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Heutte J, Fenouillet F, Martin-Krumm C, Gute G, Raes A, Gute D, Bachelet R, Csikszentmihalyi M. Corrigendum: Optimal experience in adult learning: Conception and validation of the flow in education scale (EduFlow-2). Front Psychol 2022; 13:894527. [PMID: 36571041 PMCID: PMC9774468 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.894527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.828027.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Heutte
- ULR 4354 - CIREL - Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche en Education de Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France,*Correspondence: Jean Heutte
| | - Fabien Fenouillet
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire en Neurosciences, Physiologie et Psychologie, Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France
| | - Charles Martin-Krumm
- Laboratoire VCR, Equipe d'accueil Religion, Culture et Société, École de Psychologues Praticiens de L'Institut Catholique de Paris, Paris, France,APEMAC UR 4360 Université de Lorraine, Metz, France,Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Brétigny, France
| | - Gary Gute
- UNI-FlowLab, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, United States
| | - Annelies Raes
- ULR 4354 - CIREL - Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche en Education de Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France,KU Leuven, Itec Research Group at Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Deanne Gute
- UNI-FlowLab, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, United States
| | | | - Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
- Quality of Life Research Center, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kukita
- Department of Psychology, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Jeanne Nakamura
- Department of Psychology, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA
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Heutte J, Fenouillet F, Martin-Krumm C, Gute G, Raes A, Gute D, Bachelet R, Csikszentmihalyi M. Optimal Experience in Adult Learning: Conception and Validation of the Flow in Education Scale (EduFlow-2). Front Psychol 2021; 12:828027. [PMID: 35069401 PMCID: PMC8773090 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.828027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
While the formulation of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi's theory of flow, including the experience dimensions, has remained stable since its introduction in 1975, its dedicated measurement tools, research methodologies, and fields of application, have evolved considerably. Among these, education stands out as one of the most active. In recent years, researchers have examined flow in the context of other theoretical constructs such as motivation. The resulting work in the field of education has led to the development of a new model for understanding flow experience in education, specifically dedicated to adult learning. As a result of both a meticulous analysis of existing models and consideration of more recent developments, a new flow scale has thus been developed. The aim of this study is therefore twofold: to validate the new flow measurement scale dedicated to the educational environment, EduFlow-2, and to test a new theoretical model. Students taking a course (N = 6,596), some on-site and others in a MOOC, participated. Several scales were administered online at the end of the participants' course during the 2017 academic year. The factor structure of EduFlow-2 was tested using Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling. Several models were tested. The model with a second-order factor best fit the data. We tested the invariance of the flow scale measure for gender and for the type of training (MOOC/on-site). We were able to show that the flow scale is invariant of the modalities of these two variables. Results revealed good psychometric qualities for the scale, making it suitable for both on-site and distance learning. The analysis also revealed significant relationships with the classic variables of motivation, self-efficacy, learning climate, and life satisfaction. Furthermore, all four dimensions of the model were found to be adequate and consistent with the underlying theoretical arguments. In the end, this new, short flow scale and the theoretical model were demonstrated to be promising for future studies in the field of education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Heutte
- ULR 4354 - CIREL - Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche en Education de Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France,*Correspondence: Jean Heutte
| | - Fabien Fenouillet
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire en Neurosciences, Physiologie et Psychologie, Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France
| | - Charles Martin-Krumm
- Laboratoire VCR, Equipe d'accueil Religion, Culture et Société, École de Psychologues Praticiens de L'Institut Catholique de Paris, Paris, France,APEMAC UR 4360 Université de Lorraine, Metz, France,Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Brétigny, France
| | - Gary Gute
- UNI-FlowLab, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, United States
| | - Annelies Raes
- ULR 4354 - CIREL - Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche en Education de Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France,KU Leuven, Itec Research Group at Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Deanne Gute
- UNI-FlowLab, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, United States
| | | | - Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
- Quality of Life Research Center, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, United States
