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Matchett WE, Anguiano-Zarate S, Malewana GBR, Mudrick H, Weldy M, Evert C, Khoruts A, Sadowsky M, Barry MA. A Replicating Single-Cycle Adenovirus Vaccine Effective against Clostridium difficile. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030470. [PMID: 32842679 PMCID: PMC7564163 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile causes nearly 500,000 infections and nearly 30,000 deaths each year in the U.S., which is estimated to cost $4.8 billion. C. difficile infection (CDI) arises from bacteria colonizing the large intestine and releasing two toxins, toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB). Generating humoral immunity against C. difficile’s toxins provides protection against primary infection and recurrence. Thus, a vaccine may offer the best opportunity for sustained, long-term protection. We developed a novel single-cycle adenovirus (SC-Ad) vaccine against C. difficile expressing the receptor-binding domains from TcdA and TcdB. The single immunization of mice generated sustained toxin-binding antibody responses and protected them from lethal toxin challenge for up to 38 weeks. Immunized Syrian hamsters produced significant toxin-neutralizing antibodies that increased over 36 weeks. Single intramuscular immunization provided complete protection against lethal BI/NAP1/027 spore challenge 45 weeks later. These data suggest that this replicating vaccine may prove useful against CDI in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E. Matchett
- Virology and Gene Therapy (VGT) Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | | | | | - Haley Mudrick
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (MPET) Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Melissa Weldy
- Inflammatory Bowel Program, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA; (M.W.); (C.E.); (A.K.); (M.S.)
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Clayton Evert
- Inflammatory Bowel Program, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA; (M.W.); (C.E.); (A.K.); (M.S.)
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Alexander Khoruts
- Inflammatory Bowel Program, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA; (M.W.); (C.E.); (A.K.); (M.S.)
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Michael Sadowsky
- Inflammatory Bowel Program, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA; (M.W.); (C.E.); (A.K.); (M.S.)
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Michael A. Barry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-507-266-9090
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Schloss PD, Junior M, Alvania R, Arias CA, Baumler A, Casadevall A, Detweiler C, Drake H, Gilbert J, Imperiale MJ, Lovett S, Maloy S, McAdam AJ, Newton ILG, Sadowsky M, Sandri-Goldin RM, Silhavy TJ, Tontonoz P, Young JAH, Cameron CE, Cann I, Oveta Fuller A, Kozik AJ. The ASM Journals Committee Values the Contributions of Black Microbiologists. Microbiol Spectr 2020; 8:10.1128/microbiolspec.edt-0001-2020. [PMID: 32737963 PMCID: PMC10773216 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.edt-0001-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Schloss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Chair, ASM Journals Committee
| | - Melissa Junior
- American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, USA
- Director, ASM Journals
| | - Rebecca Alvania
- American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, USA
- Assistant Director, ASM Journals
| | - Cesar A Arias
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA, Houston, Texas, USA
- Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics and Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
- Editor in Chief, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
| | - Andreas Baumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Editor in Chief, Infection and Immunity
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Editor in Chief, mBio
| | - Corrella Detweiler
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Editor in Chief, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
| | - Harold Drake
- Department of Ecological Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Editor in Chief, Applied and Environmental Microbiology
| | - Jack Gilbert
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
- Editor in Chief, mSystems
| | - Michael J Imperiale
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Editor in Chief, mSphere
| | - Susan Lovett
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
- Editor in Chief, EcoSal Plus
| | - Stanley Maloy
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
- Editor in Chief, Journal of Microbiology and Biology Education (JMBE)
| | - Alexander J McAdam
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Editor in Chief, Journal of Clinical Microbiology
| | - Irene L G Newton
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
