF-1R signaling. MEK inhibition was also associated with increased GPCR expression, particularly the endothelin B receptor, and this contributed to therapeutic escape through ET-3-mediated YAP signaling. A screen of 289 clinical grade compounds identified HDAC inhibitors as potential candidates that suppressed the adaptive YAP and AKT signaling that followed MEK inhibition. In vivo, the MEK-HDAC inhibitor combination outperformed either agent alone, leading to a long-term decrease of tumor growth in both subcutaneous and liver metastasis models and the suppression of adaptive PI3K/AKT and YAP signaling. CONCLUSIONS Together, our studies have identified GPCR-mediated YAP activation and RTK-driven AKT signaling as key pathways involved in the escape of uveal melanoma cells from MEK inhibition. We further demonstrate that HDAC inhibition is a promising combination partner for MEK inhibitors in advanced uveal melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Faião-Flores
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Michael F Emmons
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Michael A Durante
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Fumi Kinose
- Department of Drug Discovery, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Biswarup Saha
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Bin Fang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - John M Koomen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Srikumar P Chellappan
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Silvya Stuchi Maria-Engler
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Uwe Rix
- Department of Drug Discovery, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jonathan D Licht
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - J William Harbour
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Keiran S M Smalley
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
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7
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Emmons MF, Faião-Flores F, Sharma R, Thapa R, Messina JL, Becker JC, Schadendorf D, Seto E, Sondak VK, Koomen JM, Chen YA, Lau EK, Wan L, Licht JD, Smalley KSM. HDAC8 Regulates a Stress Response Pathway in Melanoma to Mediate Escape from BRAF Inhibitor Therapy. Cancer Res 2019; 79:2947-2961. [PMID: 30987999 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma cells have the ability to switch to a dedifferentiated, invasive phenotype in response to multiple stimuli. Here, we show that exposure of melanomas to multiple stresses including BRAF-MEK inhibitor therapy, hypoxia, and UV irradiation leads to an increase in histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8) activity and the adoption of a drug-resistant phenotype. Mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics implicated HDAC8 in the regulation of MAPK and AP-1 signaling. Introduction of HDAC8 into drug-naïve melanoma cells conveyed resistance both in vitro and in vivo. HDAC8-mediated BRAF inhibitor resistance was mediated via receptor tyrosine kinase activation, leading to MAPK signaling. Although HDACs function at the histone level, they also regulate nonhistone substrates, and introduction of HDAC8 decreased the acetylation of c-Jun, increasing its transcriptional activity and enriching for an AP-1 gene signature. Mutation of the putative c-Jun acetylation site at lysine 273 increased transcriptional activation of c-Jun in melanoma cells and conveyed resistance to BRAF inhibition. In vivo xenograft studies confirmed the key role of HDAC8 in therapeutic adaptation, with both nonselective and HDAC8-specific inhibitors enhancing the durability of BRAF inhibitor therapy. Our studies demonstrate that HDAC8-specific inhibitors limit the adaptation of melanoma cells to multiple stresses including BRAF-MEK inhibition. SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides evidence that HDAC8 drives transcriptional plasticity in melanoma cells in response to a range of stresses through direct deacetylation of c-Jun.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/79/11/2947/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Emmons
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Fernanda Faião-Flores
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Ritin Sharma
- The Department of Molecular Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Ram Thapa
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jane L Messina
- The Department of Cutaneous Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jurgen C Becker
- Department of Translational Skin Cancer Research, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Translational Skin Cancer Research, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Edward Seto
- George Washington University, Washington, D.C
| | - Vernon K Sondak
- The Department of Cutaneous Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - John M Koomen
- The Department of Molecular Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Yian A Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Eric K Lau
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.,The Department of Cutaneous Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Lixin Wan
- The Department of Molecular Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jonathan D Licht
- The University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Keiran S M Smalley
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida. .,The Department of Cutaneous Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
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8