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Lebuda I, Csikszentmihalyi M. All You Need Is Love: The Importance of Partner and Family Relations to Highly Creative Individuals’ Well‐Being and Success. J Creat Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jocb.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Tse DCK, Nakamura J, Csikszentmihalyi M. Living well by “flowing’ well: The indirect effect of autotelic personality on well-being through flow experience. The Journal of Positive Psychology 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2020.1716055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dwight C. K. Tse
- Quality of Life Research Center, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, USA
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jeanne Nakamura
- Quality of Life Research Center, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, USA
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Chen ZJ, Bechara AO, Worthington EL, Davis EB, Csikszentmihalyi M. Trauma and well-being in colombian disaster contexts: effects of religious coping, forgivingness, and hope. The Journal of Positive Psychology 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2019.1663254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Job Chen
- Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Andrea Ortega Bechara
- Department of Psychology, Universidad del Sinú and el Instituto de Ciencias de la Felicidad Florecer, Montería, Colombia
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lambert
- Department of Psychology, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Lucas
- Department of Psychology, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, USA
| | | | - Jeanne Nakamura
- Department of Psychology, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, USA
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Tse DCK, Nakamura J, Csikszentmihalyi M. Beyond challenge-seeking and skill-building: Toward the lifespan developmental perspective on flow theory. The Journal of Positive Psychology 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2019.1579362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dwight C. K. Tse
- Quality of Life Research Center, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Jeanne Nakamura
- Quality of Life Research Center, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA
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McLean DC, Nakamura J, Csikszentmihalyi M. Reconsidering the experience machine: Self-reported versus objective measures of physical activity to increase positive affect. J Health Psychol 2018; 25:2428-2439. [PMID: 30246550 DOI: 10.1177/1359105318801939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This article tests the utility of self-report and objective assessment of physical activity to predict increased positive affect. Participants wore Fitbit activity trackers and responded to single-item assessments of momentary affect and self-reported physical activity following an experience sampling method protocol. A test of the within-person mediation indicated that, on average, 63 percent of the relationship between objective physical activity and affect was accounted for by self-reported physical activity. This research adds to the body of literature demonstrating the benefits of physical activity and discusses the utility of perceived over actual assessments of physical activity in naturalistic settings.
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Abstract
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi is one of the most eminent psychologists of the modern era. His ideas, such as flow, or the systems model of creativity, have inspired numerous studies, theoretical analyses as well as pedagogic and psychological interventions. Alongside Martin Seligman, he founded positive psychology and continues to work to promote it. In this interview, he shares the stories behind his scientific interests, sources of scientific ideas and the process of promoting the concepts he had written about. He also shares his thoughts about academic work performance.
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Tse D, Nakamura J, Csikszentmihalyi M. THE IMPORTANCE OF SUFFICIENT CHALLENGES TO POSITIVE EMOTIONS AMONG OLDER ADULTS. Innov Aging 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igx004.1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. Tse
- Quality of Life Research Center, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, California
| | - J. Nakamura
- Quality of Life Research Center, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, California
| | - M. Csikszentmihalyi
- Quality of Life Research Center, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, California
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Abstract
Missing values are nearly inescapable within social science research. The problem of missing data is especially troubling in longitudinal and intensive longitudinal studies when participants miss an entire collection cycle compared to item nonresponse. The present study examines some of the contextual influences of missed study participation using unobtrusive measures of experience in conjunction with the experience sampling method (ESM). A sample of 66 participants generated 2,940 observations across a 7-day study, yielding a missing response rate of 34%. Multilevel binary logistic regression was used to estimate the probability of missing the study participation signal based upon study time and physical activity states. Results indicate that the probability of missing collection signals increases throughout the duration of the study and with high levels of physical activity. The strongest predictor of missed participation occurred when participants’ activity monitors were set to “asleep” mode. Implications of these findings and recommendations for future ESM studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick C. McLean
- Division of Behavioral and Organizational Sciences, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Jeanne Nakamura
- Division of Behavioral and Organizational Sciences, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
