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O’Hare JK, Gonzalez KC, Herrlinger SA, Hirabayashi Y, Hewitt VL, Blockus H, Szoboszlay M, Rolotti SV, Geiller TC, Negrean A, Chelur V, Polleux F, Losonczy A. Compartment-specific tuning of dendritic feature selectivity by intracellular Ca 2+ release. Science 2022; 375:eabm1670. [PMID: 35298275 PMCID: PMC9667905 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm1670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic calcium signaling is central to neural plasticity mechanisms that allow animals to adapt to the environment. Intracellular calcium release (ICR) from the endoplasmic reticulum has long been thought to shape these mechanisms. However, ICR has not been investigated in mammalian neurons in vivo. We combined electroporation of single CA1 pyramidal neurons, simultaneous imaging of dendritic and somatic activity during spatial navigation, optogenetic place field induction, and acute genetic augmentation of ICR cytosolic impact to reveal that ICR supports the establishment of dendritic feature selectivity and shapes integrative properties determining output-level receptive fields. This role for ICR was more prominent in apical than in basal dendrites. Thus, ICR cooperates with circuit-level architecture in vivo to promote the emergence of behaviorally relevant plasticity in a compartment-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin K. O’Hare
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, United States
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, United States
| | - Kevin C. Gonzalez
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, United States
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, United States
| | - Stephanie A. Herrlinger
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, United States
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, United States
| | - Yusuke Hirabayashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Victoria L. Hewitt
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, United States
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, United States
| | - Heike Blockus
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, United States
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, United States
| | - Miklos Szoboszlay
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, United States
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, United States
| | - Sebi V. Rolotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, United States
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, United States
| | - Tristan C. Geiller
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, United States
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, United States
| | - Adrian Negrean
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, United States
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, United States
| | - Vikas Chelur
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, United States
| | - Franck Polleux
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, United States
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, United States
- Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, United States
| | - Attila Losonczy
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, United States
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, United States
- Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, United States
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Rolotti SV, Ahmed MS, Szoboszlay M, Geiller T, Negrean A, Blockus H, Gonzalez KC, Sparks FT, Solis Canales AS, Tuttman AL, Peterka DS, Zemelman BV, Polleux F, Losonczy A. Local feedback inhibition tightly controls rapid formation of hippocampal place fields. Neuron 2022; 110:783-794.e6. [PMID: 34990571 PMCID: PMC8897257 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal place cells underlie spatial navigation and memory. Remarkably, CA1 pyramidal neurons can form new place fields within a single trial by undergoing rapid plasticity. However, local feedback circuits likely restrict the rapid recruitment of individual neurons into ensemble representations. This interaction between circuit dynamics and rapid feature coding remains unexplored. Here, we developed "all-optical" approaches combining novel optogenetic induction of rapidly forming place fields with 2-photon activity imaging during spatial navigation in mice. We find that induction efficacy depends strongly on the density of co-activated neurons. Place fields can be reliably induced in single cells, but induction fails during co-activation of larger subpopulations due to local circuit constraints imposed by recurrent inhibition. Temporary relief of local inhibition permits the simultaneous induction of place fields in larger ensembles. We demonstrate the behavioral implications of these dynamics, showing that our ensemble place field induction protocol can enhance subsequent spatial association learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebi V Rolotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Doctoral Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Mohsin S Ahmed
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Miklos Szoboszlay
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tristan Geiller
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Adrian Negrean
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Heike Blockus
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kevin C Gonzalez
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Doctoral Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Fraser T Sparks
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ana Sofia Solis Canales
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Anna L Tuttman
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Darcy S Peterka
