1
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Winkler J, Tittlbach H, Schneider A, Vasova I, Strobel J, Herold S, Maas S, Spriewald BM, Repp R, Kordelas L, Mach M, Wolff D, Edinger M, Mackensen A, Winkler TH. Adoptive transfer of donor-B lymphocytes: a phase I/IIa study for patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Blood Adv 2024:bloodadvances.2023012305. [PMID: 38467031 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023012305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune reconstitution after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is slow and patients carry a high and prolonged risk for opportunistic infections. We hypothesized that the adoptive transfer of donor B cells can foster post-HSCT immuno-reconstitution. Here we report on the results of a first-in-human phase I/IIa study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and safety of adoptively transferred donor B cells and to test their activity upon recall vaccination. GMP-grade B-cell products were generated from donor apheresis products using a two-step magnetic cell separation. 15 allo-HSCT patients were enrolled and treated after taper of immunosuppression (median day +148, range 130 to 160). Patients received four different doses of B cells (0.5x106 - 4.0x106 B-cells per kg body weight (BW)). To test the activity of infused donor memory B cells in vivo patients were vaccinated with a pentavalent vaccine 7 days after B cell transfer. We observed mobilization of plasmablasts and an increase of serum titers against vaccine antigens with a stronger response in patients receiving higher B cell numbers. The analysis of immunoglobulin VH-sequences by next-generation-sequencing revealed that plasmablasts responding to the vaccination originated from memory B cell clones from the donor. Donor B cell transfer was safe as no EBV reactivation was observed, and only low-grade GvHD occurred in 4 out of 15 patients. This pilot trial may pave the way for further studies exploring the adoptive transfer of memory B cells to reduce the frequency of infections after allo-HSCT. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrial.gov NCT02007811.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannes Tittlbach
- Institute for Biology, Chair of Genetics, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | | | - Ingrid Vasova
- University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julian Strobel
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Roland Repp
- 2. Medizinische Klinik, Städtisches Krankenhaus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Michael Mach
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Wolff
- Dept. of Internal Medicine III,, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Edinger
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany, Germany
| | | | - Thomas H Winkler
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany, Germany
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2
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Reuter N, Chen X, Kropff B, Peter AS, Britt WJ, Mach M, Überla K, Thomas M. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Is Capable of Inducing Cell-Cell Fusions Independent from Its Receptor ACE2 and This Activity Can Be Impaired by Furin Inhibitors or a Subset of Monoclonal Antibodies. Viruses 2023; 15:1500. [PMID: 37515187 PMCID: PMC10384293 DOI: 10.3390/v15071500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, efficiently spreads cell-to-cell through mechanisms facilitated by its membrane glycoprotein spike. We established a dual split protein (DSP) assay based on the complementation of GFP and luciferase to quantify the fusogenic activity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. We provide several lines of evidence that the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, but not SARS-CoV-1, induced cell-cell fusion even in the absence of its receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). This poorly described ACE2-independent cell fusion activity of the spike protein was strictly dependent on the proteasomal cleavage of the spike by furin while TMPRSS2 was dispensable. Previous and current variants of concern (VOCs) differed significantly in their fusogenicity. The Delta spike was extremely potent compared to Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Kappa, while the Omicron spike was almost devoid of receptor-independent fusion activity. Nonetheless, for all analyzed variants, cell fusion was dependent on furin cleavage and could be pharmacologically inhibited with CMK. Mapping studies revealed that amino acids 652-1273 conferred the ACE2-independent fusion activity of the spike. Unexpectedly, residues proximal to the furin cleavage site were not of major relevance, whereas residue 655 critically regulated fusion. Finally, we found that the spike's fusion activity in the absence of ACE2 could be inhibited by antibodies directed against its N-terminal domain (NTD) but not by antibodies targeting its receptor-binding domain (RBD). In conclusion, our BSL-1-compatible DSP assay allowed us to screen for inhibitors or antibodies that interfere with the spike's fusogenic activity and may therefore contribute to both rational vaccine design and development of novel treatment options against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Reuter
- Virologisches Institut, Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xiaohan Chen
- Virologisches Institut, Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Kropff
- Virologisches Institut, Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Antonia Sophia Peter
- Virologisches Institut, Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - William J Britt
- Departments of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Neurobiology, Children's Hospital of Alabama, School of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35233-1771, USA
| | - Michael Mach
- Virologisches Institut, Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Klaus Überla
- Virologisches Institut, Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Thomas
- Virologisches Institut, Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Seefried M, Hundhausen N, Kroeger I, Büttner-Herold M, Hoffmann P, Edinger M, Ullrich E, Berberich-Siebelt F, Britt WJ, Mach M, Winkler TH. Murine cytomegalovirus reactivation concomitant with acute graft-versus-host disease is controlled by antibodies. JCI Insight 2023; 8:149648. [PMID: 36719764 PMCID: PMC10077468 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.149648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) from latency is a frequent complication following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The development of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a significant risk factor for HCMV disease. Using a murine GVHD model in animals latently infected with murine CMV (MCMV), we studied preventive and therapeutic interventions in this high-risk scenario of HSCT. Mice latently infected with MCMV experienced reactivated MCMV and developed disseminated MCMV infection concomitant with the manifestations of GVHD. Dissemination was accompanied by accelerated mortality. We demonstrate that MCMV reactivation and dissemination was modulated by MCMV-specific antibodies, thus demonstrating in vivo protective activity of antiviral antibodies. However, the efficacy of serum therapy required repetitive doses of high-titer immune serum secondary to the shortened serum half-life of IgG in animals with GVHD. In a complementary approach, treatment of GVHD by adoptive transfer of donor-derived Tregs facilitated production of MCMV-specific antibodies from newly developing donor-derived B cells. Together, our findings strongly suggest that antibodies play a major role in controlling recurrent MCMV infection that follows GVHD, and they argue for reassessing the potential of antibody treatments as well as therapeutic strategies that enhance de novo antibody development against HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Seefried
- Department of Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Irena Kroeger
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Petra Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany and LIT - Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Edinger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany and LIT - Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany.,Experimental Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - William J Britt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael Mach
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas H Winkler
- Department of Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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4
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Ballóová A, Koprdová R, Reichová A, Bakoš J, Mach M. P16-05 Influence of the new potential antidepressant SMe1EC2M3 treatment on neuronal outgrowth and arborization. Toxicol Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.07.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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5
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Andreas M, Kerbel T, Damian I, Grund M, Kellermair J, Bartunek A, Simon P, Mach M, Werner P, Zierer A. Transapical Beating-Heart Mitral Valve Replacement in Austria. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1742886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Andreas
- Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - T. Kerbel
- Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - I. Damian
- Kepler University Hospital, Med Campus IV, Linz, Austria
| | - M. Grund
- Kepler University Hospital, Med Campus IV, Linz, Austria
| | - J. Kellermair
- Kepler University Hospital, Med Campus IV, Linz, Austria
| | | | - P. Simon
- Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - M. Mach
- Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - P. Werner
- Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A. Zierer
- Kepler University Hospital, Med Campus IV, Linz, Austria
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6
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Dona C, Koschutnik M, Nitsche C, Winter MP, Mach M, Andreas M, Bartko P, Kammerlander A, Goliasch G, Lang I, Hengstenberg C, Mascherbauer J. Cerebral protection in TAVR – can we do without? Impact on stroke rate, length of hospital stay and 12-month mortality. Eur Heart J 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab724.1651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Stroke associated with transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a potentially devastating complication. Until recently, the Sentinel™ Cerebral Protection System (CPS; Boston Scientific) has been the only commercially available device for mechanical prevention of TAVR-related stroke. However, its effectiveness is still undetermined.
Methods
Between January 2019 and August 2020 consecutive patients were randomly assigned to TAVR with or without Sentinel™ in a 1:1 fashion. We defined as primary endpoint clinically detectable cerebrovascular events within 72 hours after TAVR, and as secondary endpoints LOS and 12-month mortality. Logistic and linear regression analyses were used to assess associations of Sentinel™ use with endpoints.
Results
Of 411 patients (80±7 y/o, 47.4% female, EuroSCORE II 6.3±5.9%), Sentinel™ was used in 213 (51.8%), with both filters correctly deployed in 189 (46.0%). 20 (4.9%) cerebrovascular events were recorded, 10 (2.4%) of which were disabling strokes. Sentinel™ reduced cerebrovascular events in univariate analysis by 71% (OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.11–0.82; p=0.02) and after multivariate adjustment by 75% (adj. OR 0.25; 95% CI 0.08–0.80; p=0.02). Sentinel™ use was also significantly associated with shorter LOS (8.4±9.6 versus 6.7±6.1 days; p=0.03) and lower 12-month all-cause mortality (15.7% versus 7.5%, p=0.01).