- Division of Behavioral and Organizational Sciences, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA
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Tse DCK, Fung HH, Nakamura J, Csikszentmihalyi M. Teamwork and flow proneness mitigate the negative effect of excess challenge on flow state. The Journal of Positive Psychology 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2016.1257059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dwight C. K. Tse
- Quality of Life Research Center, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Helene H. Fung
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jeanne Nakamura
- Quality of Life Research Center, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA
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Bonaiuto M, Mao Y, Roberts S, Psalti A, Ariccio S, Ganucci Cancellieri U, Csikszentmihalyi M. Optimal Experience and Personal Growth: Flow and the Consolidation of Place Identity. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1654. [PMID: 27872600 PMCID: PMC5097910 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between flow experience and place identity, based on eudaimonistic identity theory (EIT) which prioritizes self-defining activities as important for an individual’s identification of his/her goals, values, beliefs, and interests corresponding to one’s own identity development or enhancement. This study focuses on place identity, the identity’s features relating to a person’s relation with her/his place. The study is also based on flow theory, according to which some salient features of an activity experience are important for happiness and well-being. Questionnaire surveys on Italian and Greek residents focused on their perceived flow and place identity in relation to their own specific local place experiences. The overall findings revealed that flow experience occurring in one’s own preferred place is widely reported as resulting from a range of self-defining activities, irrespective of gender or age, and it is positively and significantly associated with one’s own place identity. Such findings provide the first quantitative evidence about the link between flow experienced during meaningfully located self-defining activities and identity experienced at the place level, similarly to the corresponding personal and social levels that had been previously already empirically tested. Results are also discussed in terms of their implications for EIT’s understanding and enrichment, especially by its generalization from the traditional, personal identity level up to that of place identity. More generally, this study has implications for maintaining or enhancing one’s own place identity, and therefore people–place relations, by means of facilitating a person’s flow experience within psychologically meaningful places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marino Bonaiuto
- Dipartimento di Psicologia dei Processi di Sviluppo e Socializzazione, Sapienza Università di RomaRoma, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Psicologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di RomaRoma, Italy
| | - Yanhui Mao
- School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu, China
| | - Scott Roberts
- Department of Psychology, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont CA, USA
| | - Anastasia Psalti
- Department of Early Childhood Education, Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Silvia Ariccio
- Dipartimento di Psicologia dei Processi di Sviluppo e Socializzazione, Sapienza Università di Roma Roma, Italy
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Mao Y, Roberts S, Pagliaro S, Csikszentmihalyi M, Bonaiuto M. Optimal Experience and Optimal Identity: A Multinational Study of the Associations Between Flow and Social Identity. Front Psychol 2016; 7:67. [PMID: 26924995 PMCID: PMC4760053 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Eudaimonistic identity theory posits a link between activity and identity, where a self-defining activity promotes the strength of a person’s identity. An activity engaged in with high enjoyment, full involvement, and high concentration can facilitate the subjective experience of flow. In the present paper, we hypothesized in accordance with the theory of psychological selection that beyond the promotion of individual development and complexity at the personal level, the relationship between flow and identity at the social level is also positive through participation in self-defining activities. Three different samples (i.e., American, Chinese, and Spanish) filled in measures for flow and social identity, with reference to four previously self-reported activities, characterized by four different combinations of skills (low vs. high) and challenges (low vs. high). Findings indicated that flow was positively associated with social identity across each of the above samples, regardless of participants’ gender and age. The results have implications for increasing social identity via participation in self-defining group activities that could facilitate flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Mao
- Department of Psychology of Developmental and Socialization Process, Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Scott Roberts
- Department of Psychology, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont CA, USA
| | - Stefano Pagliaro
- Department of Psychology, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli Caserta, Italy
| | | | - Marino Bonaiuto
- Department of Psychology of Developmental and Socialization Process, Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
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Thomson AL, Nakamura J, Siegel JT, Csikszentmihalyi M. Elevation and mentoring: An experimental assessment of causal relations. The Journal of Positive Psychology 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2014.910824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