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Emmons MF, Anreddy N, Cuevas J, Steinberger K, Yang S, McLaughlin M, Silva A, Hazlehurst LA. MTI-101 treatment inducing activation of Stim1 and TRPC1 expression is a determinant of response in multiple myeloma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2685. [PMID: 28578393 PMCID: PMC5457439 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02713-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of drug resistance continues to be a major hurdle towards improving patient outcomes for the treatment of Multiple Myeloma. MTI-101 is a first-in-class peptidomimetic that binds a CD44/ITGA4 containing complex and triggers necrotic cell death in multiple myeloma cell lines. In this report, we show that acquisition of resistance to MTI-101 correlates with changes in expression of genes predicted to attenuate Ca2+ flux. Consistent with the acquired resistant genotype, MTI-101 treatment induces a rapid and robust increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels in the parental cells; a finding that was attenuated in the acquired drug resistant cell line. Mechanistically, we show that pharmacological inhibition of store operated channels or reduction in the expression of a component of the store operated Ca2+ channel, TRPC1 blocks MTI-101 induced cell death. Importantly, MTI-101 is more potent in specimens obtained from relapsed myeloma patients, suggesting that relapse may occur at a cost for increased sensitivity to Ca2+ overload mediated cell death. Finally, we demonstrate that MTI-101 is synergistic when combined with bortezomib, using both myeloma cell lines and primary myeloma patient specimens. Together, these data continue to support the development of this novel class of compounds for the treatment of relapsed myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Emmons
- Tumor Biology Department, Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.,Modulation Therapeutics, Inc., 3802 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 124, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Nagaraju Anreddy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of West Virginia, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Javier Cuevas
- Pharmacology and Physiology Department, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Kayla Steinberger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of West Virginia, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Shengyu Yang
- Tumor Biology Department, Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Mark McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of West Virginia, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Ariosto Silva
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Lori A Hazlehurst
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of West Virginia, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
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9
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Emmons MF, Faião-Flores F, Smalley KSM. The role of phenotypic plasticity in the escape of cancer cells from targeted therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 122:1-9. [PMID: 27349985 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Targeted therapy has proven to be beneficial at producing significant responses in patients with a wide variety of cancers. Despite initially impressive responses, most individuals ultimately fail these therapies and show signs of drug resistance. Very few patients are ever cured. Emerging evidence suggests that treatment of cancer cells with kinase inhibitors leads a minor population of cells to undergo a phenotypic switch to a more embryonic-like state. The adoption of this state, which is analogous to an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, is associated with drug resistance and increased tumor aggressiveness. In this commentary we will provide a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms that underlie the embryonic reversion that occurs on targeted cancer therapy and will review potential novel therapeutic strategies designed to eradicate the escaping cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Emmons
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Fernanda Faião-Flores
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA; The Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Keiran S M Smalley
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA; The Department of Cutaneous Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA.
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10
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Yang H, Emmons MF, Cubitt C, Shain K, Coppola D, Sullivan D, Lynch CC, Hazlehurst L, Sebti SM. Abstract 2605: The geranylgeranyltransferase I inhibitor GGTI-2418 suppresses multiple myeloma malignancy in the 5TMG1 mouse model. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-2605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Little is known about the contributions of geranylgeranylated proteins to multiple myeloma (MM) malignancy, and whether targeting geranylgeranyltransferase I (GGT-1) is a viable therapeutic approach in myeloma is yet to be explored. In this study, we investigated the effects of GGTI-2418, a GGT-1 inhibitor that has reached phase I clinical trials, on MM malignancy in the 5TMG1 mouse model, where GGTI-2418 effects were assessed in the confines of the bone microenvironment that recapitulates the clinical disease in humans. GGTI-2418 treatment significantly decreased the serum levels of the MM biomarker IgG2B (M-protein) as well as the percentage of MM tumors within the tibia as demonstrated by H&E staining. X-ray and micro-CT analyses also identified that GGTI-2418 prevented MM induced bone disease with significantly lower tumor induced osteolysis and trabecular bone volume loss noted. Furthermore, treatment of mice with GGTI-2418 resulted in a significant activation of caspase 3 (apoptosis induction), accumulation of nuclear p27Kip in MM tumors (a positive prognostic biomarker for MM patients), and reduction of α-SMA levels in myofibroblasts surrounding the sinusoidal vasculature, suggesting decreased vascularization of marrow blood vessels. Importantly, GGTI-2418 treatment resulted in a significant increase in mouse median survival and delay in the onset of limb paralysis. In cell culture studies, GGTI-2417, the methylester pro-drug of GGTI-2418 that is better taken up by cultured cells, inhibited MM proliferation, increased p27kip levels, induced apoptosis and sensitized MM cells to bortezomib. Taken together, our preclinical studies suggest targeting GGT-1 as a viable therapeutic approach in MM, and warrant the investigation of GGTI-2418 in the clinic.
