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Pietiläinen L, Hästbacka J, Bendel S, Bäcklund M, Reinikainen M. Physicians' perceptions of intensive care patients' 1-year prognoses compared to realistic prognoses. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2024; 68:655-663. [PMID: 38438302 DOI: 10.1111/aas.14400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unknown whether physicians treating critically ill patients have realistic perceptions of their patients' prognoses. METHODS We sent a survey by email to Finnish anesthesiologists to investigate their ability to estimate the probability of 1-year survival of intensive care unit (ICU) patients based on data available at the beginning of intensive care. We presented 12 fictional but real-life-based patient cases and asked the respondent to estimate the probability of 1-year survival in each case by choosing one of the alternatives 5%, 10%-90% in 10% intervals and 95%. We compared the physicians' estimates to registry data-based realistic prognoses of comparable patients treated in the ICU. Based on the difference between the estimate and the realistic prognosis, we categorized the estimates into three groups: (1) difference less than 10 percentage points, (2) difference between 10 and 20 percentage points, and (3) difference over 20 percentage points. RESULTS We received 210 responses (totally 2520 estimates). Of the respondents, 43 (20.5%) were specialists working mainly in the ICU, 81 (38.6%) were specialists working occasionally in the ICU, 47 (22.4%) were specialists not working in the ICU, and 39 (18.6%) were doctors in training. The difference between the estimate and the realistic prognosis was less than 10 percentage points for 1083 (43.0%) estimates, between 10 and 20 percentage points for 645 (25.6%) estimates, and over 20 percentage points for 792 (31.4%) estimates, out of which 612 (24.3% of all estimates) underestimated and 180 (7.1%) overestimated the likelihood of survival. The median error (the median of the differences between the estimate and the realistic prognosis) for all estimates was -8.8 [interquartile range (IQR), -20.0 to -0.2], which means that the most typical response underestimated the likelihood of survival by 9 percentage points. Based on the 12 estimates, we calculated the median error for each respondent. The median (IQR) of these median errors was -8.6 (-12.6 to -5.0) for specialists working mainly in the ICU, -8.1 (-13.0 to -5.2) for specialists working occasionally in the ICU, -9.7 (-17.7 to -6.3) for specialists not working in the ICU, and -9.1 (-14.5 to -5.1) for doctors in training (p = .29). CONCLUSION Finnish anesthesiologists commonly misestimate the long-term prognoses of ICU patients, more often underestimating than overestimating the likelihood of 1-year survival. More education about critically ill patients' prognoses and better prediction tools are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pietiläinen
- University of Eastern Finland and Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna Hästbacka
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Stepani Bendel
- University of Eastern Finland and Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Minna Bäcklund
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Reinikainen
- University of Eastern Finland and Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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Nissilä E, Hynninen M, Jalkanen V, Kuitunen A, Bäcklund M, Inkinen O, Hästbacka J. The effectiveness of a brief intervention for intensive care unit patients with hazardous alcohol use: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care 2024; 28:145. [PMID: 38689346 PMCID: PMC11061909 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-024-04925-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screening for hazardous alcohol use and performing brief interventions (BIs) are recommended to reduce alcohol-related negative health consequences. We aimed to compare the effectiveness (defined as an at least 10% absolute difference) of BI with usual care in reducing alcohol intake in intensive care unit survivors with history of hazardous alcohol use. METHODS We used Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) score to assess history of alcohol use. PATIENTS Emergency admitted adult ICU patients in three Finnish university hospitals, with an AUDIT-C score > 5 (women), or > 6 (men). We randomized consenting eligible patients to receive a BI or treatment as usual (TAU). INTERVENTION BI was delivered by the time of ICU discharge or shortly thereafter in the hospital ward. CONTROLS Control patients received TAU. OUTCOME The primary outcome was self-reported alcohol consumption during the preceding week 6 and 12 months after randomization. Secondary outcomes were the change in AUDIT-C scores from baseline to 6 and 12 months, health-related quality of life, and mortality. The trial was terminated early due to slow recruitment during the pandemic. RESULTS We randomized 234 patients to receive BI (N = 117) or TAU (N = 117). At 6 months, the median alcohol intake in the BI and TAU groups were 6.5 g (interquartile range [IQR] 0-141) and 0 g (0-72), respectively (p = 0.544). At 12 months, it was 24 g (0-146) and 0 g (0-96) in the BI and TAU groups, respectively (p = 0.157). Median change in AUDIT-C from baseline to 6 months was - 1 (- 4 to 0) and 2 (- 6 to 0), (p = 0.144) in the BI and TAU groups, and to 12 months - 3 (- 5 to - 1) and - 4 (- 7 to - 1), respectively (p = 0.187). In total, 4% (n = 5) of patients in the BI group and 11% (n = 13) of patients in the TAU group were abstinent at 6 months, and 10% (n = 12) and 15% (n = 17), respectively, at 12 months. No between-groups difference in mortality emerged. CONCLUSION As underpowered, our study cannot reject or confirm the hypothesis that a single BI early after critical illness is effective in reducing the amount of alcohol consumed compared to TAU. However, a considerable number in both groups reduced their alcohol consumption. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03047577).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliisa Nissilä
- Department of Perioperative and Intensive Care Medicine, Intensive Care Units, Helsinki University Hospital and Helsinki University, Haartmaninkatu 2, PL 340, 00029, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Marja Hynninen
- Department of Perioperative and Intensive Care Medicine, Intensive Care Units, Helsinki University Hospital and Helsinki University, Haartmaninkatu 2, PL 340, 00029, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville Jalkanen
- Department of Intensive Care, Tampere University Hospital, Wellbeing District of Pirkanmaa and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anne Kuitunen
- Department of Intensive Care, Tampere University Hospital, Wellbeing District of Pirkanmaa and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Minna Bäcklund
- Department of Perioperative and Intensive Care Medicine, Intensive Care Units, Helsinki University Hospital and Helsinki University, Haartmaninkatu 2, PL 340, 00029, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Inkinen
- Perioperative Services, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Wellbeing District of Southwest Finland and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Hästbacka