- Editor in Chief, Microbiology Resource Announcements
| | - Michael Sadowsky
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Editor in Chief, Microbiology Spectrum
| | - Rozanne M Sandri-Goldin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Editor in Chief, Journal of Virology
| | - Thomas J Silhavy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- Editor in Chief, Journal of Bacteriology
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Editor in Chief, Molecular and Cellular Biology
| | - Jo-Anne H Young
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Editor in Chief, Clinical Microbiology Reviews
| | - Craig E Cameron
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Isaac Cann
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - A Oveta Fuller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ariangela J Kozik
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Schloss PD, Junior M, Alvania R, Arias CA, Baumler A, Casadevall A, Detweiler C, Drake H, Gilbert J, Imperiale MJ, Lovett S, Maloy S, McAdam AJ, Newton ILG, Sadowsky M, Sandri-Goldin RM, Silhavy TJ, Tontonoz P, Young JAH, Cameron CE, Cann I, Fuller AO, Kozik AJ. The ASM Journals Committee Values the Contributions of Black Microbiologists. J Microbiol Biol Educ 2020; 21:jmbe-21-58. [PMID: 32788948 PMCID: PMC7398665 DOI: 10.1128/jmbe.v21i2.2227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D. Schloss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | | | | | - Cesar A. Arias
- Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics and Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andreas Baumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Corrella Detweiler
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Harold Drake
- Department of Ecological Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jack Gilbert
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Michael J. Imperiale
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Susan Lovett
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stanley Maloy
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Alexander J. McAdam
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Michael Sadowsky
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rozanne M. Sandri-Goldin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Thomas J. Silhavy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jo-Anne H. Young
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Craig E. Cameron
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Isaac Cann
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - A. Oveta Fuller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ariangela J. Kozik
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Romão D, Staley C, Ferreira F, Rodrigues R, Sabino R, Veríssimo C, Wang P, Sadowsky M, Brandão J. Next-generation sequencing and culture-based techniques offer complementary insights into fungi and prokaryotes in beach sands. Mar Pollut Bull 2017; 119:351-358. [PMID: 28442200 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach, in conjunction with culture-based methods, was used to examine fungal and prokaryotic communities for the presence of potential pathogens in beach sands throughout Portugal. Culture-based fungal enumeration revealed low and variable concentrations of the species targeted (yeasts and dermatophytes), which were underrepresented in the community characterized by NGS targeting the ITS1 region. Conversely, NGS indicated that the potentially pathogenic species Purpureocillium liliacinum comprised nearly the entire fungal community. Culturable fecal indicator bacterial concentrations were low throughout the study and unrelated to communities characterized by NGS. Notably, the prokaryotic communities characterized revealed a considerable abundance of archaea. Results highlight differences in communities between methods in beach sand monitoring but indicate the techniques offer complementary insights. Thus, there is a need to leverage culture-based methods with NGS methods, using a toolbox approach, to determine appropriate targets and metrics for beach sand monitoring to adequately protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Romão
- Water and Soils Unit - Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Christopher Staley
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | - Filipa Ferreira
- Water and Soils Unit - Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Raquel Rodrigues
- Water and Soils Unit - Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Raquel Sabino
- Reference Unit for Parasitic and Fungal Infections - Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cristina Veríssimo
- Reference Unit for Parasitic and Fungal Infections - Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ping Wang
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | - Michael Sadowsky
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States; Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States.