Citation Format: Hua Yang, Michael F. Emmons, Christopher Cubitt, Ken Shain, Domenico Coppola, Daniel Sullivan, Conor C. Lynch, Lori Hazlehurst, Said M. Sebti. The geranylgeranyltransferase I inhibitor GGTI-2418 suppresses multiple myeloma malignancy in the 5TMG1 mouse model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2605. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2605
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | | | | | - Ken Shain
- Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | | | | | | | | | - Said M. Sebti
- Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
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Engel BE, Welsh E, Emmons MF, Santiago-Cardona PG, Cress WD. Expression of integrin alpha 10 is transcriptionally activated by pRb in mouse osteoblasts and is downregulated in multiple solid tumors. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e938. [PMID: 24287699 PMCID: PMC3847337 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
pRb is known as a classic cell cycle regulator whose inactivation is an important initiator of tumorigenesis. However, more recently, it has also been linked to tumor progression. This study defines a role for pRb as a suppressor of the progression to metastasis by upregulating integrin α10. Transcription of this integrin subunit is herein found to be pRb dependent in mouse osteoblasts. Classic pRb partners in cell cycle control, E2F1 and E2F3, do not repress transcription of integrin α10 and phosphorylation of pRb is not necessary for activation of the integrin α10 promoter. Promoter deletion revealed a pRb-responsive region between −108 bp to −55 bp upstream of the start of the site of transcription. pRb activation of transcription also leads to increased levels of integrin α10 protein and a greater concentration of the integrin α10 protein at the cell membrane of mouse osteoblasts. These higher levels of integrin α10 correspond to increased binding to collagen substrate. Consistent with our findings in mouse osteoblasts, we found that integrin α10 is significantly underexpressed in multiple solid tumors that have frequent inactivation of the pRb pathway. Bioinformatically, we identified data consistent with an ‘integrin switch' that occurs in multiple solid tumors consisting of underexpression of integrins α7, α8, and α10 with concurrent overexpression of integrin β4. pRb promotes cell adhesion by inducing expression of integrins necessary for cell adhesion to a substrate. We propose that pRb loss in solid tumors exacerbates aggressiveness by debilitating cellular adhesion, which in turn facilitates tumor cell detachment and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Engel
- Molecular Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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Gebhard AW, Jain P, Nair RR, Emmons MF, Argilagos RF, Koomen JM, McLaughlin ML, Hazlehurst LA. MTI-101 (cyclized HYD1) binds a CD44 containing complex and induces necrotic cell death in multiple myeloma. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:2446-58. [PMID: 24048737 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Our laboratory recently reported that treatment with the d-amino acid containing peptide HYD1 induces necrotic cell death in multiple myeloma cell lines. Because of the intriguing biological activity and promising in vivo activity of HYD1, we pursued strategies for increasing the therapeutic efficacy of the linear peptide. These efforts led to a cyclized peptidomimetic, MTI-101, with increased in vitro activity and robust in vivo activity as a single agent using two myeloma models that consider the bone marrow microenvironment. MTI-101 treatment similar to HYD1 induced reactive oxygen species, depleted ATP levels, and failed to activate caspase-3. Moreover, MTI-101 is cross-resistant in H929 cells selected for acquired resistance to HYD1. Here, we pursued an unbiased chemical biology approach using biotinylated peptide affinity purification and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry analysis to identify binding partners of MTI-101. Using this approach, CD44 was identified as a predominant binding partner. Reducing the expression of CD44 was sufficient to induce cell death in multiple myeloma cell lines, indicating that multiple myeloma cells require CD44 expression for survival. Ectopic expression of CD44s correlated with increased binding of the FAM-conjugated peptide. However, ectopic expression of CD44s was not sufficient to increase the sensitivity to MTI-101-induced cell death. Mechanistically, we show that MTI-101-induced cell death occurs via a Rip1-, Rip3-, or Drp1-dependent and -independent pathway. Finally, we show that MTI-101 has robust activity as a single agent in the SCID-Hu bone implant and 5TGM1 in vivo model of multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W Gebhard
- Corresponding Author: Lori A. Hazlehurst, Molecular Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL.
