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Mao Y, Luo X, Wang S, Mao Z, Xie M, Bonaiuto M. Flow experience fosters university students' well-being through psychological resilience: A longitudinal design with cross-lagged analysis. Br J Educ Psychol 2024; 94:518-538. [PMID: 38238106 DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing research has linked individuals' flow experience - a positive affective and cognitive state of deep immersion and engagement in daily activities - and their well-being, particularly among university students. A growing number of longitudinal studies have further contributed to this understanding. However, limited attention has been given to exploring the dynamic interplay between these two variables and their underlying mechanisms (i.e., the mediator) of psychological resilience, specifically among university students in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. AIMS To address this research gap, the present study draws on self-determination, flow and broaden-and-build theories. It examines the temporal dynamics and relationships between flow experience and well-being, and the mediating role of psychological resilience among Chinese university students. SAMPLE The study adopts a three-wave longitudinal design with a sample of 474 university students in Southwest China. METHODS Participants' flow experience, well-being and psychological resilience were measured across three time waves. RESULTS The findings of this study reveal that flow experience predicts well-being across the three waves and that psychological resilience mediates this prediction. This empirical evidence emphasizes the significance of both flow experience and psychological resilience in contributing to the well-being of university students over time amid COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS These findings enrich our understanding of the factors contributing to well-being in educational settings and provide highly relevant and timely insights for developing strategies to foster well-being among university students, especially in the transition into the post-pandemic era; findings also offer valuable insights not only for researchers but also for educators and policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Mao
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Psychological Research and Counseling Center, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyi Luo
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Psychological Research and Counseling Center, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shujun Wang
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Psychological Research and Counseling Center, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhuozhu Mao
- Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mei Xie
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marino Bonaiuto
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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2
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Hintze S, Yee JR. Animals in flow - towards the scientific study of intrinsic reward in animals. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 98:792-806. [PMID: 36579815 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The concept of flow, a state of complete absorption in an intrinsically rewarding activity, has played a pivotal role in advancing notions of human well-being beyond minimising suffering towards promoting flourishing and thriving. While flow has played a fundamental role in human positive psychology, it has not yet been explored in non-human animals, leaving an enormous void in our understanding of intrinsic motivation in animals. As ethology and related fields keep progressing in uncovering complex cognitive and affective capacities of non-human animals, we propose the time is ripe to translate the concept of flow to animals. We start by embedding flow in the topic of intrinsic motivation and describe its impact on positive human psychology and potentially positive animal welfare. We then disambiguate flow from related concepts discussed in the animal literature. Next, we derive experimental approaches in animals from the canonical characteristics of flow in humans and provide guidelines for both inducing and assessing flow by focusing on two characteristics that do not necessarily depend on self-report, namely resistance to distraction and time distortion. Not all aspects of the human flow experience are (yet) translatable, but those that are may improve quality of life in captive non-human animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hintze
- Institute of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 38, 1180, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jason R Yee
- Institute of Animal Welfare Science, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
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3
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Heutte J, Fenouillet F, Martin-Krumm C, Gute G, Raes A, Gute D, Bachelet R, Csikszentmihalyi M. Corrigendum: Optimal experience in adult learning: Conception and validation of the flow in education scale (EduFlow-2). Front Psychol 2022; 13:894527. [PMID: 36571041 PMCID: PMC9774468 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.894527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.828027.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Heutte
- ULR 4354 - CIREL - Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche en Education de Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France,*Correspondence: Jean Heutte
| | - Fabien Fenouillet
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire en Neurosciences, Physiologie et Psychologie, Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France
| | - Charles Martin-Krumm
- Laboratoire VCR, Equipe d'accueil Religion, Culture et Société, École de Psychologues Praticiens de L'Institut Catholique de Paris, Paris, France,APEMAC UR 4360 Université de Lorraine, Metz, France,Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Brétigny, France
| | - Gary Gute
- UNI-FlowLab, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, United States
| | - Annelies Raes
- ULR 4354 - CIREL - Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche en Education de Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France,KU Leuven, Itec Research Group at Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Deanne Gute
- UNI-FlowLab, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, United States
| | | | - Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
- Quality of Life Research Center, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, United States