| | - João Brandão
- Water and Soils Unit - Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Khanna S, Vazquez-Baeza Y, González A, Weiss S, Schmidt B, Muñiz-Pedrogo DA, Rainey JF, Kammer P, Nelson H, Sadowsky M, Khoruts A, Farrugia SL, Knight R, Pardi DS, Kashyap PC. Changes in microbial ecology after fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent C. difficile infection affected by underlying inflammatory bowel disease. Microbiome 2017; 5:55. [PMID: 28506317 PMCID: PMC5433077 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0269-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiota play a key role in maintaining homeostasis in the human gut. Alterations in the gut microbial ecosystem predispose to Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and gut inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from a healthy donor can restore gut microbial diversity and pathogen colonization resistance; consequently, it is now being investigated for its ability to improve inflammatory gut conditions such as IBD. In this study, we investigated changes in gut microbiota following FMT in 38 patients with CDI with or without underlying IBD. RESULTS There was a significant change in gut microbial composition towards the donor microbiota and an overall increase in microbial diversity consistent with previous studies after FMT. FMT was successful in treating CDI using a diverse set of donors, and varying degrees of donor stool engraftment suggesting that donor type and degree of engraftment are not drivers of a successful FMT treatment of CDI. However, patients with underlying IBD experienced an increased number of CDI relapses (during a 24-month follow-up) and a decreased growth of new taxa, as compared to the subjects without IBD. Moreover, the need for IBD therapy did not change following FMT. These results underscore the importance of the existing gut microbial landscape as a decisive factor to successfully treat CDI and potentially for improvement of the underlying pathophysiology in IBD. CONCLUSIONS FMT leads to a significant change in microbial diversity in patients with recurrent CDI and complete resolution of symptoms. Stool donor type (related or unrelated) and degree of engraftment are not the key for successful treatment of CDI by FMT. However, CDI patients with IBD have higher proportion of the original community after FMT and lack of improvement of their IBD symptoms and increased episodes of CDI on long-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Khanna
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Yoshiki Vazquez-Baeza
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Antonio González
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sophie Weiss
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Bradley Schmidt
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | | | - John F Rainey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Patricia Kammer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Heidi Nelson
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael Sadowsky
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alexander Khoruts
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stefan L Farrugia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Darrell S Pardi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Purna C Kashyap
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Ahmed W, Staley C, Sidhu J, Sadowsky M, Toze S. Amplicon-based profiling of bacteria in raw and secondary treated wastewater from treatment plants across Australia. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:1253-1266. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jahansouz C, Staley C, Leslie D, Sadowsky M, Khoruts A, Ikramuddin S. The Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy is Responsible for Dominant Shifts in Gut Microbiota. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2016.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Vanden Heuvel A, McDermott C, Pillsbury R, Sandrin T, Kinzelman J, Ferguson J, Sadowsky M, Byappanahalli M, Whitman R, Kleinheinz GT. The green alga, Cladophora, promotes Escherichia coli growth and contamination of recreational waters in Lake Michigan. J Environ Qual 2010; 39:333-344. [PMID: 20048321 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2009.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A linkage between Cladophora mats and exceedances of recreational water quality criteria has been suggested, but not directly studied. This study investigates the spatial and temporal association between Escherichia coli concentrations within and near Cladophora mats at two northwestern Lake Michigan beaches in Door County, Wisconsin. Escherichia coli concentrations in water underlying mats were significantly greater than surrounding water (p < 0.001). Below mat E. coli increased as the stranded mats persisted at the beach swash zone. Water adjacent to Cladophora mats had lower E. coli concentrations, but surpassed EPA swimming criteria the majority of sampling days. A significant positive association was found between E. coli concentrations attached to Cladophora and in underlying water (p < 0.001). The attached E. coli likely acted as a reservoir for populating water underlying the mat. Fecal bacterial pathogens, however, could not be detected by microbiological culture methods either attached to mat biomass or in underlying water. Removal of Cladophora mats from beach areas may improve aesthetic and microbial water quality at affected beaches. These associations and potential natural growth of E. coli in bathing waters call into question the efficacy of using E. coli as a recreational water quality indicator of fecal contaminations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Vanden Heuvel
- Dep. of Biology and Microbiology, Univ. of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, 800 Algoma Blvd., Oshkosh, WI 54901, USA
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Giraud E, Moulin L, Vallenet D, Barbe V, Cytryn E, Avarre JC, Jaubert M, Simon D, Cartieaux F, Prin Y, Bena G, Hannibal L, Fardoux J, Kojadinovic M, Vuillet L, Lajus A, Cruveiller S, Rouy Z, Mangenot S, Segurens B, Dossat C, Franck WL, Chang WS, Saunders E, Bruce D, Richardson P, Normand P, Dreyfus B, Pignol D, Stacey G, Emerich D, Verméglio A, Médigue C, Sadowsky M. Legumes symbioses: absence of Nod genes in photosynthetic bradyrhizobia. Science 2007; 316:1307-12. [PMID: 17540897 DOI: 10.1126/science.1139548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Leguminous plants (such as peas and soybeans) and rhizobial soil bacteria are symbiotic partners that communicate through molecular signaling pathways, resulting in the formation of nodules on legume roots and occasionally stems that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Nodule formation has been assumed to be exclusively initiated by the binding of bacterial, host-specific lipochito-oligosaccharidic Nod factors, encoded by the nodABC genes, to kinase-like receptors of the plant. Here we show by complete genome sequencing of two symbiotic, photosynthetic, Bradyrhizobium strains, BTAi1 and ORS278, that canonical nodABC genes and typical lipochito-oligosaccharidic Nod factors are not required for symbiosis in some legumes. Mutational analyses indicated that these unique rhizobia use an alternative pathway to initiate symbioses, where a purine derivative may play a key role in triggering nodule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Giraud
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre de Coopération International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier 2, France.