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Turner JG, Dawson J, Emmons MF, Cubitt CL, Kauffman M, Shacham S, Hazlehurst LA, Sullivan DM. CRM1 Inhibition Sensitizes Drug Resistant Human Myeloma Cells to Topoisomerase II and Proteasome Inhibitors both In Vitro and Ex Vivo. J Cancer 2013; 4:614-25. [PMID: 24155773 PMCID: PMC3805989 DOI: 10.7150/jca.7080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable disease despite improved treatments, including lenalidomide/pomalidomide and bortezomib/carfilzomib based therapies and high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue. New drug targets are needed to further improve treatment outcomes. Nuclear export of macromolecules is misregulated in many cancers, including in hematological malignancies such as MM. CRM1 (chromosome maintenance protein-1) is a ubiquitous protein that exports large proteins (>40 kDa) from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. We found that small-molecule Selective Inhibitors of Nuclear Export (SINE) prevent CRM1-mediated export of p53 and topoisomerase IIα (topo IIα). SINE's CRM1-inhibiting activity was verified by nuclear-cytoplasmic fractionation and immunocytochemical staining of the CRM1 cargoes p53 and topo IIα in MM cells. We found that SINE molecules reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis when used as both single agents in the sub-micromolar range and when combined with doxorubicin, bortezomib, or carfilzomib but not lenalidomide, melphalan, or dexamethasone. In addition, CRM1 inhibition sensitized MM cell lines and patient myeloma cells to doxorubicin, bortezomib, and carfilzomib but did not affect peripheral blood mononuclear or non-myeloma bone marrow mononuclear cells as shown by cell viability and apoptosis assay. Drug resistance induced by co-culture of myeloma cells with bone marrow stroma cells was circumvented by the addition of SINE molecules. These results support the continued development of SINE for patients with MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G Turner
- 1. Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612
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Shorr AF, Myers DE, Huang DB, Nathanson BH, Emmons MF. Predicting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in critically ill patients with pneumonia presenting to the hospital. Crit Care 2012. [PMCID: PMC3363461 DOI: 10.1186/cc10650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable hematological cancer involving proliferation of abnormal plasma cells that infiltrate the bone marrow (BM) and secrete monoclonal antibodies. The disease is clinically characterized by bone lesions, anemia, hypercalcemia, and renal failure. MM is presently treated with conventional therapies like melphalan, doxorubicin, and prednisone; or novel therapies like thalidomide, lenalidomide, and bortezomib; or with procedures like autologous stem cell transplantation. Unfortunately, these therapies fail to eliminate the minimal residual disease that remains persistent within the confines of the BM of MM patients. Mounting evidence indicates that components of the BM-including extracellular matrix, cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors-provide a sanctuary for subpopulations of MM. This co-dependent development of the disease in the context of the BM not only ensures the survival and growth of the plasma cells but contributes to de novo drug resistance. In addition, by fostering homing, angiogenesis, and osteolysis, this crosstalk plays a critical role in the progression of the disease. Not surprisingly then, over the past decade, several strategies have been developed to disrupt this communication between the plasma cells and the BM components including antibodies, peptides, and inhibitors of signaling pathways. Ultimately, the goal is to use these therapies in combination with the existing antimyeloma agents in order to further reduce or abolish minimal residual disease and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh R Nair
- Molecular Oncology Program, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