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Xie M, Mao Y, Yang R. Flow experience and city identity in the restorative environment: A conceptual model and nature-based intervention. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1011890. [PMID: 36438280 PMCID: PMC9691857 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1011890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Within environmental psychology, the restorative environment is receiving increasing attention due to its favorable impact on people's mental recovery, stress reduction, and psychophysiological well-being. Flow theory, as one of the foundations of positive psychology, is a popular theoretical framework for understanding human flourishing and well-being. The restorative environment is suggested to facilitate flow experience and city identity from the perspective of positive environmental psychology. Nonetheless, systematic research investigating them all together can hardly be traced. Thus, through a preliminary review of 169 relevant studies retrieved from the data source, this work proposes a novel theoretical model in which people's interactions within the restorative environment facilitate their experience of flow and perceived city identity. Additionally, this research provides conceptual guidance for city workers to engage in nature-based intervention and leisure therapy for improved well-being. Overall, this review endeavors to contribute to developing urban workers' restoration, happiness, and well-being from both practical and theoretical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xie
- School of Foreign Languages, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China,Dipartimento di Psicologia dei Processi di Sviluppo e Socializzazione, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Yanhui Mao
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Psychological Research and Counseling Center, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Psychological Research and Counseling Center, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Rui Yang
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Mao Y, Lai Y, Zhai Y, Xie M, Yu J, Wang Q, Lu S, Ma J, Bonaiuto M. Authentic Leadership and Employee Resilience: A Moderated Mediation Analysis. Front Psychol 2022; 13:901085. [PMID: 35898984 PMCID: PMC9312127 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.901085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Authentic leadership is essential for predicting employee resilience. However, despite fruitful findings, more adapted models of authentic leadership - employee resilience based on empirical findings can serve as a guide to understand the complex mediators and moderators in different industries such as in construction engineering project organizations during the turbulent pandemic. This study, therefore, based on the organizational identification theory and flow theory through the lens of positive organizational psychology, aims to disentangle the authentic leadership-employee resilience association by investigating their underlying mechanism and their boundary condition. To test our hypothetical model, we applied a cross-sectional design with data collected from a large sample of 884 employees from a big enterprise in China. Findings from confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modeling analysis, and Hayes's conditional process model indicated that: authentic leadership positively predicted employee resilience through the partial mediation effect of organizational identification, and such a mediation model was moderated by the experience of flow. In other words, flow moderated the relationships between authentic leadership, organizational identification, and employee resilience. Findings provide evidence for cultivating leaders' authenticity in promoting their subordinates' resilience; findings also highlight the significance of organizational identification in bridging authentic leadership and employee resilience and the essential role of flow experience in supporting the relationships mentioned above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Mao
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Psychological Research and Counseling Center, Institute of Applied Psychology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Lai
- School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxi Zhai
- China Railway Construction Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Xie
- School of Foreign Languages, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junkai Yu
- School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiutong Wang
- School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- School of Economics and Business Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing China
| | - Shaokai Lu
- School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianhong Ma
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Marino Bonaiuto
- Department of Psychology of Developmental and Social Processes, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Caroline Payant, Michael Zuniga. Learners' flow experience during peer revision in a virtual writing course during the global pandemic. System 2022; 105. [ DOI: 10.1016/j.system.2021.102715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The global Covid-19 pandemic that hit educational contexts worldwide transformed our regular educational practices and some tasks such as peer revision, a staple in many additional language (AL) writing courses (Hyland & Hyland, 2019), were put aside. As teachers have become more familiar with many new technologies since the start of the pandemic, there is a need to implement peer revision tasks in virtual spaces and to understand learners' experiences in this process. The aims of the present study were to examine AL learners’ subjective experience through flow theory as they engage in peer revision tasks with two components: an individual peer feedback component with a follow-up shared feedback component. Flow, a positive experiential state characterized by focus and involvement in challenging yet doable tasks, has been associated with enhanced self-confidence and task performance (Csikszentmihalyi, 2008). Participants of French as an AL (n = 18) engaged in two peer revision tasks (PR) which included both an individual (I-PR) and a follow-up sharing component (S-PR). Flow perception questionnaires were completed immediately following each task. Findings provide empirical evidence that despite being physically isolated and having limited experience with online technologies, learners experienced flow, especially during the S-PR component.