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Ritter KJ, Carruthers E, Carson CA, Ellender RD, Harwood VJ, Kingsley K, Nakatsu C, Sadowsky M, Shear B, West B, Whitlock JE, Wiggins BA, Wilbur JD. Assessment of statistical methods used in library-based approaches to microbial source tracking. J Water Health 2003; 1:209-223. [PMID: 15382725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Several commonly used statistical methods for fingerprint identification in microbial source tracking (MST) were examined to assess the effectiveness of pattern-matching algorithms to correctly identify sources. Although numerous statistical methods have been employed for source identification, no widespread consensus exists as to which is most appropriate. A large-scale comparison of several MST methods, using identical fecal sources, presented a unique opportunity to assess the utility of several popular statistical methods. These included discriminant analysis, nearest neighbour analysis, maximum similarity and average similarity, along with several measures of distance or similarity. Threshold criteria for excluding uncertain or poorly matched isolates from final analysis were also examined for their ability to reduce false positives and increase prediction success. Six independent libraries used in the study were constructed from indicator bacteria isolated from fecal materials of humans, seagulls, cows and dogs. Three of these libraries were constructed using the rep-PCR technique and three relied on antibiotic resistance analysis (ARA). Five of the libraries were constructed using Escherichia coli and one using Enterococcus spp. (ARA). Overall, the outcome of this study suggests a high degree of variability across statistical methods. Despite large differences in correct classification rates among the statistical methods, no single statistical approach emerged as superior. Thresholds failed to consistently increase rates of correct classification and improvement was often associated with substantial effective sample size reduction. Recommendations are provided to aid in selecting appropriate analyses for these types of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J Ritter
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Westminster, CA 92863, USA.
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Abstract
A cross-sectional study of 60 men aged 65-80 was carried out to test the impact of the aging process on sexual hormones (testosterone, FSH, LH, prolactin), sexual activity, and the relations between them. Blood samples for hormone assays were taken between 8-9 A.M. in the primary care clinic at which the participants were registered. Data on sexual activity (coitus), sexual desire (libido), marital status, and age were obtained from the respondents by means of a structured interview. No relationship was found between testosterone (T) or prolactin (PL) and sexual activity. Nevertheless, a statistically significant relationship between FSH and LH versus age, and an inverse relationship between sexual activity and age were found. Hypogonadism (T level less than 3ng/ml) with normal levels of FSH and LH was observed in 11 respondents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sadowsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Soroka Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Salloway S, Southwick S, Sadowsky M. Opiate withdrawal presenting as posttraumatic stress disorder. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1990; 41:666-7. [PMID: 2361672 DOI: 10.1176/ps.41.6.666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Salloway
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
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Abstract
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis is a familial recessive disorder. Patients with the disorder present with tendon xanthomas, juvenile cataracts, dementia, and pyramidal and cerebellar abnormalities but have normal plasma cholesterol. High plasma cholestanol concentrations and abnormal bile acid metabolism are specific for this disease. The authors describe four patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis and prominent psychiatric symptoms. In three of these patients appropriate diagnosis and treatment were delayed for years because the presence of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis was not recognized. Early recognition of this potentially lethal disease is important because both the psychiatric and neurological symptoms respond to treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Berginer
- Department of Neurology, Soroka Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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