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Emmons MF, Gebhard AW, Nair RR, Baz R, McLaughlin ML, Cress AE, Hazlehurst LA. Acquisition of resistance toward HYD1 correlates with a reduction in cleaved α4 integrin expression and a compromised CAM-DR phenotype. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10:2257-66. [PMID: 21980133 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that the β1 integrin antagonist, referred to as HYD1, induces necrotic cell death in myeloma cell lines as a single agent using in vitro and in vivo models. In this article, we sought to delineate the determinants of sensitivity and resistance toward HYD1-induced cell death. To this end, we developed an HYD1 isogenic resistant myeloma cell line by chronically exposing H929 myeloma cells to increasing concentrations of HYD1. Our data indicate that the acquisition of resistance toward HYD1 correlates with reduced levels of the cleaved α4 integrin subunit. Consistent with reduced VLA-4 (α4β1) expression, the resistant variant showed ablated functional binding to fibronectin, VCAM-1, and the bone marrow stroma cell line HS-5. The reduction in binding of the resistant cell line to HS-5 cells translated to a compromised cell adhesion-mediated drug resistant phenotype as shown by increased sensitivity to melphalan- and bortezomib-induced cell death in the bone marrow stroma coculture model of drug resistance. Importantly, we show that HYD1 is more potent in relapsed myeloma specimens than newly diagnosed patients, a finding that correlated with α4 integrin expression. Collectively, these data indicate that this novel d-amino acid peptide may represent a good candidate for pursuing clinical trials in relapsed myeloma and in particular patients with high levels of α4 integrin. Moreover, our data provide further rationale for continued preclinical development of HYD1 and analogues of HYD1 for the treatment of multiple myeloma and potentially other tumors that home and/or metastasize to the bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Emmons
- Molecular Oncology Program, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center Tampa, FL, USA
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Emmons MF, Gebhard A, Mclaughlin M, Cress A, Hazlehurst L. Abstract 1523: α4 integrin expression is a determinant for activity of the integrin antagonist HYD1 in multiple myeloma cell lines and patient specimens. Cancer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Our laboratory previously showed that the β1 integrin inhibitory peptide HYD1 causes caspase independent cell death in myeloma cell lines. To further characterize the mechanism of HYD1 induced cell death an isogenic drug resistant variant was developed. This variant, called H929-60, was developed by chronically exposing parental H929 cells to increasing doses of HYD1 over time until a drug resistant phenotype was observed. The resistant cell lines demonstrated reduced binding of FAM-conjugated HYD1 to the cell surface compared to the parental cell line. We previously reported that HYD1 blocks α4β1 mediated adhesion to fibronectin and thus we asked whether resistance towards HYD1 induced cell death correlated with reduced α4β1 integrin expression. The resistant variant showed deceased levels of α4 integrin protein expression despite no change in RNA levels, indicating a post-transcriptional regulation of α4 expression. These changes were consistent with decreased binding to fibronectin, VCAM-1 and HS-5 stromal cells. Moreover, we demonstrated that biotin conjugated HYD1 is able to pulldown a α4 containing complex and the amount of α4 bound to biotin-HYD1 was reduced in the drug resistant variant. Reducing the expression of α4 and β1 integrins on the cell surface in H929 cells was sufficient to confer partial resistance to HYD1 induced cell death. Because the H929 resistant variant showed reduced adhesion to stroma cells, we asked whether acquisition of resistance towards HYD1 resulted in reduced levels of drug resistance in the HS-5 co-culture model of drug resistance. Using the HS-5 co-culture model, we show that the drug resistant variant H929-60 cells treated with either melphalan or velcade were drug sensitive in the HS-5 stromal co-culture model of drug resistance. Thus the drug resistant variant failed to demonstrate a cell adhesion mediate drug resistance (CAM-DR), indicating that as cells acquire resistance to HYD1 they lose resistance initiated by the tumor microenvironment. Finally, we show that HYD1 was significantly more potent in relapsed/refractory patient specimens compared to newly diagnosed patient specimens. Additionally, we show that α4 integrin expression positively correlates with HYD1 sensitivity. Together our data indicate that HYD1 is an attractive novel agent for the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma with high levels of α4 integrin expression.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1523. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1523