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Boris V Zemelman
- Center for Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Franck Polleux
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Attila Losonczy
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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Dudok B, Szoboszlay M, Paul A, Klein PM, Liao Z, Hwaun E, Szabo GG, Geiller T, Vancura B, Wang BS, McKenzie S, Homidan J, Klaver LMF, English DF, Huang ZJ, Buzsáki G, Losonczy A, Soltesz I. Recruitment and inhibitory action of hippocampal axo-axonic cells during behavior. Neuron 2021; 109:3838-3850.e8. [PMID: 34648750 PMCID: PMC8639676 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The axon initial segment of hippocampal pyramidal cells is a key subcellular compartment for action potential generation, under GABAergic control by the "chandelier" or axo-axonic cells (AACs). Although AACs are the only cellular source of GABA targeting the initial segment, their in vivo activity patterns and influence over pyramidal cell dynamics are not well understood. We achieved cell-type-specific genetic access to AACs in mice and show that AACs in the hippocampal area CA1 are synchronously activated by episodes of locomotion or whisking during rest. Bidirectional intervention experiments in head-restrained mice performing a random foraging task revealed that AACs inhibit CA1 pyramidal cells, indicating that the effect of GABA on the initial segments in the hippocampus is inhibitory in vivo. Finally, optogenetic inhibition of AACs at specific track locations induced remapping of pyramidal cell place fields. These results demonstrate brain-state-specific dynamics of a critical inhibitory controller of cortical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barna Dudok
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Miklos Szoboszlay
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Anirban Paul
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY 11724, USA
| | - Peter M Klein
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zhenrui Liao
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ernie Hwaun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gergely G Szabo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tristan Geiller
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Bert Vancura
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Bor-Shuen Wang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY 11724, USA
| | - Sam McKenzie
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jesslyn Homidan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Daniel F English
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA; School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Z Josh Huang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY 11724, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - György Buzsáki
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Attila Losonczy
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ivan Soltesz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Blockus H, Rolotti SV, Szoboszlay M, Peze-Heidsieck E, Ming T, Schroeder A, Apostolo N, Vennekens KM, Katsamba PS, Bahna F, Mannepalli S, Ahlsen G, Honig B, Shapiro L, de Wit J, Losonczy A, Polleux F. Synaptogenic activity of the axon guidance molecule Robo2 underlies hippocampal circuit function. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109828. [PMID: 34686348 PMCID: PMC8605498 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic connectivity within adult circuits exhibits a remarkable degree of cellular and subcellular specificity. We report that the axon guidance receptor Robo2 plays a role in establishing synaptic specificity in hippocampal CA1. In vivo, Robo2 is present and required postsynaptically in CA1 pyramidal neurons (PNs) for the formation of excitatory (E) but not inhibitory (I) synapses, specifically in proximal but not distal dendritic compartments. In vitro approaches show that the synaptogenic activity of Robo2 involves a trans-synaptic interaction with presynaptic Neurexins, as well as binding to its canonical extracellular ligand Slit. In vivo 2-photon Ca2+ imaging of CA1 PNs during spatial navigation in awake behaving mice shows that preventing Robo2-dependent excitatory synapse formation cell autonomously during development alters place cell properties of adult CA1 PNs. Our results identify a trans-synaptic complex linking the establishment of synaptic specificity to circuit function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Blockus
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Sebi V Rolotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Miklos Szoboszlay
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Eugénie Peze-Heidsieck
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Tiffany Ming
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Anna Schroeder
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nuno Apostolo
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristel M Vennekens
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Phinikoula S Katsamba
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Fabiana Bahna
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Seetha Mannepalli
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Goran Ahlsen
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Barry Honig
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Joris de Wit
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Attila Losonczy
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Franck Polleux