Conclusions
In the present prospective all-comers TAVR cohort, Sentinel™ significantly 1) reduced cerebrovascular events, 2) shortened LOS, and 3) improved 12-month survival. These data promote the use of a CPS when implanting TAVR valves.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: None.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dona
- Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | | | - C Nitsche
- Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - M P Winter
- Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - M Mach
- Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - M Andreas
- Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - P Bartko
- Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | | | - G Goliasch
- Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - I Lang
- Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
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7
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Olbrich H, Theobald SJ, Slabik C, Gerasch L, Schneider A, Mach M, Shum T, Mamonkin M, Stripecke R. Adult and Cord Blood-Derived High-Affinity gB-CAR-T Cells Effectively React Against Human Cytomegalovirus Infections. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 31:423-439. [PMID: 32159399 PMCID: PMC7194322 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) reactivations are associated with lower overall survival after transplantations. Adoptive transfer of HCMV-reactive expanded or selected T cells can be applied as a compassionate use, but requires that the human leukocyte antigen-matched donor provides memory cells against HCMV. To overcome this, we developed engineered T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) targeted against the HCMV glycoprotein B (gB) expressed upon viral reactivation. Single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) derived from a human high-affinity gB-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibody (SM5-1) were fused to CARs with 4-1BB (BBL) or CD28 (28S) costimulatory domains and subcloned into retroviral vectors. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells obtained from HCMV-seronegative adult blood or cord blood (CB) transduced with the vectors efficiently expressed the gB-CARs. The specificity and potency of gB-CAR-T cells were demonstrated and compared in vitro using the following: 293T cells expressing gB, and with mesenchymal stem cells infected with a HCMV TB40 strain expressing Gaussia luciferase (HCMV/GLuc). BBL-gB-CAR-T cells generated with adult or CB demonstrated significantly higher in vitro activation and cytotoxicity performance than 28-gB-CAR-T cells. Nod.Rag.Gamma (NRG) mice transplanted with human CB CD34+ cells with long-term human immune reconstitution were used to model HCMV/GLuc infection in vivo by optical imaging analyses. One week after administration, response to BBL-gB-CAR-T cell therapy was observed for 5/8 mice, defined by significant reduction of the bioluminescent signal in relation to untreated controls. Response to therapy was sporadically associated with CAR detection in spleen. Thus, exploring scFv derived from the high-affinity gB-antibody SM5-1 and the 4-1BB signaling domain for CAR design enabled an in vitro high on-target effect and cytotoxicity and encouraging results in vivo. Therefore, gB-CAR-T cells can be a future clinical option for treatment of HCMV reactivations, particularly when memory T cells from the donors are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Olbrich
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sebastian J Theobald
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Constanze Slabik
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Laura Gerasch
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Schneider
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Mach
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Shum
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Maksim Mamonkin
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Renata Stripecke
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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8
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Theobald SJ, Kreer C, Khailaie S, Bonifacius A, Eiz-Vesper B, Figueiredo C, Mach M, Backovic M, Ballmaier M, Koenig J, Olbrich H, Schneider A, Volk V, Danisch S, Gieselmann L, Ercanoglu MS, Messerle M, von Kaisenberg C, Witte T, Klawonn F, Meyer-Hermann M, Klein F, Stripecke R. Correction: Repertoire characterization and validation of gB-specific human IgGs directly cloned from humanized mice vaccinated with dendritic cells and protected against HCMV. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009385. [PMID: 33647022 PMCID: PMC7920369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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9
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Angleitner P, Zinggl M, Werner P, Coti I, Mach M, Kocher A, Laufer G, Andreas M. Anticoagulation and outcomes after surgical aortic valve replacement with a biological prosthesis. Eur Heart J 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.2689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
No strong recommendation exists regarding the use of short-term anticoagulation after surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) with a biological prosthesis.
Purpose
Our aim was to analyze outcomes of patients receiving warfarin versus low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH) after isolated SAVR.
Methods
We retrospectively analyzed all adult patients who underwent surgery between 2009 and 2017 at our department (n=598). Exclusion criteria included pre-operative anticoagulation, atrial fibrillation, dialysis, previous aortic valve replacement, or active endocarditis. Patients who were discharged alive were stratified according to the type of anticoagulation (warfarin, n=332, 55.5%; LMWH, n=266, 44.5%). Long-term survival during the follow-up period was analyzed (median follow-up, 5.6 years).
Results
Patients who received warfarin had significantly lower logistic EuroSCORE and were younger (Table 1). Warfarin was more frequently utilized between 2009 and 2014, whereas LMWH was more commonly used between 2015 and 2017. Kaplan-Meier curves in Figure 1 show that patients who received warfarin had significantly superior long-term survival (log-rank test: p=0.002). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis confirmed that the use of warfarin was associated with significantly lower risk of long-term mortality when compared with LMWH (hazard ratio [HR] 0.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.34–0.74, p=0.001). Covariables in this model included logistic EuroSCORE, era, and duration of cardiopulmonary bypass.
Conclusions
The present analysis suggests that the use of warfarin is associated with significantly superior survival after SAVR with a biological prosthesis. Our findings require validation in a prospective randomized controlled trial.
Figure 1. Kaplan-Meier survival curves
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding source: None
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Zinggl
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Werner
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - I Coti
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Mach
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Kocher
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - G Laufer
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Andreas
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Theobald SJ, Kreer C, Khailaie S, Bonifacius A, Eiz-Vesper B, Figueiredo C, Mach M, Backovic M, Ballmaier M, Koenig J, Olbrich H, Schneider A, Volk V, Danisch S, Gieselmann L, Ercanoglu MS, Messerle M, von Kaisenberg C, Witte T, Klawonn F, Meyer-Hermann M, Klein F, Stripecke R. Repertoire characterization and validation of gB-specific human IgGs directly cloned from humanized mice vaccinated with dendritic cells and protected against HCMV. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008560. [PMID: 32667948 PMCID: PMC7363084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes serious complications to immune compromised hosts. Dendritic cells (iDCgB) expressing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-alpha and HCMV-gB were developed to promote de novo antiviral adaptive responses. Mice reconstituted with a human immune system (HIS) were immunized with iDCgB and challenged with HCMV, resulting into 93% protection. Immunization stimulated the expansion of functional effector memory CD8+ and CD4+ T cells recognizing gB. Machine learning analyses confirmed bone marrow T/CD4+, liver B/IgA+ and spleen B/IgG+ cells as predictive biomarkers of immunization (≈87% accuracy). CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses against gB were validated. Splenic gB-binding IgM-/IgG+ B cells were sorted and analyzed at a single cell level. iDCgB immunizations elicited human-like IgG responses with a broad usage of various IgG heavy chain V gene segments harboring variable levels of somatic hypermutation. From this search, two gB-binding human monoclonal IgGs were generated that neutralized HCMV infection in vitro. Passive immunization with these antibodies provided proof-of-concept evidence of protection against HCMV infection. This HIS/HCMV in vivo model system supported the validation of novel active and passive immune therapies for future clinical translation. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous pathogen. As long as the immune system is functional, T and B cells can control HCMV. Yet, for patients who have debilitated immune functions, HCMV infections and reactivations cause major complications. Vaccines or antibodies to prevent or treat HCMV are not yet approved. Novel animal models for testing new immunization approaches are emerging and are important tools to identify biomedical products with a reasonable chance to work in patients. Here, we used a model based on mice transplanted with human immune cells and infected with a traceable HCMV. We tested a cell vaccine (iDCgB) carrying gB, a potent HCMV antigen. The model showed that iDCgB halted the HCMV infection in more than 90% of the mice. We found that antibodies were key players mediating protection. Using state-of-the-art methods, we were able to use the sequences of the human antibodies generated in the mice to construct and produce monoclonal antibodies in the laboratory. Proof-of-concept experiments indicated that administration of these monoclonal antibodies into mice protected them against HCMV infection. In summary, this humanized mouse model was useful to test a vaccine and to generate and test novel antibodies that can be further developed for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J. Theobald
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Kreer
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sahamoddin Khailaie
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Agnes Bonifacius
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Britta Eiz-Vesper
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Constanca Figueiredo
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Mach
- Institute of Virology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marija Backovic
- Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Matthias Ballmaier
- Research Facility Cell Sorting, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johannes Koenig
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Henning Olbrich
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Schneider
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Valery Volk
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Simon Danisch
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lutz Gieselmann
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Meryem Seda Ercanoglu
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Messerle
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
- Instiute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Constantin von Kaisenberg
- Department of Obstetrics, Clinic of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, and Obstetrics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Torsten Witte
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Klawonn
- Biostatistics Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Information Engineering, Ostfalia University, Wolfenbuettel, Germany
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Renata Stripecke
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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11
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Brait N, Stögerer T, Kalser J, Adler B, Kunz I, Benesch M, Kropff B, Mach M, Puchhammer-Stöckl E, Görzer I. Influence of Human Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein O Polymorphism on the Inhibitory Effect of Soluble Forms of Trimer- and Pentamer-Specific Entry Receptors. J Virol 2020; 94:e00107-20. [PMID: 32350071 PMCID: PMC7343208 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00107-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) envelope glycoprotein complexes, gH/gL/gO trimer and gH/gL/UL128-131 pentamer, are important for cell-free HCMV entry. While soluble NRP2-Fc (sNRP2-Fc) interferes with epithelial/endothelial cell entry through UL128, soluble platelet-derived growth factor receptor α-Fc (sPDGFRα-Fc) interacts with gO, thereby inhibiting infection of all cell types. Since gO is the most variable subunit, we investigated the influence of gO polymorphism on the inhibitory capacities of sPDGFRα-Fc and sNRP2-Fc. Accordingly, gO genotype 1c (GT1c) sequence was fully or partially replaced by gO GT2b, GT3, and GT5 sequences in the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) TB40-BAC4-luc background (where luc is luciferase). All mutants were tested for fibroblast and epithelial cell infectivity, for virion content of gB, gH, and gO, and for infection inhibition by sPDGFRα-Fc and sNRP2-Fc. Full-length and partial gO GT swapping may increase epithelial-to-fibroblast ratios due to subtle alterations in fibroblast and/or epithelial infectivity but without substantial changes in gB and gH levels in mutant virions. All gO GT mutants except recombinant gO GT1c/3 displayed a nearly complete inhibition at 1.25 μg/ml sPDGFRα-Fc on epithelial cells (98% versus 91%), and all experienced complete inhibition on fibroblasts (≥99%). While gO GT replacement did not influence sNRP2-Fc inhibition at 1.25 μg/ml on epithelial cells (97% to 99%), it rendered recombinant mutant GT1c/3 moderately accessible to fibroblast inhibition (40%). In contrast to the steep sPDGFRα-Fc inhibition curves (slope of >1.0), sNRP2-Fc dose-response curves on epithelial cells displayed slopes of ∼1.0, suggesting functional differences between these entry inhibitors. Our findings demonstrate that artificially generated gO recombinants rather than the major gO genotypic forms may affect the inhibitory capacities of sPDGFRα and sNRP2 in a cell type-dependent manner.IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is known for its broad cell tropism, as reflected by the different organs and tissues affected by HCMV infection. Hence, inhibition of HCMV entry into distinct cell types could be considered a promising therapeutic option to limit cell-free HCMV infection. Soluble forms of cellular entry receptor PDGFRα rather than those of entry receptor neuropilin-2 inhibit infection of multiple cell types. sPDGFRα specifically interacts with gO of the trimeric gH/gL/gO envelope glycoprotein complex. HCMV strains may differ with respect to the amounts of trimer in virions and the highly polymorphic gO sequence. In this study, we show that the major gO genotypes of HCMV that are also found in vivo are similarly well inhibited by sPDGFRα. Novel gO genotypic forms potentially emerging through recombination, however, may evade sPDGFRα inhibition on epithelial cells. These findings provide useful additional information for the future development of anti-HCMV therapeutic compounds based on sPDGFRα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Brait