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Gebhard AW, Emmons MF, Argilagos RF, McLaughlin M, Koomen J, Cress AE, Hazlehurst LA. Abstract 3628: The forced interaction of α4 integrin and CD44 by the novel peptide HYD1 may be a determinant of HYD1-induced cell death in multiple myeloma. Cancer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-3628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Our laboratory has previously shown that treatment with the novel d-amino acid peptide HYD1 (kikmviswkg) induces necrotic cell death in multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines. Furthermore, we have implicated the adhesion receptor VLA-4 as being involved in this process via shRNA silencing strategies. However, reducing α4 integrin only demonstrated partial protection indicating that other components of the HYD1 binding complex may be required for cell death. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the possible role of other adhesion molecules and/or complexes that may contribute to HYD1-induced cell death. Using an unbiased approach, we performed a total membrane pull-down with biotin conjugated HYD1 and NeutrAvidin beads on NCI-H929 MM cells. Samples were then loaded on an SDS-PAGE gel and analyzed by Mass Spectrometry. Data were then mined with the Scaffold 3 proteome software to determine pertinent hits. The adhesion receptor CD44 was determined to have the most peptide match hits and was confirmed as a valid hit via Western Blot analysis. Preliminary data using ELISA based binding studies with biotin-HYD1 as bait shows that recombinant CD44 directly binds to biotin-HYD1 in a concentration dependent manner. In order to identify complexes involved in HYD1-induced cell death, membrane immunoprecipitation assays were performed using CD44 and α4 integrin mAbs in both the presence and absence of HYD1. While Western Blot analysis confirmed basal levels of complex interactions between α4 integrin and CD44, the complex was significantly enhanced in the presence of HYD1. These data not only indicate a possible role of CD44 in HYD1-induced cell death, but also the ability of HYD1 to induce interactions among adhesion molecules and complexes. Further studies, including CD44shRNA targeting strategies, as well as looking at other adhesion molecules will be needed in order to confirm the role of individual cell surface receptors identified in the biotin-HYD1 complex in mediating HYD1 induced cell death.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3628. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3628
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Turner JG, Marchion DC, Dawson JL, Emmons MF, Hazlehurst LA, Washausen P, Sullivan DM. Human multiple myeloma cells are sensitized to topoisomerase II inhibitors by CRM1 inhibition. Cancer Res 2009; 69:6899-905. [PMID: 19690141 PMCID: PMC2744372 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerase IIalpha (topo IIalpha) is exported from the nucleus of human myeloma cells by a CRM1-dependent mechanism at cellular densities similar to those found in patient bone marrow. When topo IIalpha is trafficked to the cytoplasm, it is not in contact with the DNA; thus, topo IIalpha inhibitors are unable to induce DNA-cleavable complexes and cell death. Using a CRM1 inhibitor or a CRM1-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA), we were able to block nuclear export of topo IIalpha as shown by immunofluorescence microscopy. Human myeloma cell lines and patient myeloma cells isolated from bone marrow were treated with a CRM1 inhibitor or CRM1-specific siRNA and exposed to doxorubicin or etoposide at high cell densities. CRM1-treated cell lines or myeloma patient cells were 4-fold more sensitive to topo II poisons as determined by an activated caspase assay. Normal cells were not significantly affected by CRM1-topo II inhibitor combination treatment. Cell death was correlated with increased DNA double-strand breaks as shown by the comet assay. Band depletion assays of CRM1 inhibitor-exposed myeloma cells showed increased topo IIalpha covalently bound to DNA. Topo IIalpha knockdown by a topo IIalpha-specific siRNA abrogated the CRM1-topo II therapy synergistic effect. These results suggest that blocking topo IIalpha nuclear export sensitizes myeloma cells to topo II inhibitors. This method of sensitizing myeloma cells suggests a new therapeutic approach to multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G. Turner
- Experimental Therapeutics Program and the Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Douglas C. Marchion
