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Bakke FK, Monte MM, Stead DA, Causey DR, Douglas A, Macqueen DJ, Dooley H. Plasma Proteome Responses in Salmonid Fish Following Immunization. Front Immunol 2020; 11:581070. [PMID: 33133099 PMCID: PMC7579410 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.581070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination plays a critical role in the protection of humans and other animals from infectious diseases. However, the same vaccine often confers different protection levels among individuals due to variation in genetics and/or immunological histories. While this represents a well-recognized issue in humans, it has received little attention in fish. Here we address this knowledge gap in a proteomic study of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum), using non-lethal repeated blood sampling to establish the plasma protein response of individual fish following immunization. Six trout were immunized with adjuvanted hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) and peripheral blood sampled at ten time points from day 0 to day 84 post-injection. We confirm that an antigen-specific antibody response to HEL was raised, showing differences in timing and magnitude among individuals. Using label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we quantified the abundance of 278 plasma proteins across the timecourse. As part of the analysis, we show that this approach can distinguish many (but not all) duplicated plasma proteins encoded by paralogous genes retained from the salmonid-specific whole genome duplication event. Global variation in the plasma proteome was predominantly explained by individual differences among fish. However, sampling day explained a major component of variation in abundance for a statistically defined subset of 41 proteins, representing 15% of those detected. These proteins clustered into five groups showing distinct temporal responses to HEL immunization at the population level, and include classical immune (e.g. complement system members) and acute phase molecules (e.g. apolipoproteins, haptoglobins), several enzymes and other proteins supporting the immune response, in addition to evolutionarily conserved molecules that are as yet uncharacterized. Overall, this study improves our understanding of the fish plasma proteome, provides valuable marker proteins for different phases of the immune response, and has implications for vaccine development and the design of immune challenge experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona K Bakke
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Milena M Monte
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - David A Stead
- Aberdeen Proteomics, The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Dwight R Causey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Douglas
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Macqueen
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Dooley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Fourrier MCS, Monte MM, Munro ES. Sexual maturation in Atlantic salmon induces a constitutive Mx protein production and influences the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus carrier-status. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 62:217-220. [PMID: 28119145 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to demonstrate for the first time that sexual maturation induces a constitutive increase in Mx gene expression and protein production in Atlantic salmon. This could explain the reduction in IPNV prevalence previously observed in broodfish at the time of ova/milt stripping. For this purpose, Mx transcript and protein levels were analysed in different tissues/samples and compared between mature broodfish (female and male) and immature parr.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C S Fourrier
- Marine Scotland Science, Aquaculture and Fish Health Programme, Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK
| | - M M Monte
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - E S Munro
- Marine Scotland Science, Aquaculture and Fish Health Programme, Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK.
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M Monte M, Urquhart K, Secombes CJ, Collet B. Individual monitoring of immune responses in rainbow trout after cohabitation and intraperitoneal injection challenge with Yersinia ruckeri. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2016; 55:469-478. [PMID: 27245868 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Yersinia ruckeri, the causative agent of enteric red mouth disease (ERM), is a widely studied pathogen in disease models using rainbow trout. This infection model, mostly based on intraperitoneally injection or bath immersion challenges, has an impact on both components (innate and adaptive) of the fish immune system. Although there has been much attention in studying its host-pathogen interactions, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding the impact of a cohabitation challenge. To tackle this we used a newly established non-lethal sampling method (by withdrawing a small amount of blood) in rainbow trout which allowed the individual immune monitoring before (non-infected) and after infection with Yersinia ruckeri either by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection or by cohabitation (cohab). A range of key immune genes were monitored during the infection by real-time PCR, and results were compared between the two infection routes. Results indicated that inflammatory (IL-1β1 and IL-8) cytokines and certain antimicrobial peptides (cathelicidins) revealed a different pattern of expression between the two infected groups (i.p. vs cohab), in comparison to adaptive immune cytokines (IL-22, IFN-γ and IL-4/13A) and β-defensins. This suggests a different involvement of distinct immune markers according to the infection model, and the importance of using a cohabitation challenge as a more natural disease model that likely simulates what would occur in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena M Monte
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
| | - Katy Urquhart
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Bertrand Collet
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK.