This research uses a new time sampling method to compare adolescent and adult mood variability. Over 9000 self-reports from 182 people are used to evaluate the widespread theoretical assumption that adolescents experience greater mood variability as part of a syndrome of psychosocial disequilibrium. The findings confirm that adolescents experience wider and quicker mood swings, but do not show that this variability is related to stress, lack of personal control, psychological maladjustment, or social maladjustment within individual teenagers. Rather than representing turmoil, wide mood swings appear to be a natural part of an adolescent peer-oriented life style. However, there are indications that adolescent mood variability interferes with capacity for deep involvement, especially in school.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Larson
- Training Program in Adolescent Clinical Research, Michael Reese Hospital and the University of Chicago, USA
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Abuhamdeh S, Csikszentmihalyi M. The importance of challenge for the enjoyment of intrinsically motivated, goal-directed activities. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2011; 38:317-30. [PMID: 22067510 DOI: 10.1177/0146167211427147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although early interview-based analyses of the enjoyment of intrinsically motivated, goal-directed activities (e.g., chess, rock climbing, art making) suggested the importance of relatively difficult, "optimal" challenges, subsequent findings derived from a wider range of activities have not provided consistent support for this proposition. Two studies were conducted to clarify the relation between challenge and enjoyment. Study 1 focused on a single activity-Internet chess. The importance of challenge was evident at the subjective level (perceived challenge strongly predicted enjoyment) as well as the objective level (games against superior opponents were more enjoyable than games against inferior opponents, and close games were more enjoyable than blowouts). In Study 2, the experience sampling method was used to examine the enjoyment of challenge across a wide range of everyday activities. Activity motivation (intrinsically motivated, non-intrinsically motivated) and activity type (goal directed, non-goal directed) moderated the relation. Implications for theories of intrinsic motivation are discussed.
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Moneta GB, Schneider B, Csikszentmihalyi M. A Longitudinal Study of the Self-Concept and Experiential Components of Self-Worth and Affect Across Adolescence. Applied Developmental Science 2010. [DOI: 10.1207/s1532480xads0503_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Abuhamdeh S, Csikszentmihalyi M. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivational Orientations in the Competitive Context: An Examination of Person-Situation Interactions. J Pers 2009; 77:1615-35. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
The relationship between early family environment and later creative achievement is rather ambiguous. On the one hand, a context of optimal support and stimulation seems necessary. On the other hand, the lives of some of the greatest creative geniuses contradict this notion, being full of early trauma and tragedy. On the basis of longitudinal studies of young artists and talented adolescents, as well as a retrospective study of mature creative individuals, we explore the outcomes of various family environments. It seems that the two extremes of optimal and pathological experience are both represented disproportionately in the backgrounds of creative individuals. However, creative persons whose childhood was more traumatic appear less satisfied with themselves and their work. So, although a difficult childhood might be more conducive to creative achievement, it does not seem to lead to a serene adulthood. Our study of talented teenagers showed that students who came from a 'complex' family environment that provided them with both support and stimulation were more likely to take on new challenges in their area of talent and to enjoy working on and developing their skills. Such students reported feeling happy more often than those from other family types, and were significantly happier when spending time alone or in productive work.
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Shernoff DJ, Csikszentmihalyi M, Shneider B, Shernoff ES. Student engagement in high school classrooms from the perspective of flow theory. School Psychology Quarterly 2003. [DOI: 10.1521/scpq.18.2.158.21860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Csikszentmihalyi M. Obituary: Jacob Warren Getzels (1912-2001). American Psychologist 2002. [DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.57.4.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Nakamura J, Csikszentmihalyi M. Catalytic creativity. The case of Linus Pauling. Am Psychol 2001; 56:337-41. [PMID: 11330232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
This article illustrates how creativity is constituted by forces beyond the innovating individual, drawing examples from the career of the eminent chemist Linus Pauling. From a systems perspective, a scientific theory or other product is creative only if the innovation gains the acceptance of a field of experts and so transforms the culture. In addition to this crucial selective function vis-à-vis the completed work, the social field can play a catalytic role, fostering productive interactions between person and domain throughout a career. Pauling's case yields examples of how variously the social field contributes to creativity, shaping the individual's standards of judgment and providing opportunities, incentives, and critical evaluation. A formidable set of strengths suited Pauling for his scientific achievements, but examination of his career qualifies the notion of a lone genius whose brilliance carries the day.