- Experimental Therapeutics Program and the Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Jana L. Dawson
- Experimental Therapeutics Program and the Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Michael F. Emmons
- Experimental Therapeutics Program and the Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Lori A. Hazlehurst
- Experimental Therapeutics Program and the Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Peter Washausen
- HZI/Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Chemical Biology, Mascheroder Weg1, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Daniel M. Sullivan
- Experimental Therapeutics Program and the Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612
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Nair RR, Emmons MF, Cress AE, Argilagos RF, Lam K, Kerr WT, Wang HG, Dalton WS, Hazlehurst LA. HYD1-induced increase in reactive oxygen species leads to autophagy and necrotic cell death in multiple myeloma cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:2441-51. [PMID: 19671765 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
HYD1 is a D-amino acid peptide that was previously shown to inhibit adhesion of prostate cancer cells to the extracellular matrix. In this study, we show that in addition to inhibiting adhesion of multiple myeloma (MM) cells to fibronectin, HYD1 induces cell death in MM cells as a single agent. HYD1-induced cell death was necrotic in nature as shown by: (a) decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsi(m)), (b) loss of total cellular ATP, and (c) increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Moreover, HYD1 treatment does not result in apoptotic cell death because it did not trigger the activation of caspases or the release of apoptosis-inducing factor and endonuclease G from the mitochondria, nor did it induce double-stranded DNA breaks. HYD1 did initiate autophagy in cells; however, autophagy was found to be an adaptive response contributing to cell survival rather than the cause of cell death. We were further able to show that N-acetyl-L-cysteine, a thiol-containing free radical scavenger, partially protects MM cells from HYD1-induced death. Additionally, N-acetyl-L-cysteine blocked HYD1-induced as well as basal levels of autophagy, suggesting that ROS can potentially trigger both cell death and cell survival pathways. Taken together, our data describe an important role of ROS in HYD1-induced necrotic cell death in MM cells.
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Bewry NN, Nair RR, Emmons MF, Boulware D, Pinilla-Ibarz J, Hazlehurst LA. Stat3 contributes to resistance toward BCR-ABL inhibitors in a bone marrow microenvironment model of drug resistance. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:3169-75. [PMID: 18852120 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Imatinib mesylate is a potent, molecularly targeted therapy against the oncogenic tyrosine kinase BCR-ABL. Although imatinib mesylate has considerable efficacy against chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), advanced-stage CML patients frequently become refractory to this agent. The bone marrow is the predominant microenvironment of CML and is a rich source of both soluble factors and extracellular matrices, which may influence drug response. To address the influence of the bone marrow microenvironment on imatinib mesylate sensitivity, we used an in vitro bone marrow stroma model. Our data show culturing K562 cells, in bone marrow stroma-derived conditioned medium (CM), is sufficient to cause resistance to BCR-ABL inhibitors. Drug resistance correlated with increased pTyrStat3, whereas no increases in pTyrStat5 was noted. Moreover, resistance was associated with increased levels of the Stat3 target genes Bcl-xl, Mcl-1, and survivin. Finally, reducing Stat3 levels with small interfering RNA sensitized K562 cells cultured in CM to imatinib mesylate-induced cell death. Importantly, Stat3 dependency was specific for cells grown in CM, as reducing Stat3 levels in regular growth conditions had no effect on imatinib mesylate sensitivity. Together, these data support a novel mechanism of BCR-ABL-independent imatinib mesylate resistance and provides preclinical rationale for using Stat3-inhibitors to increase the efficacy of imatinib mesylate within the context of the bone marrow microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine N Bewry
- Molecular Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
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