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Heutte J, Fenouillet F, Martin-Krumm C, Gute G, Raes A, Gute D, Bachelet R, Csikszentmihalyi M. Optimal Experience in Adult Learning: Conception and Validation of the Flow in Education Scale (EduFlow-2). Front Psychol 2021; 12:828027. [PMID: 35069401 PMCID: PMC8773090 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.828027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
While the formulation of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi's theory of flow, including the experience dimensions, has remained stable since its introduction in 1975, its dedicated measurement tools, research methodologies, and fields of application, have evolved considerably. Among these, education stands out as one of the most active. In recent years, researchers have examined flow in the context of other theoretical constructs such as motivation. The resulting work in the field of education has led to the development of a new model for understanding flow experience in education, specifically dedicated to adult learning. As a result of both a meticulous analysis of existing models and consideration of more recent developments, a new flow scale has thus been developed. The aim of this study is therefore twofold: to validate the new flow measurement scale dedicated to the educational environment, EduFlow-2, and to test a new theoretical model. Students taking a course (N = 6,596), some on-site and others in a MOOC, participated. Several scales were administered online at the end of the participants' course during the 2017 academic year. The factor structure of EduFlow-2 was tested using Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling. Several models were tested. The model with a second-order factor best fit the data. We tested the invariance of the flow scale measure for gender and for the type of training (MOOC/on-site). We were able to show that the flow scale is invariant of the modalities of these two variables. Results revealed good psychometric qualities for the scale, making it suitable for both on-site and distance learning. The analysis also revealed significant relationships with the classic variables of motivation, self-efficacy, learning climate, and life satisfaction. Furthermore, all four dimensions of the model were found to be adequate and consistent with the underlying theoretical arguments. In the end, this new, short flow scale and the theoretical model were demonstrated to be promising for future studies in the field of education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Heutte
- ULR 4354 - CIREL - Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche en Education de Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France,*Correspondence: Jean Heutte
| | - Fabien Fenouillet
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire en Neurosciences, Physiologie et Psychologie, Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France
| | - Charles Martin-Krumm
- Laboratoire VCR, Equipe d'accueil Religion, Culture et Société, École de Psychologues Praticiens de L'Institut Catholique de Paris, Paris, France,APEMAC UR 4360 Université de Lorraine, Metz, France,Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Brétigny, France
| | - Gary Gute
- UNI-FlowLab, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, United States
| | - Annelies Raes
- ULR 4354 - CIREL - Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche en Education de Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France,KU Leuven, Itec Research Group at Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Deanne Gute
- UNI-FlowLab, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, United States
| | | | - Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
- Quality of Life Research Center, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, United States
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Osin EN, Turilina II. Mindfulness meditation experiences of novice practitioners in an online intervention: Trajectories, predictors, and challenges. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2021; 14:101-121. [PMID: 34268871 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The benefits of mindfulness interventions are well-known, but their challenges and individual differences in reactions to these challenges are much less clear. METHODS The study used a mixed-methods design to investigate the individual trajectories of daily experiences during meditation in a sample of novice volunteers participating in a 3-week, distance-based, guided meditation intervention (N = 175). RESULTS Multilevel modelling revealed individual differences in the change trajectories of the experiences of effort, meaning, and boredom during meditation, indicating that meditation gradually became less effortful, less boring, more interesting, and more important over the 3 weeks. The individual differences in the levels of these experiences and their change trends were associated with baseline differences in well-being, reflective processes, self-management, and self-control skills, as well as autonomous motivation to engage in the course. CONCLUSIONS Individuals who are initially more autonomous and mindful find it easier to engage with online mindfulness interventions and draw more benefits from the process, whereas those with lower self-regulation skills or higher proneness to rumination are more likely to experience mindfulness as effortful and boring, and, eventually, to give it up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny N Osin
- International Laboratory of Positive Psychology of Personality and Motivation, HSE University, Moscow, Russia.,LINP2-AAPS Laboratory, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
| | - Irina I Turilina
- International Laboratory of Positive Psychology of Personality and Motivation, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
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Kim MJ, Wang X, Kim I. Editorial: Towards Users' Optimal and Pleasurable Experience in Smart Environments. Front Psychol 2020; 11:583663. [PMID: 33192911 PMCID: PMC7606990 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.583663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jeong Kim
- School of Architecture, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Australasian Joint Research Centre for Building Information Modelling, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Inhan Kim
- Department of Architecture, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