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Johansson P, Wang T, Collet B, Corripio-Miyar Y, Monte MM, Secombes CJ, Zou J. Identification and expression modulation of a C-type lectin domain family 4 homologue that is highly expressed in monocytes/macrophages in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Dev Comp Immunol 2016; 54:55-65. [PMID: 26279216 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The C-type lectin domain containing (CLEC) receptors including CD209 are expressed in vivo by monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells and by in vitro generated monocyte-derived cells. This paper reports the cloning and sequencing of a lectin molecule, CLEC4T1, in rainbow trout that is a homologue of the CLEC4 family. The expression pattern of the CLEC4T1 was investigated in vivo after infection with a bacterial pathogen and in cultured macrophages after modulation with microbial mimics. Trout CLEC4T1 was highly expressed in spleen and head kidney following infection with Yersinia ruckeri. Expression could also be induced in macrophage cultures by LPS but not by Poly I:C, and suggests that the regulation of CLEC4T1 expression in trout varies according to the nature of the stimulant. A polyclonal CLEC4T1 antibody was generated and validated by Western blotting for use in evaluation of CLEC4T1(+) cells by flow cytometry analysis. Freshly isolated adherent trout head kidney cultures, potentially containing macrophages and dendritic cell precursors, showed an increase of CLEC4T1(+) cells (assessed by flow cytometry) upon stimulation with recombinant interleukin-4/13A. The results suggest that CLEC4T1 is a useful marker for further characterisation of monocyte derived antigen presenting cells in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petronella Johansson
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre (SFIRC), School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK; Marine Scotland - Science, Marine Laboratory, Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, Scotland, UK
| | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre (SFIRC), School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Bertrand Collet
- Marine Scotland - Science, Marine Laboratory, Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, Scotland, UK
| | - Yolanda Corripio-Miyar
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre (SFIRC), School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Milena M Monte
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre (SFIRC), School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre (SFIRC), School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK.
| | - Jun Zou
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre (SFIRC), School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
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Monte MM, Wang T, Collet B, Zou J, Secombes CJ. Molecular characterisation of four class 2 cytokine receptor family members in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Dev Comp Immunol 2015; 48:43-54. [PMID: 25195068 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-10 cytokine family includes IL-10, IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, IL-26 and the lambda/type III interferons. They are highly pleiotropic and mediate a variety of activities, including immune suppression and antibacterial immunity. To exert their functions they signal through a heterodimeric receptor composed of a subunit with a long intracellular domain (R1 type receptors; IL-10R1, IL-20R1 or IL-22R1) and a subunit with a short intracellular domain (R2 type receptors; IL-10R2 or IL-20R2). In this study we report the identification of three R1 type receptors (named IL-10R1/CRFB7, IL-20R1a/CRFB8a and IL-20R1b/CRFB8b) and one R2 type receptor (named IL-10R2/CRFB4) in rainbow trout. The nomenclature of the receptors was supported by homology analysis, conserved motifs and phylogenetic tree analysis, confirming they belong to the piscine class 2 cytokine receptor family. For instance, they all displayed the presence of characteristic features, such as conserved fibronectin type-III domains. Expression analysis in tissues collected from healthy fish revealed different patterns of expression for each receptor, suggesting their potential involvement in different types of immune responses. When studying the modulation of the genes in cell lines and primary cultures, a greater effect was observed in the cell lines, where the expression of most receptors was affected by incubation with microbial mimics (LPS and PolyI:C) or the pro-inflammatory cytokine rIFN-γ. In addition, expression of the four receptors was modulated by viral infection, suggesting a potential involvement of such receptors and their ligands in antiviral defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena M Monte
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK.
| | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Bertrand Collet
- Marine Scotland Science, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, Scotland, UK
| | - Jun Zou
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Chris J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
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Xu Q, Li R, Monte MM, Jiang Y, Nie P, Holland JW, Secombes CJ, Wang T. Sequence and expression analysis of rainbow trout CXCR2, CXCR3a and CXCR3b aids interpretation of lineage-specific conversion, loss and expansion of these receptors during vertebrate evolution. Dev Comp Immunol 2014; 45:201-213. [PMID: 24613851 PMCID: PMC4052464 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine receptors CXCR1-3 bind to 11 chemokines (CXCL1-11) that are clustered on the same chromosome in mammals but are largely missing in ray-finned fish. A second CXCR1/2, and a CXCR3a and CXCR3b gene have been cloned in rainbow trout. Analysis of CXCR1-R3 genes in lobe-finned fish, ray-finned fish and tetrapod genomes revealed that the teleostomian ancestor likely possessed loci containing both CXCR1 and CXCR2, and CXCR3a and CXCR3b. Based on this synteny analysis the first trout CXCR1/2 gene was renamed CXCR1, and the new gene CXCR2. The CXCR1/R2 locus was shown to have further expanded in ray-finned fish. In relation to CXCR3, mammals appear to have lost CXCR3b and birds both CXCR3a and CXCR3b during evolution. Trout CXCR1-R3 have distinct tissue expression patterns and are differentially modulated by PAMPs, proinflammatory cytokines and infections. They are highly expressed in macrophages and neutrophils, with CXCR1 and CXCR2 also expressed in B-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqing Xu
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK; School of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province 434020, China
| | - Ronggai Li
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Milena M Monte