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanja Stögerer
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Kalser
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Adler
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute for Virology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ines Kunz
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Max Benesch
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Kropff
- Virologisches Institut, Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Mach
- Virologisches Institut, Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Irene Görzer
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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12
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Winkler J, Tittlbach H, Schneider A, Buchstaller C, Mayr A, Vasova I, Roesler W, Mach M, Mackensen A, Winkler TH. Measuring the cellular memory B cell response after vaccination in patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Ann Hematol 2020; 99:1895-1906. [PMID: 32519092 PMCID: PMC7340644 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-020-04072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
After allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), patients are repetitively vaccinated to reduce the risk of infection caused by the immune deficiency following allogeneic HSCT. By the vaccination of transplanted patients, the humoral memory function can be restored in the majority of cases. It is unknown, however, to what extent memory B cells derived from the donor contribute to the mobilization of antibody-secreting cells and long-term humoral memory in patients after allogeneic HSCT. We therefore analyzed patients after allogeneic HSCT for memory B cell responses 7 days after single vaccination against tetanus toxoid (TT), diphtheria toxoid (DT), pertussis toxoid (PT), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and poliovirus. Patients showed an insufficient mobilization of plasmablasts (PB) after vaccination, whereas healthy subjects (HD, n = 13) exhibited a significant increase of PB in the peripheral blood. Regarding vaccine-specific antibody-secreting PB, all HD responded against all vaccine antigens, as expected. However, only 65% of the patients responded with a measurable increase in IgG-secreting PB against TT, 65% against DT, 33% against PT, and 53% against poliovirus. Correspondingly, the antibody titers on day 7 after vaccination did not increase in patients. A significant increase of serum titers for the vaccine antigens was detectable in the majority of patients only after repetitive vaccinations. In contrast to the low mobilization of vaccine-specific PB after vaccination, a high number of PB before vaccination was detectable in patients following allogeneic HSCT. High frequencies of circulating PB correlated with the incidence of moderate/severe chronic GVHD. In summary, patients showed a weak mobilization of antigen-specific PB and an inadequate increase in antibody titers 7 days after the first vaccination. Patients with moderate or severe chronic GVHD in their history had a significantly higher percentage of IgG-secreting PB prior to vaccination. The antigen specificity of these IgG-secreting PB is currently unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Winkler
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Glückstrasse 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Hannes Tittlbach
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Glückstrasse 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea Schneider
- Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Corinna Buchstaller
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Mayr
- Department of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ingrid Vasova
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Glückstrasse 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolf Roesler
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Glückstrasse 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Mach
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Mackensen
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Glückstrasse 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas H Winkler
- Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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13
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Abstract
Perinatal hypoxia is still one of the greatest threats to the newborn child, even in developed countries. However, there is a lack of works which summarize up-to-date information about that huge topic. Our review covers a broader spectrum of recent results from studies on mechanisms leading to hypoxia-induced injury. It also resumes possible primary causes and observed behavioral outcomes of perinatal hypoxia. In this review, we recognize two types of hypoxia, according to the localization of its primary cause: environmental and placental. Later we analyze possible pathways of prenatal hypoxia-induced injury including gene expression changes, glutaminergic excitatory damage (and a role of NMDA receptors in it), oxidative stress with ROS and RNS production, inflammation and apoptosis. Moreover, we focus on the impact of these pathophysiological changes on the structure and development of the brain, especially on its regions: corpus striatum and hippocampus. These brain changes of the offspring lead to impairments in their postnatal growth and sensorimotor development, and in their motor functions, activity, emotionality and learning ability in adulthood. Later we compare various animal models used to investigate the impact of prenatal and postnatal injury (hypoxic, ischemic or combinatory) on living organisms, and show their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Piešová
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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14
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Grabenwöger M, Mach M, Mächler H, Folkmann S, Harrer M, Bonatti J, Czerny M, Weiss G. Further Development of the “Frozen Elephant Trunk Technique” with a Side-Branch Stent for the Left Subclavian Artery (FET-SSB): A Feasibility Study in a Human Anatomical Model. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1705321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Brucknerová J, Babala J, Ujházy E, Mach M, Juránek I, Brucknerová I. Rare causes of respiratory insufficiency in newborns. Physiol Res 2020; 69:S637-S647. [PMID: 33646006 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital lung masses (CLM) the rare group of causes of acute respiratory insufficiency (RI) in newborns include congenital airway pulmonary malformation (CAPM), congenital overinflation, bronchopulmonary sequestration, and bronchial atresia. The presenting group consists of 13 newborns who were admitted to the Neonatal Department of Intensive Medicine (NDIM) during January 1st 2015-December 31st 2019 (8 males, 5 females, 2 premature/11 term newborns, spontaneous delivery: 2, caesarean section: 11) with positive prenatal diagnosis of CAPM in all cases. In 2 cases prenatal intervention was performed (drainage of the amniotic fluid, attempt of thoracentesis). Signs of acute RI immediately after delivery were seen in 5 newborns. Postnatal echocardiographic investigation confirmed the presence of increased pulmonary pressure in 8 patients, no patient had congenital heart abnormality. A thorax x-ray was positive also in asymptomatic patients. Computed tomography in patients brought detailed information about the position, size and character of CAPM. Six patients underwent surgery. In 15.4 % right lungs were affected by cystic malformation and in 23 % left lungs were affected. A final diagnosis of CAPM was confirmed in 5 patients using histopathologic examination. Multidisciplinary cooperation during prenatal as well as postnatal period is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brucknerová
- Neonatal Department of Intensive Medicine Comenius University in Bratislava, National Institute of Children's Diseases, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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16
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Baraniak I, Kropff B, McLean GR, Pichon S, Piras-Douce F, Milne RSB, Smith C, Mach M, Griffiths PD, Reeves MB. Epitope-Specific Humoral Responses to Human Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein-B Vaccine With MF59: Anti-AD2 Levels Correlate With Protection From Viremia. J Infect Dis 2019. [PMID: 29528415 PMCID: PMC5972559 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) virion envelope protein glycoprotein B (gB) is essential for viral entry and represents a major target for humoral responses following infection. Previously, a phase 2 placebo-controlled clinical trial conducted in solid organ transplant candidates demonstrated that vaccination with gB plus MF59 adjuvant significantly increased gB enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibody levels whose titer correlated directly with protection against posttransplant viremia. The aim of the current study was to investigate in more detail this protective humoral response in vaccinated seropositive transplant recipients. We focused on 4 key antigenic domains (AD) of gB (AD1, AD2, AD4, and AD5), measuring antibody levels in patient sera and correlating these with posttransplant HCMV viremia. Vaccination of seropositive patients significantly boosted preexisting antibody levels against the immunodominant region AD1 as well as against AD2, AD4, and AD5. A decreased incidence of viremia correlated with higher antibody levels against AD2 but not with antibody levels against the other 3 ADs. Overall, these data support the hypothesis that antibodies against AD2 are a major component of the immune protection of seropositives seen following vaccination with gB/MF59 vaccine and identify a correlate of protective immunity in allograft patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Baraniak
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Kropff
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Gary R McLean
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, London Metropolitan University, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvie Pichon
- Clinical Development, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | | | - Richard S B Milne
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Colette Smith
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Mach
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Paul D Griffiths
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew B Reeves
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, United Kingdom
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17
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Mach M, Szalkiewicz P, Poschner T, Cuhaj C, Watzal V, Winkler B, Weiss G, Grabenwöger M. A Comparison of Semi- and Noncompliant Balloon Systems in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1678766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Mach
- Department for Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
| | - P. Szalkiewicz
- Department for Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
| | - T. Poschner
- Department for Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
| | - C. Cuhaj
- Department for Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
| | - V. Watzal
- Department for Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
| | - B. Winkler
- Department for Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
| | - G. Weiss
- Department for Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
| | - M. Grabenwöger
- Department for Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Mach M, Watzal V, Cuhaj C, Winkler B, Wallner S, Weiss G, Grabenwöger M. The Impact of Antiplatelet and Antithrombotic Therapy on Outcome and Survival after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1678995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Mach
- Department for Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
| | - V. Watzal
- Department for Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
| | - C. Cuhaj
- Department for Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
| | - B. Winkler
- Department for Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
| | - S. Wallner
- Department for Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
| | - G. Weiss
- Department for Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
| | - M. Grabenwöger
- Department for Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
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19