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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Éltes T, Szoboszlay M, Kerti-Szigeti K, Nusser Z. Improved spike inference accuracy by estimating the peak amplitude of unitary [Ca 2+ ] transients in weakly GCaMP6f-expressing hippocampal pyramidal cells. J Physiol 2019; 597:2925-2947. [PMID: 31006863 DOI: 10.1113/jp277681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The amplitude of unitary, single action potential-evoked [Ca2+ ] transients negatively correlates with GCaMP6f expression, but displays large variability among hippocampal pyramidal cells with similarly low expression levels. The summation of fluorescence signals is frequency-dependent, supralinear and also shows remarkable cell-to-cell variability. The main source of spike inference error is variability in the peak amplitude, and not in the decay or supralinearity. We developed two procedures to estimate the peak amplitudes of unitary [Ca2+ ] transients and show that spike inference performed with MLspike using these unitary amplitude estimates in weakly GCaMP6f-expressing cells results in error rates of ∼5%. ABSTRACT Investigating neuronal activity using genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators in behaving animals is hampered by inaccuracies in spike inference from fluorescent tracers. Here we combine two-photon [Ca2+ ] imaging with cell-attached recordings, followed by post hoc determination of the expression level of GCaMP6f, to explore how it affects the amplitude, kinetics and temporal summation of somatic [Ca2+ ] transients in mouse hippocampal pyramidal cells (PCs). The amplitude of unitary [Ca2+ ] transients (evoked by a single action potential) negatively correlates with GCaMP6f expression, but displays large variability even among PCs with similarly low expression levels. The summation of fluorescence signals is frequency-dependent, supralinear and also shows remarkable cell-to-cell variability. We performed experimental data-based simulations and found that spike inference error rates using MLspike depend strongly on unitary peak amplitudes and GCaMP6f expression levels. We provide simple methods for estimating the unitary [Ca2+ ] transients in individual weakly GCaMP6f-expressing PCs, with which we achieve spike inference error rates of ∼5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tímea Éltes
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1083, Hungary.,János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Miklos Szoboszlay
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Katalin Kerti-Szigeti
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Nusser
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
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Abstract
Nanoscale distribution of molecules within small subcellular compartments of neurons critically influences their functional roles. Although, numerous ways of analyzing the spatial arrangement of proteins have been described, a thorough comparison of their effectiveness is missing. Here we present an open source software, GoldExt, with a plethora of measures for quantification of the nanoscale distribution of proteins in subcellular compartments (e.g. synapses) of nerve cells. First, we compared the ability of five different measures to distinguish artificial uniform and clustered patterns from random point patterns. Then, the performance of a set of clustering algorithms was evaluated on simulated datasets with predefined number of clusters. Finally, we applied the best performing methods to experimental data, and analyzed the nanoscale distribution of different pre- and postsynaptic proteins, revealing random, uniform and clustered sub-synaptic distribution patterns. Our results reveal that application of a single measure is sufficient to distinguish between different distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklos Szoboszlay
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tekla Kirizs
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Nusser
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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Szoboszlay M, Lőrincz A, Lanore F, Vervaeke K, Silver RA, Nusser Z. Functional Properties of Dendritic Gap Junctions in Cerebellar Golgi Cells. Neuron 2016; 90:1043-56. [PMID: 27133465 PMCID: PMC4893164 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The strength and variability of electrical synaptic connections between GABAergic interneurons are key determinants of spike synchrony within neuronal networks. However, little is known about how electrical coupling strength is determined due to the inaccessibility of gap junctions on the dendritic tree. We investigated the properties of gap junctions in cerebellar interneurons by combining paired somato-somatic and somato-dendritic recordings, anatomical reconstructions, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and modeling. By fitting detailed compartmental models of Golgi cells to their somato-dendritic voltage responses, we determined their passive electrical properties and the mean gap junction conductance (0.9 nS). Connexin36 immunofluorescence and freeze-fracture replica immunogold labeling revealed a large variability in gap junction size and that only 18% of the 340 channels are open in each plaque. Our results establish that the number of gap junctions per connection is the main determinant of both the strength and variability in electrical coupling between Golgi cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklos Szoboszlay
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1083, Hungary; János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1085, Hungary
| | - Andrea Lőrincz
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Frederic Lanore
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Koen Vervaeke
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - R Angus Silver
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Zoltan Nusser
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1083, Hungary.
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