- Department of Perioperative and Intensive Care Medicine, Intensive Care Units, Helsinki University Hospital and Helsinki University, Haartmaninkatu 2, PL 340, 00029, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Intensive Care, Tampere University Hospital, Wellbeing District of Pirkanmaa and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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Pietiläinen L, Hästbacka J, Bäcklund M, Selander T, Reinikainen M. A novel score for predicting 1-year mortality of intensive care patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2024; 68:195-205. [PMID: 37771172 DOI: 10.1111/aas.14336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to develop a simple scoring table for predicting probability of death within 1-year after admission to an intensive care unit. We analysed data on emergency admissions from the nationwide Finnish intensive care quality registry. METHODS We included first admissions of adult patients with data available on 1-year vital status (dead or alive) and all five variables included in a premorbid functional status score, which is the number of activities the person can manage independently of the following five: get out of bed, move indoors, dress, climb stairs and walk 400 m. We analysed data on patient characteristics and admission-associated factors from 2012 to 2014 to find predictors of 1-year mortality and to develop a score for predicting probability of death. We tested the performance of this score in data from 2015. We assessed the 1-year functional status score of survivors with data available. RESULTS Out of 25,261 patients, 20,628 (81.7%) patients were able to perform all five functional activities independently prior to the intensive care unit admission. At 1-year post admission, 19,625 (77.7%) patients were alive. 1-year functional status score was known for 11,011 patients and 8970 (81.5%) patients achieved functional status score 5, managing all five activities independently. The score based on age, sex, preceding functional status, type of intensive care unit admission, severity of acute illness and the most significant diagnoses predicted 1-year mortality with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.78 (95% CI, 0.76-0.79). The calibration of our prediction model was good, with calibration intercept -0.01 (-0.07 to 0.05) and calibration slope 0.96 (0.90 to 1.02). CONCLUSION Our score based on data available at intensive care unit admission predicted 1-year mortality with fairly good discrimination. Most survivors achieved good functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pietiläinen
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna Hästbacka
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Tampere University Hospital, and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Minna Bäcklund
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomas Selander
- Science Service Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Matti Reinikainen
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Eastwood G, Nichol AD, Hodgson C, Parke RL, McGuinness S, Nielsen N, Bernard S, Skrifvars MB, Stub D, Taccone FS, Archer J, Kutsogiannis D, Dankiewicz J, Lilja G, Cronberg T, Kirkegaard H, Capellier G, Landoni G, Horn J, Olasveengen T, Arabi Y, Chia YW, Markota A, Hænggi M, Wise MP, Grejs AM, Christensen S, Munk-Andersen H, Granfeldt A, Andersen GØ, Qvigstad E, Flaa A, Thomas M, Sweet K, Bewley J, Bäcklund M, Tiainen M, Iten M, Levis A, Peck L, Walsham J, Deane A, Ghosh A, Annoni F, Chen Y, Knight D, Lesona E, Tlayjeh H, Svenšek F, McGuigan PJ, Cole J, Pogson D, Hilty MP, Düring JP, Bailey MJ, Paul E, Ady B, Ainscough K, Hunt A, Monahan S, Trapani T, Fahey C, Bellomo R. Mild Hypercapnia or Normocapnia after Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. N Engl J Med 2023. [PMID: 37318140 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2214552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guidelines recommend normocapnia for adults with coma who are resuscitated after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. However, mild hypercapnia increases cerebral blood flow and may improve neurologic outcomes. METHODS We randomly assigned adults with coma who had been resuscitated after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of presumed cardiac or unknown cause and admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) in a 1:1 ratio to either 24 hours of mild hypercapnia (target partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide [Paco2], 50 to 55 mm Hg) or normocapnia (target Paco2, 35 to 45 mm Hg). The primary outcome was a favorable neurologic outcome, defined as a score of 5 (indicating lower moderate disability) or higher, as assessed with the use of the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (range, 1 [death] to 8, with higher scores indicating better neurologic outcome) at 6 months. Secondary outcomes included death within 6 months. RESULTS A total of 1700 patients from 63 ICUs in 17 countries were recruited, with 847 patients assigned to targeted mild hypercapnia and 853 to targeted normocapnia. A favorable neurologic outcome at 6 months occurred in 332 of 764 patients (43.5%) in the mild hypercapnia group and in 350 of 784 (44.6%) in the normocapnia group (relative risk, 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.87 to 1.11; P = 0.76). Death within 6 months after randomization occurred in 393 of 816 patients (48.2%) in the mild hypercapnia group and in 382 of 832 (45.9%) in the normocapnia group (relative risk, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.94 to 1.16). The incidence of adverse events did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSIONS In patients with coma who were resuscitated after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, targeted mild hypercapnia did not lead to better neurologic outcomes at 6 months than targeted normocapnia. (Funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and others; TAME ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03114033.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Eastwood
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Alistair D Nichol
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Carol Hodgson
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Rachael L Parke
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Shay McGuinness
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Niklas Nielsen
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Bernard
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Markus B Skrifvars
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Dion Stub
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Fabio S Taccone
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - John Archer
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Demetrios Kutsogiannis
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Josef Dankiewicz
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Gisela Lilja
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Cronberg
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Hans Kirkegaard
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Gilles Capellier
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Landoni
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Janneke Horn