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Theobald SJ, Khailaie S, Meyer-Hermann M, Volk V, Olbrich H, Danisch S, Gerasch L, Schneider A, Sinzger C, Schaudien D, Lienenklaus S, Riese P, Guzman CA, Figueiredo C, von Kaisenberg C, Spineli LM, Glaesener S, Meyer-Bahlburg A, Ganser A, Schmitt M, Mach M, Messerle M, Stripecke R. Signatures of T and B Cell Development, Functional Responses and PD-1 Upregulation After HCMV Latent Infections and Reactivations in Nod.Rag.Gamma Mice Humanized With Cord Blood CD34 + Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2734. [PMID: 30524448 PMCID: PMC6262073 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) latency is typically harmless but reactivation can be largely detrimental to immune compromised hosts. We modeled latency and reactivation using a traceable HCMV laboratory strain expressing the Gaussia luciferase reporter gene (HCMV/GLuc) in order to interrogate the viral modulatory effects on the human adaptive immunity. Humanized mice with long-term (more than 17 weeks) steady human T and B cell immune reconstitutions were infected with HCMV/GLuc and 7 weeks later were further treated with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to induce viral reactivations. Whole body bio-luminescence imaging analyses clearly differentiated mice with latent viral infections vs. reactivations. Foci of vigorous viral reactivations were detectable in liver, lymph nodes and salivary glands. The number of viral genome copies in various tissues increased upon reactivations and were detectable in sorted human CD14+, CD169+, and CD34+ cells. Compared with non-infected controls, mice after infections and reactivations showed higher thymopoiesis, systemic expansion of Th, CTL, Treg, and Tfh cells and functional antiviral T cell responses. Latent infections promoted vast development of memory CD4+ T cells while reactivations triggered a shift toward effector T cells expressing PD-1. Further, reactivations prompted a marked development of B cells, maturation of IgG+ plasma cells, and HCMV-specific antibody responses. Multivariate statistical methods were employed using T and B cell immune phenotypic profiles obtained with cells from several tissues of individual mice. The data was used to identify combinations of markers that could predict an HCMV infection vs. reactivation status. In spleen, but not in lymph nodes, higher frequencies of effector CD4+ T cells expressing PD-1 were among the factors most suited to distinguish HCMV reactivations from infections. These results suggest a shift from a T cell dominated immune response during latent infections toward an exhausted T cell phenotype and active humoral immune response upon reactivations. In sum, this novel in vivo humanized model combined with advanced analyses highlights a dynamic system clearly specifying the immunological spatial signatures of HCMV latency and reactivations. These signatures can be merged as predictive biomarker clusters that can be applied in the clinical translation of new therapies for the control of HCMV reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J Theobald
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sahamoddin Khailaie
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Valery Volk
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Henning Olbrich
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Simon Danisch
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Laura Gerasch
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Schneider
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Schaudien
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Lienenklaus
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peggy Riese
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carlos A Guzman
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | - Loukia M Spineli
- Institute for Biostatistics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephanie Glaesener
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Arnold Ganser
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, GMP Core Facility, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mach
- Institute of Virology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Messerle
- Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Renata Stripecke
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
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Stefanik P, Olexova L, Dzirbikova Z, Ujhazy E, Mach M. Prenatal administration of SMe1EC2 changed anxiety- and depression-like behavior with changes in the brain oxytocin expression of adult offspring. Toxicol Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Santer D, Weiss G, Oliva S, Niederbichler L, Pisarik H, Arnold Z, Mach M, Nagel F, Huf W, Grabenwöger M, Moidl R. Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in Small Aortic Roots for Aortic Stenosis. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1627891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Santer
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Karl Landsteiner Research Institute for Cardiovascular Surgical Research, Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
| | - G. Weiss
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Karl Landsteiner Research Institute for Cardiovascular Surgical Research, Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
| | - S. Oliva
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Karl Landsteiner Research Institute for Cardiovascular Surgical Research, Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
| | - L. Niederbichler
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Karl Landsteiner Research Institute for Cardiovascular Surgical Research, Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
| | - H. Pisarik
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Karl Landsteiner Research Institute for Cardiovascular Surgical Research, Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
| | - Z. Arnold
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Karl Landsteiner Research Institute for Cardiovascular Surgical Research, Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
| | - M. Mach
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Karl Landsteiner Research Institute for Cardiovascular Surgical Research, Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
| | - F. Nagel
- LBC for Cardiovascular Research, Department for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - W. Huf
- Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
| | - M. Grabenwöger
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Karl Landsteiner Research Institute for Cardiovascular Surgical Research, Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
| | - R. Moidl
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Karl Landsteiner Research Institute for Cardiovascular Surgical Research, Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
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Weiss G, Arnold Z, Santer D, Mach M, Wallner S, Moidl R, Gorlitzer M, Grabenwöger M. Twelve Years of Frozen Elephant Trunk Repairs for Complex Aortic Pathologies: A Single Centre Experience in 110 Consecutive Patients. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1627887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Weiss
- Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - M. Mach
- Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - R. Moidl
- Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
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Tittlbach H, Schneider A, Strobel J, Zimmermann R, Maas S, Gebhardt B, Rauser G, Mach M, Mackensen A, Winkler TH, Winkler J. GMP-production of purified human B lymphocytes for the adoptive transfer in patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J Transl Med 2017; 15:228. [PMID: 29115976 PMCID: PMC5678567 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have recently shown that memory B cells from murine CMV immune donor animals adoptively transferred into immunodeficient mice were highly effective in protecting from a viral infection indicating a therapeutic potential of virus specific memory B cells. These preclinical data provided evidence that a cell-based strategy supporting the humoral immune response might be effective in a clinical setting of immunodeficiency after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. As adoptive transfer of B cells has not been used before in a clinical setting it was necessary to establish a technology for the generation of good manufacturing practice (GMP)-grade B cell products. Methods Starting from the leukapheresis product of healthy blood donors, B cells were purified by two different separation strategies using GMP-grade microbeads and the CliniMACS system. A one-step protocol was used for positive enrichment of B lymphocytes with anti-CD19 microbeads. In a two-step enrichment protocol, first T lymphocytes were depleted by anti-CD3 microbeads and the remaining fraction was positively selected by anti-CD19 microbeads. Results The purity and recovery after enrichment of B lymphocytes from the leukapheresis material in both separations strategies was not statistically different. However, contamination of the B-cell product with T cells was significantly lower after the two-step protocol (0.16%, range 0.01–0.43% after two-step separation and 0.55%, range 0.28–0.85% after one-step separation, p < 0.05). Therefore, a combined CD3 depletion and CD19 enrichment was used for the production of GMP-conform B-cell products from the leukapheresis material of 17 healthy stem cell donors. The absolute B-cell numbers obtained in the final product was 4.70 ± 3.64 × 108 with a purity of 95.98 ± 3.31% B lymphocytes and a recovery of 18.9 ± 10.6%. Importantly, the contamination with CD3+ T cells was extremely low in the final B- cell products (0.10 ± 0.20%). Purified B cells exhibited normal antibody production after in vitro stimulation and showed excellent viability after cryopreservation. Conclusions A GMP-grade B-cell product can be obtained with high purity and very low T-cell contamination using the two-step enrichment protocol based on CliniMACS® technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Tittlbach
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Institute for Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea Schneider
- Institute for Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julian Strobel
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostaseology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostaseology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Maas
- Center for Clinical Studies Erlangen, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernd Gebhardt
- Center for Clinical Studies Erlangen, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg Rauser
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Michael Mach
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular, Virology University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Mackensen
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas H Winkler
- Institute for Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Winkler
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
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Kalser J, Adler B, Mach M, Kropff B, Puchhammer-Stöckl E, Görzer I. Differences in Growth Properties among Two Human Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein O Genotypes. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1609. [PMID: 28878758 PMCID: PMC5572245 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein O (gO) of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the critical subunit of the envelope trimer gH/gL/gO as it interacts with platelet-derived growth factor alpha receptor upon fibroblast entry, and triggers gB-mediated fusion for fibroblast and epithelial cell infection. Eight genotypes (GT) of the highly polymorphic gO gene are described, yet it is unclear whether the distinct GTs differ in their function. Thus, we aimed to elucidate potential functional differences between two highly diverse gO GTs in an otherwise genomically identical HCMV strain. Therefore, resident gO GT1c sequence of strain TB40-BAC4-luc was entirely replaced by gO GT4 of strain Towne and both, GT1c and GT4 viruses, were investigated for their growth properties in fibroblasts and epithelial cells. In addition, two conserved gO cysteines involved in gH/gL/gO stabilization were mutated to serine either in GT1c (C218S and C343S) or GT4 (C216S and C336S) and their effects on cell-free infectivity were assessed. GT4 viruses displayed a significantly enhanced epithelial cell tropism and this resulted in higher virus release upon replication in epithelial cells when compared to GT1c viruses. Further, when the two cysteines were individually mutated in gO GT1c no impairment in cell-free infectivity was observed. This, however, was in sharp contrast to gO GT4, in which both of the corresponding cysteine mutations led to a substantial reduction in cell-free infectivity which was even more pronounced upon mutation of GT4-C336 than of GT4-C216. In conclusion, these findings provide evidence that the two highly diverse gO genotypes, GT1c and GT4, differ in their functional properties as revealed by their different infection capacities for epithelial cells and by their different responsiveness to mutation of strictly conserved cysteine residues. Thus, it is likely that the gO heterogeneity influences cell-free infectivity of HCMV also in vivo which may have important implications for virus host transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kalser
- Center for Virology, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Adler
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute for Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University MunichMunich, Germany
| | - Michael Mach
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-NürnbergErlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Kropff
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-NürnbergErlangen, Germany
| | | | - Irene Görzer
- Center for Virology, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria