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Yousheng Jiang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK; College of Fishery and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Jason W Holland
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Chris J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
| | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
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Wang T, Kono T, Monte MM, Kuse H, Costa MM, Korenaga H, Maehr T, Husain M, Sakai M, Secombes CJ. Identification of IL-34 in teleost fish: Differential expression of rainbow trout IL-34, MCSF1 and MCSF2, ligands of the MCSF receptor. Mol Immunol 2013; 53:398-409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Monte MM, Wang T, Costa MM, Harun NO, Secombes CJ. Cloning and expression analysis of two ROR-γ homologues (ROR-γa1 and ROR-γa2) in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2012; 33:365-374. [PMID: 22634748 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the cloning and characterisation of two retinoid-related orphan receptor (ROR)-γ homologues (ROR-γa1 and -γa2) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The coding region predicted for both homologues consists of 1410 base pairs (bp), which translate into two 469 amino acid (aa) proteins. The trout ROR-γs revealed a high conservation of both DNA- and ligand-binding domains (functional regions of the nuclear receptor family), and shared a high homology to mammalian ROR-γt. A phylogenetic tree containing ROR family members confirmed that both trout homologues clustered within the ROR-γ group. Both results suggested that these molecules are likely to be ROR-γ homologues, more similar to the mammalian splice variant ROR-γt than the full length ROR-γ. Expression analysis of tissues obtained from healthy fish revealed highest constitutive expression of trout ROR-γ in muscle, followed by the brain, heart and skin. This suggests that these genes may play an important role in such tissues. In vitro studies, using trout cell lines, demonstrated that ROR-γ is induced significantly by LPS and down-regulated by the presence of PolyI:C and recombinant interferon (IFN)-γ. Moreover, analysis of this gene in head kidney macrophages and mixed primary leucocyte cultures indicated that differences were apparent between the different cell types/sources used, indicating that its expression may be cell-type dependent. Additional studies to investigate the regulation of this gene in vivo demonstrated that its expression was significantly higher in vaccinated vs unvaccinated fish following bacterial (Yersinia ruckeri) challenge but it was down-regulated after a viral (VHSV) infection. This suggests a potential role of trout ROR-γ, a putative T(H)17 transcription factor, in protection against extracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena M Monte
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
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Costa MM, Wang T, Monte MM, Secombes CJ. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of the putative interleukin 6 receptor (IL-6Rα and glycoprotein-130) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Salmonid IL-6Rα possesses a polymorphic N-terminal Ig domain with variable numbers of two repeats. Immunogenetics 2011; 64:229-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-011-0581-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Monte MM, Zou J, Wang T, Carrington A, Secombes CJ. Cloning, expression analysis and bioactivity studies of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) interleukin-22. Cytokine 2011; 55:62-73. [PMID: 21514178 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the cloning and characterisation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) interleukin (IL)-22, and presents studies of the functional activity of its recombinant protein for the first time in a non-mammalian species. The predicted IL-22 coding region consists of 522 nucleotides which translates into a 173 amino acid protein, that contains an IL-10 family signature which is reasonably well conserved with other vertebrate IL-22 molecules. Expression analysis in tissues from healthy fish revealed a higher constitutive expression of IL-22 in mucosal tissues, suggesting a potentially important role in mucosal immunity. In vitro studies demonstrated that IL-22 expression was induced significantly by PHA and PMA in splenocyte primary cultures 4h post-stimulation. Expression was also induced in the spleen upon infection of fish with the Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia ruckeri, suggesting a potential role of IL-22 in vivo in defence against bacterial diseases. The Escherichia coli produced recombinant IL-22 enhanced the expression of a number of antimicrobial peptides, promoting host innate immunity against microbes and revealing a biological similarity with its mammalian counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena M Monte
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK.
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Wang T, Monte MM, Huang W, Boudinot P, Martin SA, Secombes CJ. Identification of two FoxP3 genes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with differential induction patterns. Mol Immunol 2010; 47:2563-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Garcia J, Munro ES, Monte MM, Fourrier MCS, Whitelaw J, Smail DA, Ellis AE. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) serum vitellogenin neutralises infectivity of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2010; 29:293-297. [PMID: 20420921 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Vitellogenin is a phosphoglycoprotein which represents the main precursor of the egg yolk in teleost fish. This reproductive protein was also demonstrated to play an important role in innate immunity by acting as a pattern recognition molecule capable of binding to bacteria, fungi and enhancing macrophage phagocytosis. The presented results demonstrate that, egg homogenate, ovarian fluid and serum of mature female Atlantic salmon have high neutralising ability for infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). Vitellogenin from mature female Atlantic salmon serum, purified by immuno-affinity on a column matrix coated with monoclonal anti-Atlantic salmon vitellogenin antibody, was able to neutralise between 9.1 x 10(4) and 3.09 x 10(5) TCID(50) IPNV mg(-1) of protein. To the author's knowledge, this is the first time that the neutralising activity of vitellogenin on a teleost virus has been demonstrated. The results may explain why IPNV is difficult to detect by culture methods in ovarian fluid and egg homogenates from carrier mature females and suggest a possible means of vertical transmission via the egg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Garcia
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain
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