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10
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Wagner L, Holenstein M, Wepf H, Ruch W. Character Strengths Are Related to Students' Achievement, Flow Experiences, and Enjoyment in Teacher-Centered Learning, Individual, and Group Work Beyond Cognitive Ability. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1324. [PMID: 32765332 PMCID: PMC7378955 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While character strengths have been found to predict educational outcomes beyond broad personality traits and cognitive ability, little is known about their differential contribution to success and positive learning experiences in different school settings. In this study, we use trait activation theory to investigate the relationships of students’ character strengths with achievement, flow experiences, and enjoyment in different learning situations (i.e., teacher-centered learning, individual tasks, and group work). In studying these relationships, we controlled for psychometric intelligence. Secondary school students (N = 255; 46.3% male; mean age = 14.5 years) completed a self-report measure of character strengths, the VIA-Youth (Park and Peterson, 2006b). Cognitive ability was assessed using a standardized intelligence test (PSB-R; Horn et al., 2003) at baseline. Three months later, students completed the Flow Short Scale (Rheinberg et al., 2003) adapted to the three learning situations and indicated their typical enjoyment of these situations. Both the students and their teachers (N = 18; 50% male; mean age = 44.8 years) provided ratings on school achievement in each of the three learning situations. Results indicate that, as expected, (a) certain character strengths (love of learning and perseverance) show consistent relationships with achievement and positive learning experiences (flow and enjoyment) above and beyond cognitive ability across all learning situations, whereas (b) other character strengths show differential trait-outcome relationships (e.g., the character strength of teamwork was predictive of achievement and positive learning experiences in group work). Taken together, these results suggest that different character strengths play a role in different school situations and that their contribution to explaining variance in educational outcomes is incremental to the contribution of cognitive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Wagner
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Hannah Wepf
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Willibald Ruch
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Fong AJ, Saxton HR, Kauffeldt KD, Sabiston CM, Tomasone JR. "We're all in the same boat together": exploring quality participation strategies in dragon boat teams for breast cancer survivors. Disabil Rehabil 2020; 43:3078-3089. [PMID: 32126196 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2020.1733676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Dragon boat offers an opportunity to increase physical activity (quantity participation) in breast cancer survivors; however, quality participation experiences have yet to be explored. Quality participation is one's subjective perceptions and experiences. While there is evidence to suggest dragon boat may offer a quality experience, further exploration is needed.Purpose: Guided by a conceptual framework to promote a positive, quality experience in parasport context, the purposes were: (a) to explore strategies that are used to foster elements of quality participation in dragon boat teams for breast cancer survivors and (b) to understand the context in which these strategies are implemented within these teams (i.e., quality participation conditions).Materials and methods: After completing a guiding questionnaire, current and previous leaders on dragon boat teams completed a structured, follow-up telephone interview. Transcripts were thematically analyzed inductively and deductively mapped onto a framework.Results: Leaders fostered quality participation through elements of challenge and mastery and conditions of the social and physical environments. Facilitating strategies included creating friendly competition, using social media to celebrate success, creating mentorship opportunities and being outside, respectively.Conclusions: Future research is encouraged to explore identified strategies for consistency to gain a clearer understanding of quality experiences within dragon boat.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONDragon boat offers opportunities to increase physical activity and participation in breast cancer survivors. These activities have a positive impact on confidence.Based on findings, practical strategies have developed including creating friendly competition between athletes on a voluntary basis to foster perceptions of being appropriately challenge.Leaders can use social media to celebrate athletes' individual successes, which may facilitate increased confidence.Creating formal or informal mentorship opportunities will allow athletes to be seen as role models for both dragon boat and breast cancer survivorship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Fong
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Hailey R Saxton
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Kaitlyn D Kauffeldt
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Catherine M Sabiston
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jennifer R Tomasone
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
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Abstract
Despite the noted potential for team flow to enhance a team's effectiveness, productivity, performance, and capabilities, studies on the construct in the workplace context are scarce. Most research on flow at the group level has been focused on performance in athletics or the arts, and looks at the collective experience. But, the context of work has different parameters, which necessitate a look at individual and team level experiences. In this review, we extend current theories and essay a testable, multilevel model of team flow in the workplace that includes its likely prerequisites, characteristics, and benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Orin C Davis
- b New York Institute of Technology (EMBA).,c Iona College