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Csikszentmihalyi M. Happiness, flow, and economic equality. Am Psychol 2000; 55:1163-4. [PMID: 11080848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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Hunter J, Csikszentmihalyi M. The Phenomenology of Body-Mind: The Contrasting Cases of Flow in Sports and Contemplation. Anthropology of Consciousness 2000. [DOI: 10.1525/ac.2000.11.3-4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
A science of positive subjective experience, positive individual traits, and positive institutions promises to improve quality of life and prevent the pathologies that arise when life is barren and meaningless. The exclusive focus on pathology that has dominated so much of our discipline results in a model of the human being lacking the positive features that make life worth living. Hope, wisdom, creativity, future mindedness, courage, spirituality, responsibility, and perseverance are ignored or explained as transformations of more authentic negative impulses. The 15 articles in this millennial issue of the American Psychologist discuss such issues as what enables happiness, the effects of autonomy and self-regulation, how optimism and hope affect health, what constitutes wisdom, and how talent and creativity come to fruition. The authors outline a framework for a science of positive psychology, point to gaps in our knowledge, and predict that the next century will see a science and profession that will come to understand and build the factors that allow individuals, communities, and societies to flourish.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Seligman
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, 3813 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3604, USA.
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Moneta GB, Csikszentmihalyi M. MODELS OF CONCENTRATION IN NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS: A COMPARATIVE APPROACH BASED ON STREAMS OF EXPERIENTIAL DATA. soc behav pers 1999. [DOI: 10.2224/sbp.1999.27.6.603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates a prediction from flow theory according to which subjective feelings of concentration depend on the balance between perceived challenges posed by a task and one's perceived skills in mastering the task. The goal is to compare three different formalizations
of balance (crossproduct, absolute difference, and quadratic effects of challenges and skills following a rotation of the predictor axes) with respect to how well each model predicts everyday life selfreports of feelings of concentration, which were obtained with the Experience Sampling Method
from 208 talented high school students. Multilevel modeling with first-order autocorrelation structure is used throughout the model comparison. All models fitted reasonably well, accounting for nearly half of the variance. With reference to simple goodness-of-fit criteria, we conclude that
both the rotated and the absolute difference models are to be preferred. Lastly, we discuss and compare the implications of the models for teaching, and outline extensions toward dynamic modeling and external modeling, by relating the subject specific effects of challenges and skills and of
their balance with non-experiential variables such as personality traits and achievement measures.
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Abstract
This article investigates the effects that perceived challenges and skills in activities have on the quality of everyday life experience. Based on flow theory it was predicted that quality of daily experience would depend on the challenge experienced and skill required in specific situations, as well as on the balance between challenge and skill. The Experience Sampling Method (ESM) was used on a sample of 208 talented adolescents to measure daily variations in four dimensions of experience (concentration, wish to do the activity, involvement, and happiness) in four contexts (in school, with relatives, with friends, and in solitude). The four dimensions of experience were regressed on the predictors challenges, skills, and their absolute difference expressing the balance/imbalance of challenges and skills. Hierarchical linear modeling, explained in detail herein, was conducted on a 1-week sample of experiences. Findings confirm the prediction of flow theory that the balance of challenges and skills has a positive and independent effect on the quality of experience. Yet some differences of parameter estimates were found between dimensions of experience and between social contexts. These heterogeneities call for a further improvement of the flow model.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Moneta
- Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
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Csikszentmihalyi M. On Runco's Problem Finding, Problem Solving, and Creativity. Creativity Res J 1996. [DOI: 10.1207/s15326934crj0902&3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Abstract
The present study examined the relationship of personality, experience while studying, and academic performance. One hundred and seventy talented high-school students (68 males, 102 females) completed the Personality Research Form (PRF) and recorded their experience via the Experience Sampling Method (ESM). The results showed that controlling for ability, work orientation, a PRF factor, was a better predictor of grade than experience. However, an experiential variable,intrinsic motivation while studying, was related to the difficulty level of courses students took over the 4 years of high school. The results supported the notion that there are two kinds of motivation in scholastic achievement, one directed toward long-term goals, the other directed toward ongoing experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Wong
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, IL 60637
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