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Bootz A, Karbach A, Spindler J, Kropff B, Reuter N, Sticht H, Winkler TH, Britt WJ, Mach M. Protective capacity of neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies against glycoprotein B of cytomegalovirus. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006601. [PMID: 28854233 PMCID: PMC5595347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important, ubiquitous pathogen that causes severe clinical disease in immunocompromised individuals, such as organ transplant recipients and infants infected in utero. Antiviral chemotherapy remains problematic due to toxicity of the available compounds and the emergence of viruses resistant to available antiviral therapies. Antiviral antibodies could represent a valuable alternative strategy to limit the clinical consequences of viral disease in patients. The envelope glycoprotein B (gB) of HCMV is a major antigen for the induction of virus neutralizing antibodies. However, the role of anti-gB antibodies in the course of the infection in-vivo remains unknown. We have used a murine CMV (MCMV) model to generate and study a number of anti-gB monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with differing virus-neutralizing capacities. The mAbs were found to bind to similar antigenic structures on MCMV gB that are represented in HCMV gB. When mAbs were used in immunodeficient RAG-/- hosts to limit an ongoing infection we observed a reduction in viral load both with mAbs having potent neutralizing capacity in-vitro as well as mAbs classified as non-neutralizing. In a therapeutic setting, neutralizing mAbs showed a greater capacity to reduce the viral burden compared to non-neutralizing antibodies. Efficacy was correlated with sustained concentration of virus neutralizing mAbs in-vivo rather than their in-vitro neutralizing capacity. Combinations of neutralizing mAbs further augmented the antiviral effect and were found to be as potent in protection as polyvalent serum from immune animals. Prophylactic administration of mAbs before infection was also protective and both neutralizing and non-neutralizing mAbs were equally effective in preventing lethal infection of immunodeficient mice. In summary, our data argue that therapeutic application of potently neutralizing mAbs against gB represent a strategy to modify the outcome of CMV infection in immunodeficient hosts. When present before infection, both neutralizing and non-neutralizing anti-gB exhibited protective capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bootz
- Virologisches Institut, Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Astrid Karbach
- Virologisches Institut, Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Spindler
- Virologisches Institut, Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Kropff
- Virologisches Institut, Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nina Reuter
- Virologisches Institut, Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Institut für Biochemie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas H. Winkler
- Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum für Molekulare Medizin, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - William J. Britt
- Departments of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Neurobiology, Children's Hospital of Alabama, University of Alabama, School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Michael Mach
- Virologisches Institut, Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Wu Y, Prager A, Boos S, Resch M, Brizic I, Mach M, Wildner S, Scrivano L, Adler B. Human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein complex gH/gL/gO uses PDGFR-α as a key for entry. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006281. [PMID: 28403202 PMCID: PMC5389851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus gH/gL envelope glycoprotein complexes are key players in virus entry as ligands for host cell receptors and by promoting fusion of viral envelopes with cellular membranes. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has two alternative gH/gL complexes, gH/gL/gO and gH/gL/UL128,130,131A which both shape the HCMV tropism. By studying binding of HCMV particles to fibroblasts, we could for the first time show that virion gH/gL/gO binds to platelet-derived growth factor-α (PDGFR-α) on the surface of fibroblasts and that gH/gL/gO either directly or indirectly recruits gB to this complex. PDGFR-α functions as an entry receptor for HCMV expressing gH/gL/gO, but not for HCMV mutants lacking the gH/gL/gO complex. PDGFR-α-dependent entry is not dependent on activation of PDGFR-α. We could also show that the gH/gL/gO—PDGFR-α interaction starts the predominant entry pathway for infection of fibroblasts with free virus. Cell-associated virus spread is either driven by gH/gL/gO interacting with PDGFR-α or by the gH/gL/UL128,130,131A complex. PDGFR-α-positive cells may thus be preferred first target cells for infections with free virus which might have implications for the design of future HCMV vaccines or anti-HCMV drugs. The identification of cellular receptors recognized by viral glycoproteins promoting entry is central for understanding virus pathogenesis and transmission for any virus. Although the roles of alternative gH/gL complexes of HCMV in cell tropism and virus spread have been extensively studied in cell culture, transfer to HCMV tropism in vivo is a controversial issue. Our characterization of the PDGFR-α –gH/gL/gO interaction offers an explanation for the tropism of HCMV for cells and tissues with high levels of surface PDGFR-α in vivo. Discrepant findings, when similar cell types were analyzed in culture, may retrospectively be attributed to a culture-dependent loss or up-regulation of PDGFR-α protein levels. Our finding that the PDGFR-α—gH/gL/gO interaction starts the predominant entry pathway for infection with free virus moves the gH/gL/gO complex in the center of interest for vaccines designed to prevent horizontal or vertical transmission and also for the development of CMV vaccine or gene therapy vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiquan Wu
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Department of Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Prager
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Department of Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Boos
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Department of Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz Resch
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Department of Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ilija Brizic
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Department of Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Mach
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Wildner
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Department of Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Scrivano
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Department of Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Adler
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Department of Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Farrell H, Oliveira M, Macdonald K, Yunis J, Mach M, Bruce K, Stevenson P, Cardin R, Davis-Poynter N. Luciferase-tagged wild-type and tropism-deficient mouse cytomegaloviruses reveal early dynamics of host colonization following peripheral challenge. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:3379-3391. [PMID: 27902356 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) establish persistent, systemic infections and cause disease by maternal-foetal transfer, suggesting that their dissemination is a key target for antiviral intervention. Late clinical presentation has meant that human CMV (HCMV) dissemination is not well understood. Murine CMV (MCMV) provides a tractable model. Whole mouse imaging of virus-expressed luciferase has proved a useful way to track systemic infections. MCMV, in which the abundant lytic gene M78 was luciferase-tagged via a self-cleaving peptide (M78-LUC), allowed serial, unbiased imaging of systemic and peripheral infection without significant virus attenuation. Ex vivo luciferase imaging showed greater sensitivity than plaque assay, and revealed both well-known infection sites (the lungs, lymph nodes, salivary glands, liver, spleen and pancreas) and less explored sites (the bone marrow and upper respiratory tract). We applied luciferase imaging to tracking MCMV lacking M33, a chemokine receptor conserved in HCMV and a proposed anti-viral drug target. M33-deficient M78-LUC colonized normally in peripheral sites and local draining lymph nodes but spread poorly to the salivary gland, suggesting a defect in vascular transport consistent with properties of a chemokine receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Farrell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Martha Oliveira
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kate Macdonald
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Joseph Yunis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael Mach
- Institut fur Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnber, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kimberley Bruce
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Philip Stevenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rhonda Cardin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Mach M, Polat E, Koschuttnik M, Santer D, Pisarik H, Folkmann S, Harrer M, Pollak J, Strouhal A, Aldbrecht C, Veith F, Delle-Karth G, Grabenwöger M. The Change of Mitral Regurgitation Severity after Transfemoral versus transapical Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI): Data from the VIenna CardioThOracic Aortic Valve RegistrY (VICTORY). Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1571742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Koschuttnik M, Mach M, Santer D, Pisarik H, Harrer M, Folkmann S, Pollak J, Veit F, Adlbrecht C, Strouhal A, Delle-Karth G, Grabenwöger M. The Impact of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease on Outcome in Patients Undergoing Transfemoral versus Transapical Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: Data from the VIenna transCaTheter aOrtic valve RegistrY (VICTORY). Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1571740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Dauby N, Sartori D, Kummert C, Lecomte S, Haelterman E, Delforge ML, Donner C, Mach M, Marchant A. Limited Effector Memory B-Cell Response to Envelope Glycoprotein B During Primary Human Cytomegalovirus Infection. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:1642-50. [PMID: 26715677 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following primary human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection, the production of antibodies against envelope glycoprotein B (gB) is delayed, compared with production of antibodies against tegument proteins, and this likely reduces the control of HCMV dissemination. METHODS The frequency and the phenotype of gB-specific and tegument protein-specific B cells were studied in a cohort of pregnant women with primary HCMV infection. Healthy adults who had chronic HCMV infection or were recently immunized with tetanus toxoid (TT) were included as controls. RESULTS Primary HCMV infection was associated with high and similar frequencies of gB-specific and tegument protein-specific B cells following primary HCMV infection. During primary infection, tegument protein-specific B cells expressed an activated (CD21(low)) memory B-cell (MBC) phenotype. Activated MBCs were also induced by TT booster immunization, indicating that the expansion of this subset is part of the physiological B-cell response to protein antigens. In contrast, gB-specific B cells had a predominant classical (CD21(+)) MBC phenotype during both primary and chronic infections. CONCLUSIONS The delayed production of gB-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) during primary HCMV infection is associated with a limited induction of MBCs with effector potential. This novel mechanism by which HCMV may interfere with the production of neutralizing antibodies could represent a target for therapeutic immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dauby
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
| | - Delphine Sartori
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
| | | | - Sandra Lecomte
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
| | | | | | - Catherine Donner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasme Hospital, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michael Mach
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) ImmuneHealth, Gosselies
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Császár E, Melicherčíková K, Ujhazy E, Mach M, Zilava L, Pokusa M, Jezova D, Dubovicky M. Consequences of perinatal exposure to venlafaxine on anxiety- and depression-like behavior of the rat offspring in adulthood. Toxicol Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.08.1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Revakova T, Vasilenkova A, Ujhazy E, Dubovicky M, Mach M, Brucknerova I. Impact of asphyxia on red blood cell folate concentration levels in newborns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 116:417-21. [PMID: 26286243 DOI: 10.4149/bll_2015_079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether red blood cell (RBC) folate concentration levels are correlated with the occurrence of neonatal asphyxia and to study the effects of gestational age, gender, and mode of delivery on RBC folate concentration levels in newborns. BACKGROUND Asphyxia is one of the frequent causes of morbidity and mortality of newborns. Severe perinatal asphyxia can arise due to many factors. METHODS In a prospective study, the RBC folate concentrations were determined on day 1 of life in the whole group (n=181) of full-term (n=121) and preterm (n=60) newborns. Immunochemical analysis for the determination of folate in erythrocytes was performed. RESULTS RBC folate concentration levels in asphyxiated newborns (n=16) were significantly decreased (median 974 ng/ml; p=0.023) in comparison with healthy newborns. On the other hand, the RBC folate concentration levels were significantly increased in preterm newborns (median 1,212 ng/ml; p=0.01) in comparison with full-term newborns (median 1,098 ng/ml). Higher RBC folate concentration levels were found in newborns which had been delivered by Caesarean section (median 1,188 ng/ml; p=0.02) compared to those born vaginally (median 1,098 ng/ml). CONCLUSION Our results confirmed a significant decrease in RBC folate concentration in asphyxiated newborns on their first day of life (Fig. 4, Ref. 36).