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Šimleša M, Guegan J, Blanchard E, Tarpin-Bernard F, Buisine S. The Flow Engine Framework: A Cognitive Model of Optimal Human Experience. Eur J Psychol 2018; 14:232-253. [PMID: 29899807 PMCID: PMC5973526 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v14i1.1370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Flow is a well-known concept in the fields of positive and applied psychology. Examination of a large body of flow literature suggests there is a need for a conceptual model rooted in a cognitive approach to explain how this psychological phenomenon works. In this paper, we propose the Flow Engine Framework, a theoretical model explaining dynamic interactions between rearranged flow components and fundamental cognitive processes. Using an IPO framework (Inputs - Processes - Outputs) including a feedback process, we organize flow characteristics into three logically related categories: inputs (requirements for flow), mediating and moderating cognitive processes (attentional and motivational mechanisms) and outputs (subjective and objective outcomes), describing the process of the flow. Comparing flow with an engine, inputs are depicted as flow-fuel, core processes cylinder strokes and outputs as power created to provide motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milija Šimleša
- SBT Group, Paris, France
- LATI, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- LINEACT, CESI, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Stéphanie Buisine
- LATI, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- LINEACT, CESI, Paris, France
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Mao Y, Roberts S, Pagliaro S, Csikszentmihalyi M, Bonaiuto M. Optimal Experience and Optimal Identity: A Multinational Study of the Associations Between Flow and Social Identity. Front Psychol 2016; 7:67. [PMID: 26924995 PMCID: PMC4760053 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Eudaimonistic identity theory posits a link between activity and identity, where a self-defining activity promotes the strength of a person’s identity. An activity engaged in with high enjoyment, full involvement, and high concentration can facilitate the subjective experience of flow. In the present paper, we hypothesized in accordance with the theory of psychological selection that beyond the promotion of individual development and complexity at the personal level, the relationship between flow and identity at the social level is also positive through participation in self-defining activities. Three different samples (i.e., American, Chinese, and Spanish) filled in measures for flow and social identity, with reference to four previously self-reported activities, characterized by four different combinations of skills (low vs. high) and challenges (low vs. high). Findings indicated that flow was positively associated with social identity across each of the above samples, regardless of participants’ gender and age. The results have implications for increasing social identity via participation in self-defining group activities that could facilitate flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Mao
- Department of Psychology of Developmental and Socialization Process, Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Scott Roberts
- Department of Psychology, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont CA, USA
| | - Stefano Pagliaro
- Department of Psychology, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli Caserta, Italy
| | | | - Marino Bonaiuto
- Department of Psychology of Developmental and Socialization Process, Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
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Marin MM, Bhattacharya J. Getting into the musical zone: trait emotional intelligence and amount of practice predict flow in pianists. Front Psychol 2013; 4:853. [PMID: 24319434 PMCID: PMC3837225 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Being “in flow” or “in the zone” is defined as an extremely focused state of consciousness which occurs during intense engagement in an activity. In general, flow has been linked to peak performances (high achievement) and feelings of intense pleasure and happiness. However, empirical research on flow in music performance is scarce, although it may offer novel insights into the question of why musicians engage in musical activities for extensive periods of time. Here, we focused on individual differences in a group of 76 piano performance students and assessed their flow experience in piano performance as well as their trait emotional intelligence. Multiple regression analysis revealed that flow was predicted by the amount of daily practice and trait emotional intelligence. Other background variables (gender, age, duration of piano training and age of first piano training) were not predictive. To predict high achievement in piano performance (i.e., winning a prize in a piano competition), a seven-predictor logistic regression model was fitted to the data, and we found that the odds of winning a prize in a piano competition were predicted by the amount of daily practice and the age at which piano training began. Interestingly, a positive relationship between flow and high achievement was not supported. Further, we explored the role of musical emotions and musical styles in the induction of flow by a self-developed questionnaire. Results suggest that besides individual differences among pianists, specific structural and compositional features of musical pieces and related emotional expressions may facilitate flow experiences. Altogether, these findings highlight the role of emotion in the experience of flow during music performance and call for further experiments addressing emotion in relation to the performer and the music alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela M Marin
- Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
Childbirth educators and doulas express frustration that the vast majority of women choose standard obstetric care for labor and birth, even though the evidence shows that this care increases the likelihood that they will experience unnecessary intervention and morbidity. Women are preparing for childbirth by reading and taking classes, but they are unprepared for this reality. What responsibility do doulas and childbirth educators have in alerting women of the risk?
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Block
- JENNIFER BLOCK is the author of Pushed: The Painful Truth About Childbirth and Modern Maternity Care (Da Capo Press, 2007) and the blog Pushedbirth.com
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