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de Hart NM, Mahmassani ZS, Reidy PT, Kelley JJ, McKenzie AI, Petrocelli JJ, Bridge MJ, Baird LM, Bastian ED, Ward LS, Howard MT, Drummond MJ. Acute Effects of Cheddar Cheese Consumption on Circulating Amino Acids and Human Skeletal Muscle. Nutrients 2021; 13:614. [PMID: 33668674 PMCID: PMC7917914 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cheddar cheese is a protein-dense whole food and high in leucine content. However, no information is known about the acute blood amino acid kinetics and protein anabolic effects in skeletal muscle in healthy adults. Therefore, we conducted a crossover study in which men and women (n = 24; ~27 years, ~23 kg/m2) consumed cheese (20 g protein) or an isonitrogenous amount of milk. Blood and skeletal muscle biopsies were taken before and during the post absorptive period following ingestion. We evaluated circulating essential and non-essential amino acids, insulin, and free fatty acids and examined skeletal muscle anabolism by mTORC1 cellular localization, intracellular signaling, and ribosomal profiling. We found that cheese ingestion had a slower yet more sustained branched-chain amino acid circulation appearance over the postprandial period peaking at ~120 min. Cheese also modestly stimulated mTORC1 signaling and increased membrane localization. Using ribosomal profiling we found that, though both milk and cheese stimulated a muscle anabolic program associated with mTORC1 signaling that was more evident with milk, mTORC1 signaling persisted with cheese while also inducing a lower insulinogenic response. We conclude that Cheddar cheese induced a sustained blood amino acid and moderate muscle mTORC1 response yet had a lower glycemic profile compared to milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi M.M.P. de Hart
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, 250 S 1850 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | - Ziad S. Mahmassani
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; (Z.S.M.); (J.J.K.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Paul T. Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, 420 S Oak St., Oxford, OH 45056, USA;
| | - Joshua J. Kelley
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; (Z.S.M.); (J.J.K.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Alec I. McKenzie
- Geoge E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, 500 Foothill Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA;
| | - Jonathan J. Petrocelli
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; (Z.S.M.); (J.J.K.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Michael J. Bridge
- Cell Imaging Facility, University of Utah, 30 N 2030 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | - Lisa M. Baird
- Department of Human Genetics, 15 N 2030 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (L.M.B.); (M.T.H.)
| | - Eric D. Bastian
- Dairy West Innovation Partnerships, 195 River Vista Place #306, Twin Falls, ID 83301, USA;
| | - Loren S. Ward
- Glanbia Nutritionals Research, 450 Falls Avenue #255, Twin Falls, ID 83301, USA;
| | - Michael T. Howard
- Department of Human Genetics, 15 N 2030 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (L.M.B.); (M.T.H.)
| | - Micah J. Drummond
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, 250 S 1850 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; (Z.S.M.); (J.J.K.); (J.J.P.)
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Kim YT, Bridge MJ, Tresco PA. The influence of the foreign body response evoked by fibroblast transplantation on soluble factor diffusion in surrounding brain tissue. J Control Release 2007; 118:340-7. [PMID: 17320236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Revised: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The transplantation of genetically engineered fibroblasts has been shown to be an effective approach for achieving continuous and site-specific delivery of therapeutic molecules to various regions of the central nervous system. However, to our knowledge no one has asked whether soluble factors released from the transplanted fibroblasts influence the delivery of therapeutic molecules from the engrafted cells. To address this issue, we used a newly developed cell encapsulation device to study the functional consequence of the foreign body response on soluble factor delivery from fibroblasts transplanted into adult brain tissue. We found that transplanted fibroblasts increased the level of inflammation and glial cell encapsulation at the transplantation site, and reduced the diffusion of a 70 kDa dextran probe through the reactive tissue. The response, however, did not prevent the diffusion of the 70 kDa dextran test probe indicating that the approach appears suitable for the delivery of neurotrophins and other therapeutic molecules with a molecular weight less than 70 kDa. The results suggest that less reactive cell types may be better suited for sustained delivery of therapeutic molecules into brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Tae Kim
- The Keck Center for Tissue Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
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Abstract
Using quantitative immunohistological methods, we examined the brain tissue response to hollow fiber membranes (HFMs) that were either implanted intraparenchymally, as in a cell encapsulation application, or were attached to the skull as in a biosensor application (transcranially). We found that the reaction surrounding transcranially implanted HFMs was significantly greater than that observed with intraparenchymally implanted materials including increases in immunoreactivity against GFAP, vimentin, ED-1 labeled macrophages and microglia, and several extracellular matrix proteins including collagen, fibronectin, and laminin. In general, these markers were elevated along the entire length of transcranially implanted HFMs extending into the adjacent parenchyma up to 0.5 mm from the implant interface. Intraparenchymal implants did not appear to have significant involvement of a fibroblastic component as suggested by a decreased expression of vimentin, fibronectin and collagen-type I at the implant tissue interface. The increase in tissue reactivity observed with transcranially implanted HFMs may be influenced by several mechanisms including chronic contact with the meninges and possibly motion of the device within brain tissue. Broadly speaking, our results suggest that any biomaterial, biosensor or device that is anchored to the skull and in chronic contact with meningeal tissue will have a higher level of tissue reactivity than the same material completely implanted within brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Tae Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, The Keck Center for Tissue Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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