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Wiegers AK, Sticht H, Winkler TH, Britt WJ, Mach M. Identification of a neutralizing epitope within antigenic domain 5 of glycoprotein B of human cytomegalovirus. J Virol 2015; 89:361-72. [PMID: 25320309 PMCID: PMC4301166 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02393-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important, ubiquitous pathogen that causes severe clinical disease in immunocompromised individuals, such as organ transplant recipients and infants infected in utero. The envelope glycoprotein B (gB) of HCMV is a major antigen for the induction of virus-neutralizing antibodies. We have begun to define target structures within gB that are recognized by virus-neutralizing antibodies. Antigenic domain 5 (AD-5) of gB has been identified as an important target for neutralizing antibodies in studies using human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Anti-AD-5 MAbs share a target site on gB, despite originating from different, healthy, HCMV-infected donors. Mutational analysis of AD-5 identified tyrosine 280 in combination with other surface-exposed residues (the YNND epitope) as critical for antibody binding. The YNND epitope is strictly conserved among different HCMV strains. Recombinant viruses carrying YNND mutations in AD-5 were resistant to virus-neutralizing MAbs. Competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) with human HCMV-convalescent-phase sera from unselected donors confirmed the conserved antibody response for the YNND epitope in HCMV-infected individuals and, because a significant fraction of the gB AD-5 response was directed against the YNND epitope, further argued that this epitope is a major target of anti-AD-5 antibody responses. In addition, affinity-purified polyclonal anti-AD-5 antibodies prepared from individual sera showed reactivity to AD-5 and neutralization activity toward gB mutant viruses that were similar to those of AD-5-specific MAbs. Taken together, our data indicate that the YNND epitope represents an important target for anti-gB antibody responses as well as for anti-AD-5 virus-neutralizing antibodies. IMPORTANCE HCMV is a major global health concern, and a vaccine to prevent HCMV disease is a widely recognized medical need. Glycoprotein B of HCMV is an important target for neutralizing antibodies and hence an interesting molecule for intervention strategies, e.g., vaccination. Mapping the target structures of neutralizing antibodies induced by naturally occurring HCMV infection can aid in defining the properties required for a protective capacity of vaccine antigens. The data presented here extend our knowledge of neutralizing epitopes within gB to include AD-5. Collectively, our data will contribute to optimal vaccine design and development of antibody-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Katharina Wiegers
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Institut für Biochemie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas H Winkler
- Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum für Molekulare Medizin, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - William J Britt
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael Mach
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Spindler N, Diestel U, Stump JD, Wiegers AK, Winkler TH, Sticht H, Mach M, Muller YA. Structural basis for the recognition of human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B by a neutralizing human antibody. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004377. [PMID: 25299639 PMCID: PMC4192593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections are life-threating to people with a compromised or immature immune system. Upon adhesion, fusion of the virus envelope with the host cell is initiated. In this step, the viral glycoprotein gB is considered to represent the major fusogen. Here, we present for the first time structural data on the binding of an anti-herpes virus antibody and describe the atomic interactions between the antigenic domain Dom-II of HCMV gB and the Fab fragment of the human antibody SM5-1. The crystal structure shows that SM5-1 binds Dom-II almost exclusively via only two CDRs, namely light chain CDR L1 and a 22-residue-long heavy chain CDR H3. Two contiguous segments of Dom-II are targeted by SM5-1, and the combining site includes a hydrophobic pocket on the Dom-II surface that is only partially filled by CDR H3 residues. SM5-1 belongs to a series of sequence-homologous anti-HCMV gB monoclonal antibodies that were isolated from the same donor at a single time point and that represent different maturation states. Analysis of amino acid substitutions in these antibodies in combination with molecular dynamics simulations show that key contributors to the picomolar affinity of SM5-1 do not directly interact with the antigen but significantly reduce the flexibility of CDR H3 in the bound and unbound state of SM5-1 through intramolecular side chain interactions. Thus, these residues most likely alleviate unfavorable binding entropies associated with extra-long CDR H3s, and this might represent a common strategy during antibody maturation. Models of entire HCMV gB in different conformational states hint that SM5-1 neutralizes HCMV either by blocking the pre- to postfusion transition of gB or by precluding the interaction with additional effectors such as the gH/gL complex. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) belongs to the family of β-herpes viruses. HCMV infections are not only life threatening to people with a compromised immune system but also the most common viral cause of congenital defects in newborns. Hence, the development of HCMV vaccines was ranked top priority by the US Institute of Medicine in 1999. Virtually all infected individuals develop antibodies against the envelope protein gB, which plays a crucial role in the infection process. Here, we describe the crystal structure of a fragment of the virus neutralizing antibody SM5-1 in complex with an antigenic determinant of gB, namely Dom-II. The structure shows that antigen antibody interactions are concentrated within two CDRs of SM5-1. Computational methods and an analysis of additional antibody sequences from the same lineage reveal that additional key contributions to high affinity binding are provided by residues that stiffen the extra-long CDR H3 loop without directly contacting the antigen. We suggest that the optimization of such indirect contributions represents a common and yet undervalued principle of the antibody maturation process. Furthermore our data suggest that the neutralizing effect of SM5-1 either originates from blocking membrane fusion or from preventing interaction of gB with other envelope proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Spindler
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Uschi Diestel
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnik, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joachim D. Stump
- Institut für Biochemie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharina Wiegers
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas H. Winkler
- Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum für Molekulare Medizin, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Institut für Biochemie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Mach
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- * E-mail: . (MM); . (YAM)
| | - Yves A. Muller
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnik, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- * E-mail: . (MM); . (YAM)
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Kropff B, Burkhardt C, Schott J, Nentwich J, Fisch T, Britt W, Mach M. Glycoprotein N of human cytomegalovirus protects the virus from neutralizing antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002999. [PMID: 23133379 PMCID: PMC3486915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes viruses persist in the infected host and are transmitted between hosts in the presence of a fully functional humoral immune response, suggesting that they can evade neutralization by antiviral antibodies. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) encodes a number of polymorphic highly glycosylated virion glycoproteins (g), including the essential envelope glycoprotein, gN. We have tested the hypothesis that glycosylation of gN contributes to resistance of the virus to neutralizing antibodies. Recombinant viruses carrying deletions in serine/threonine rich sequences within the glycosylated surface domain of gN were constructed in the genetic background of HCMV strain AD169. The deletions had no influence on the formation of the gM/gN complex and in vitro replication of the respective viruses compared to the parent virus. The gN-truncated viruses were significantly more susceptible to neutralization by a gN-specific monoclonal antibody and in addition by a number of gB- and gH-specific monoclonal antibodies. Sera from individuals previously infected with HCMV also more efficiently neutralized gN-truncated viruses. Immunization of mice with viruses that expressed the truncated forms of gN resulted in significantly higher serum neutralizing antibody titers against the homologous strain that was accompanied by increased antibody titers against known neutralizing epitopes on gB and gH. Importantly, neutralization activity of sera from animals immunized with gN-truncated virus did not exhibit enhanced neutralizing activity against the parental wild type virus carrying the fully glycosylated wild type gN. Our results indicate that the extensive glycosylation of gN could represent a potentially important mechanism by which HCMV neutralization by a number of different antibody reactivities can be inhibited. Herpes viruses are transmitted between individuals in cell free form and successful spread benefits from mechanisms that limit the loss of infectivity by the activity of virus neutralizing antibodies. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important pathogen and understanding how the virus can evade antiviral antibodies may be clinically relevant. HCMV particles contain a number of highly polymorphic, extensively glycosylated envelope proteins, one of which is glycoprotein N (gN). This protein is essential for replication of HCMV. We have hypothesized that the extensive glycosylation of gN may serve as a tool to evade neutralization by antiviral antibodies. Recombinant viruses were generated expressing gN proteins with reduced glycan modification. The loss of glycan modification had no detectable influence on the in vitro replication of the respective viruses. However, the recombinant viruses containing under-glycosylated forms of gN were significantly more susceptible to neutralization by a diverse array of antibody reactivities. Immunization of mice with viruses carrying fewer glycan modification induced significantly higher antibody titers against the homologous virus; however, the neutralization titers against the fully glycosylated virions, were not enhanced. Our results indicate that glycosylation of gN of HCMV represents a potentially important mechanism for evasion of antibody-mediated neutralization by a number of different antibody specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kropff
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Christiane Burkhardt
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Juliane Schott
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Jens Nentwich
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Tanja Fisch
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - William Britt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Michael Mach
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Rohrbach J, Harbeck M, Holzhauser P, Tekeva-Rohrbach C, Mach M, Codreanu-Windauer S. Römisches Orbitaimplantat? Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2012; 229:1138-41. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1315311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Rohrbach
- Department für Augenheilkunde, Forschungsbereich Geschichte der Augenheilkunde/Ophthalmopathologisches Labor, Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Tübingen
| | - M. Harbeck
- Bayerische Staatssammlung für Anthropologie und Paläoanatomie, München
| | | | | | - M. Mach
- Zentrallabor, Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, München
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Pötzsch S, Spindler N, Wiegers AK, Fisch T, Rücker P, Sticht H, Grieb N, Baroti T, Weisel F, Stamminger T, Martin-Parras L, Mach M, Winkler TH. B cell repertoire analysis identifies new antigenic domains on glycoprotein B of human cytomegalovirus which are target of neutralizing antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002172. [PMID: 21852946 PMCID: PMC3154849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a herpesvirus, is a ubiquitously distributed pathogen that causes severe disease in immunosuppressed patients and infected newborns. Efforts are underway to prepare effective subunit vaccines and therapies including antiviral antibodies. However, current vaccine efforts are hampered by the lack of information on protective immune responses against HCMV. Characterizing the B-cell response in healthy infected individuals could aid in the design of optimal vaccines and therapeutic antibodies. To address this problem, we determined, for the first time, the B-cell repertoire against glycoprotein B (gB) of HCMV in different healthy HCMV seropositive individuals in an unbiased fashion. HCMV gB represents a dominant viral antigenic determinant for induction of neutralizing antibodies during infection and is also a component in several experimental HCMV vaccines currently being tested in humans. Our findings have revealed that the vast majority (>90%) of gB-specific antibodies secreted from B-cell clones do not have virus neutralizing activity. Most neutralizing antibodies were found to bind to epitopes not located within the previously characterized antigenic domains (AD) of gB. To map the target structures of these neutralizing antibodies, we generated a 3D model of HCMV gB and used it to identify surface exposed protein domains. Two protein domains were found to be targeted by the majority of neutralizing antibodies. Domain I, located between amino acids (aa) 133–343 of gB and domain II, a discontinuous domain, built from residues 121–132 and 344–438. Analysis of a larger panel of human sera from HCMV seropositive individuals revealed positivity rates of >50% against domain I and >90% against domain II, respectively. In accordance with previous nomenclature the domains were designated AD-4 (Dom II) and AD-5 (Dom I), respectively. Collectively, these data will contribute to optimal vaccine design and development of antibodies effective in passive immunization. The development of antibodies is a major defense mechanism against viruses. Understanding the repertoire of antiviral antibodies induced during infection is a necessary prerequisite to defining the protective activities of an antiviral antibody response. The isolation of antigen specific memory B cells and subsequent stimulation to antibody producing cells provides a powerful tool to study the antibody repertoire in infected individuals. We have used this approach to analyze the antibody repertoire against glycoprotein B (gB) of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a major antigen for the induction of antiviral antibodies during infection and a constituent of experimental vaccines in humans. We find in different infected individuals that the vast majority of gB-specific B cells produce antibodies that cannot neutralize free virus. Antibodies with antiviral capacity target two domains of gB that have not been previously identified. The identification of these new antigenic domains was possible with the aid of a 3D molecular model of HCMV gB. Our results will be useful for vaccine development since comparison of the immune response after natural infection with that induced by vaccination can be readily accomplished. Moreover, neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies could constitute powerful therapeutics to combat the infection in populations at risk for HCMV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Pötzsch
- Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum für Molekulare Medizin Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Nadja Spindler
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharina Wiegers
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Tanja Fisch
- Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum für Molekulare Medizin Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Pia Rücker
- Institut für Biochemie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Institut für Biochemie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Nina Grieb
- Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum für Molekulare Medizin Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Tina Baroti
- Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum für Molekulare Medizin Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Florian Weisel
- Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum für Molekulare Medizin Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Stamminger
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | | | - Michael Mach
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas H. Winkler
- Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum für Molekulare Medizin Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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Ujhazy E, Dubovicky M, Navarova J, Brucknerova I, Mach M. Teratological assessment of a new model of subchronic prenatal asphyxia in rats. Toxicol Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.05.866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bootz A, Winkler T, Mach M. Fc gamma receptors are important for protection from Cytomegalovirus infection (105.28). The Journal of Immunology 2011. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.105.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus is a clinically important pathogen. Previously we could show using murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) that the adoptive transfer of memory B lymphocytes from immune donors into B- and T-cell immunodeficient RAG-/- mice completely protected from MCMV-induced morbidity and mortality. The protection is correlated with production of protective antibodies. Antibodies can act by neutralization of extracellular virus and/or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) via Fc receptor-mediated effector functions. To investigate the role of Fc receptors for protection we adoptively transferred immune serum from infected donor mice into recipients that were deficient for the expression of Fcγ-receptors. First we used mice lacking the γ-chain (FcRγxRAG-/-), which is the accessory chain of the activating murine IgG receptors FcγRI, FcγRIII, and FcγRIV. FcRγxRAG-/- mice developed severe disease with high viral titers and had a significantly shorter survival compared to the RAG-/- control animals. Essentially no difference was seen between mice lacking the FcγRI and RAG-/- animals. Mice lacking the FcγRIII receptor were significantly less susceptible to MCMV infection than FcRγxRAG-/-, indicating that NK cells were not the major effector cell type involved, since FcγRIII is the only activating Fc-receptor on NK cells. Thus, although Fcγ-receptors are essential for antibody mediated protection from MCMV, NK cells seem not to be the crucial cell type involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bootz
- 1Clinical and Molecular Virology, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Michael Mach
- 1Clinical and Molecular Virology, Erlangen, Germany
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Seefried M, Schneider A, Mach M, Winkler T. The role of antibodies in controlling reactivation of mCMV in immunocompromised bone marrow transplantation recipients (169.28). The Journal of Immunology 2011. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.169.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Reactivation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a frequent complication of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and results in morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised recipients. In a previous study using murine CMV (mCMV) as a model, we have shown that transfer of memory B cells protects the immunodeficient host from the lethal course of mCMV infection. Here we demonstrate the impact of antibodies on the reactivation of mCMV in a murine model of BMT. We find that previous depletion of B cells (anti-CD20 antibody) during primary mCMV infection results in a profound reactivation of mCMV after syngeneic BMT. Our data show a negative correlation between virus-specific serum IgG titer and reactivation of mCMV after BMT. Therefore, our studies suggest that antibodies play a major role in controlling recurrent mCMV infection after BMT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Mach
- 2Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Weisel FJ, Appelt UK, Schneider AM, Horlitz JU, van Rooijen N, Korner H, Mach M, Winkler TH. Unique Requirements for Reactivation of Virus-Specific Memory B Lymphocytes. J I 2010; 185:4011-21. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mach M, Ujhazy E, Navarova J, Ponechalova V, Snirc V, Dubovicky M. Effects of the pyridoindole SMe1EC2 on neurobehavioral development in rats: Developmental neurotoxicity study. Toxicol Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.03.636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
The envelope of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) consists of a large number of glycoproteins. The most abundant glycoprotein in the HCMV envelope is the glycoprotein M (UL100), which together with glycoprotein N (UL73) form the gM/gN protein complex. Using yeast two-hybrid screening, we found that the gM carboxy-terminal cytoplasmic tail (gM-CT) interacts with FIP4, a Rab11-GTPase effector protein. Depletion of FIP4 expression in HCMV-infected cells resulted in a decrease in infectious virus production that was also associated with an alteration of the HCMV assembly compartment (AC) phenotype. A similar phenotype was also observed in HCMV-infected cells that expressed dominant negative Rab11(S25N). Recently, it has been shown that FIP4 interactions with Rab11 and additionally with Arf6/Arf5 are important for the vesicular transport of proteins in the endosomal recycling compartment (ERC) and during cytokinesis. Surprisingly, FIP4 interaction with gM-CT limited binding of FIP4 with Arf5/Arf6; however, FIP4 interaction with gM-CT did not prevent recruitment of Rab11 into the ternary complex. These data argued for a contribution of the ERC during cytoplasmic envelopment of HCMV and showed a novel FIP4 function independent of Arf5 or Arf6 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena A Krzyzaniak
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, CHB160, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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Burkhardt C, Himmelein S, Britt W, Winkler T, Mach M. Glycoprotein N subtypes of human cytomegalovirus induce a strain-specific antibody response during natural infection. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:1951-1961. [PMID: 19420160 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.010967-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) encodes several highly polymorphic envelope glycoproteins; however, the biological relevance of this polymorphism is unclear. Glycoprotein N (gN) is one member of this polymorphic protein family. Four major gN genotypes (gN1-4) have been identified. We have tested the hypothesis that the gN polymorphism represents a mechanism to evade a neutralizing antiviral antibody response. Four recombinant viruses that differed only in the expression of the gN genotype were constructed on the genetic background of HCMV strain AD169. Exchange of gN genotypes had a minor detectable influence on virus replication, gN expression and gN-gM complex formation. Randomly selected human sera were analysed for neutralizing activity against the recombinant viruses. Of these, 70 % showed no difference in neutralizing titre between the viruses, whereas 30 % showed strain-specific neutralization. Differences in 50 % neutralization titre reached >8-fold. Viruses expressing the gN4 genotype were neutralized significantly better than those expressing the other gN genotypes. Strain specificity, or lack thereof, could not be attributed to the presence or absence of anti-gN antibodies, as all sera contained antibodies reacting with gN (as determined by ELISA). Thus, polymorphism of gN could contribute to evasion of an efficient neutralizing-antibody response and facilitate reinfection in previously seropositive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Burkhardt
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Himmelein
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - William Britt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Thomas Winkler
- Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum für Molekulare Medizin, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mach
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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Cekinović D, Golemac M, Pugel EP, Tomac J, Cicin-Sain L, Slavuljica I, Bradford R, Misch S, Winkler TH, Mach M, Britt WJ, Jonjić S. Passive immunization reduces murine cytomegalovirus-induced brain pathology in newborn mice. J Virol 2008; 82:12172-80. [PMID: 18842707 PMCID: PMC2593357 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01214-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most frequent cause of congenital viral infections in humans and frequently leads to long-term central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities that include learning disabilities, microcephaly, and hearing loss. The pathogenesis of the CNS infection has not been fully elucidated and may arise as a result of direct damage of CMV-infected neurons or indirectly secondary to inflammatory response to infection. We used a recently established model of mouse CMV (MCMV) infection in newborn mice to analyze the contribution of humoral immunity to virus clearance from the brain. In brains of MCMV-infected newborn mice treated with immune serum, the titer of infectious virus was reduced below detection limit, whereas in the brains of mice receiving control (nonimmune) serum significant amounts of virus were recovered. Moreover, histopathological and immunohistological analyses revealed significantly less CNS inflammation in mice treated with immune serum. Treatment with MCMV-specific monoclonal antibodies also resulted in the reduction of virus titer in the brain. Recipients of control serum or irrelevant antibodies had more viral foci, marked mononuclear cell infiltrates, and prominent glial nodules in their brains than mice treated with immune serum or MCMV-specific antibodies. In conclusion, our data indicate that virus-specific antibodies have a protective role in the development of CNS pathology in MCMV-infected newborn mice, suggesting that antiviral antibodies may be an important component of protective immunological responses during CMV infection of the developing CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durdica Cekinović
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B Branchetta 20, Rijeka 51000, Croatia
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Klenovsek K, Weisel F, Schneider A, Appelt U, Jonjic S, Messerle M, Bradel-Tretheway B, Winkler TH, Mach M. Protection from CMV infection in immunodeficient hosts by adoptive transfer of memory B cells. Blood 2007; 110:3472-9. [PMID: 17656648 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-06-095414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe disease associated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is still a major problem in patients who undergo transplantation. Support of the patients' immune defense against the virus is a major goal in transplantation medicine. We have used the murine model of CMV (MCMV) to investigate the potential of a cell-based strategy to support the humoral antiviral immune response. Immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice were infected with MCMV, and memory B cells from the immune animals were adoptively transferred into T-cell- and B-cell-deficient RAG-1(-/-) mice. Following MCMV infection, a virus-specific IgG response developed within 4 to 7 days in the recipient animals. Concomitantly, a significant reduction in viral titers and DNA copies in several organs was observed. In addition, the memory B-cell transfer provided long-term protection from the lethal course of the infection that is invariably seen in immunodeficient animals. Transfer of memory B cells was also effective in protecting from an already ongoing viral infection, indicating a therapeutic potential of virus-specific memory B cells. T cells were not involved in this process. Our data provide evidence that a cell-based strategy to support the humoral immune response can be effective to combat infectious pathogens in severely immunodeficient hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Klenovsek
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Krzyzaniak M, Mach M, Britt WJ. The cytoplasmic tail of glycoprotein M (gpUL100) expresses trafficking signals required for human cytomegalovirus assembly and replication. J Virol 2007; 81:10316-28. [PMID: 17626081 PMCID: PMC2045486 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00375-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The virion envelope of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is complex and consists of an incompletely defined number of glycoproteins. The gM/gN protein complex is the most abundant protein component of the envelope. Studies have indicated that deletion of the viral gene encoding either gM or gN is a lethal mutation. Analysis of the amino acid sequence of gM disclosed a C-terminal acidic cluster of amino acids and a tyrosine-containing trafficking motif, both of which are well-described trafficking/sorting signals in the cellular secretory pathway. To investigate the roles of these signals in the trafficking of the gM/gN complex during virus assembly, we made a series of gM (UL100 open reading frame) mutants in the AD169 strain of HCMV. Mutant viruses that lacked the entire C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of gM were not viable, suggesting that the cytoplasmic tail of gM is essential for virus replication. In addition, the gM mutant protein lacking the cytoplasmic domain exhibited decreased protein stability. Mutant viruses with a deletion of the acidic cluster or alanine substitutions in tyrosine-based motifs were viable but exhibited a replication-impaired phenotype suggestive of a defect in virion assembly. Analysis of these mutant gMs using static immunofluorescence and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching demonstrated delayed kinetics of intracellular localization of the gM/gN protein to the virus assembly compartment compared to the wild-type protein. These data suggest an important role of the glycoprotein gM during virus assembly, particularly in the dynamics of gM trafficking during viral-particle assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Krzyzaniak
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, and Department of Pediatrics, Room 107, Harbor Bldg. Childrens Hospital, 1600 7th Ave. South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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Mach M, Osinski K, Kropff B, Schloetzer-Schrehardt U, Krzyzaniak M, Britt W. The carboxy-terminal domain of glycoprotein N of human cytomegalovirus is required for virion morphogenesis. J Virol 2007; 81:5212-24. [PMID: 17229708 PMCID: PMC1900226 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01463-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoproteins M and N (gM and gN, respectively) are among the few proteins that are conserved across the herpesvirus family. The function of the complex is largely unknown. Whereas deletion from most alphaherpesviruses has marginal effects on the replication of the respective viruses, both proteins are essential for replication of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). We have constructed a series of mutants in gN to study the function of this protein. gN of HCMV is a type I glycoprotein containing a short carboxy-terminal domain of 14 amino acids, including two cysteine residues directly adjacent to the predicted transmembrane anchor at positions 125 and 126. Deletion of the entire carboxy-terminal domain as well as substitution with the corresponding region from alpha herpesviruses or mutations of both cysteine residues resulted in a replication-incompetent virus. Recombinant viruses containing point mutations of either cysteine residue could be generated. These viruses were profoundly defective for replication. Complex formation of the mutant gNs with gM and transport of the complex to the viral assembly compartment appeared unaltered compared to the wild type. However, in infected cells, large numbers of capsids accumulated in the cytoplasm that failed to acquire an envelope. Transiently expressed gN was shown to be modified by palmitic acid at both cysteine residues. In summary, our data suggest that the carboxy-terminal domain of gN plays a critical role in secondary envelopment of HCMV and that palmitoylation of gN appears to be essential for function in secondary envelopment of HCMV and virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mach
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Mach M, Windpassinger C, Wagner K, Kroisel PM, Petek E. Distal monosomy 16p13.3/distal trisomy 2p24.2-pter: molecular-cytogenetic characterisation and phenotype. Genet Couns 2007; 18:9-16. [PMID: 17515297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We describe a 4-year-old boy with various facial dysmorphic features such as downslanting palpebral fissures, ptosis, hypertelorism, broad nasal bridge, small and low-set ears, broad philtrum, and micrognathia. In addition, profound mental retardation, myopia, muscular hypotonia as well as genital and cardiovascular abnormalities are also present. Refinement of the breakpoints by cytogenetic techniques, in particular the increase of banding resolution in conventional cytogenetic analysis, has enabled the correct diagnosis, as proven by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) using whole chromosome painting and single copy probes. We were able to demonstrate an unbalanced translocation that the patient inherited from his father resulting in a submicroscopic monosomy 16p13.3 and a trisomy 2p24.2-pter.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mach
- Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Dubovicky M, Paton S, Morris M, Mach M, Lucot JB. Effects of combined exposure to pyridostigmine bromide and shaker stress on acoustic startle response, pre-pulse inhibition and open field behavior in mice. J Appl Toxicol 2007; 27:276-83. [PMID: 17265421 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of combined exposure of pyridostigmine bromide (PB) and chronic shaker stress on acoustic startle responses (ASR), pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) and open field behavior of adult C57BL/6J mice. PB (10 mg kg(-1) day(-1) for 7 days) or saline was administered subcutaneously using osmotic Alzet minipumps implanted under the skin on the back of the mice. At the same time, the mice were exposed to 7 days of intermittent shaker stress. They were tested for ASR (100 dB and 120 dB stimuli) and PPI (70 dB + 100 dB and 70 dB + 120 dB) in the acoustic startle monitor system. The mice were assessed during the shaker stress on days 2 and 7 and 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after discontinuation of treatment. Separate groups of mice were tested in the open field in 15 min sessions on days 1, 3 and 6 during shaker stress and PB treatment. Exposure of mice to PB resulted in an exaggerated ASR, reduced PPI and non-significant decrease in locomotor activity. These behavioral changes were apparent only during exposure to PB. Repeated shaker stress did not have any effect on sensorimotor functions or open field behavior of mice. There was no prolonged or delayed effect of PB and/or stress on individual behavioral variables. The study found C57BL/6J mice to be behaviorally sensitive to PB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dubovicky
- Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dayton, OH 45435, USA.
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