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Theresa Olasveengen
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Yaseen Arabi
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Yew Woon Chia
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Andrej Markota
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Hænggi
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Matt P Wise
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Anders M Grejs
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Steffen Christensen
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Heidi Munk-Andersen
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Asger Granfeldt
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Geir Ø Andersen
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Eirik Qvigstad
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Arnljot Flaa
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Thomas
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Katie Sweet
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Bewley
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Minna Bäcklund
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Marjaana Tiainen
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Manuela Iten
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Anja Levis
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Leah Peck
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - James Walsham
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Adam Deane
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Angajendra Ghosh
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Filippo Annoni
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Yan Chen
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - David Knight
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Eden Lesona
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Haytham Tlayjeh
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Franc Svenšek
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Peter J McGuigan
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Jade Cole
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - David Pogson
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Matthias P Hilty
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Joachim P Düring
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Bailey
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Eldho Paul
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Bridget Ady
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Kate Ainscough
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Anna Hunt
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Sinéad Monahan
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Tony Trapani
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Ciara Fahey
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Rinaldo Bellomo
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (G.E., L.P., R.B.) and Neurology (J.A.), Austin Hospital, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (G.E., A.D.N., C.H., S.M., G.C., M.J.B., E.P., B.A., T.T., R.B.), the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (S.B., D.S.), the Departments of Intensive Care (C.H., S.B., T.T.) and Cardiology (D.S.), Alfred Hospital, the Division of Critical Care (C.H., R.B.) and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.) and Critical Care (A.D.), University of Melbourne, the Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital (A.D., R.B.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Northern Hospital (A.G.), Melbourne, VIC, the Division of Critical Care, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (C.H.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane (J.W.) - all in Australia; the Clinical Research Centre at St. Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N., K.A., S.M., C.F.); the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit (R.L.P., S.M.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (Y.W.C.), Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, Intensive Care Research (A.H.), Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (R.L.P., S.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital (E.L.), Wellington, and the Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury (D.K.) - all in New Zealand; the Sections of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (N.N., J.D.), Cardiology (J.D.), and Neurology (G. Lilja, T.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg (N.N.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo (J.P.D.) - all in Sweden; the Departments of Emergency Care and Services (M.B.S.) and Intensive Care (M.B.), Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, and the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital (M. Tiainen) - all in Helsinki; the Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Université Libre de Bruxelles (F.S.T.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital (F.A.) - both in Brussels; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (D.K.); the Emergency Department and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University (H.K.), the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (A.M.G., S.C., H.M.-A.) and Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (A.G.), Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University (A.M.G.) - all in Aarhus, Denmark; Reanimation Medicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Franche-Comte, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France (G.C.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and the School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G. Landoni); the Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam (J.H.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (T.O.), and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål (G.Ø.A., E.Q., A.F.) - both in Oslo; the Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University Hospital for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A., H.T.); the Cardiology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, the School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - all in Singapore (Y.W.C.); the Department of Internal Intensive Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia (A.M., F.S.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (M.H.), and the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.) and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (A.L.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, and the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich (M.P.H.) - all in Switzerland; and the Department of Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol (M. Thomas, K.S., J.B.), the Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital (P.J.M.), and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (P.J.M.), Belfast, and the Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth (D.P.) - all in the United Kingdom
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Inkinen N, Pettilä V, Valkonen M, Serlo M, Bäcklund M, Hästbacka J, Pulkkinen A, Selander T, Vaara ST. Non-interventional follow-up versus fluid bolus in RESPONSE to oliguria in hemodynamically stable critically ill patients: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Crit Care 2022; 26:401. [PMID: 36550559 PMCID: PMC9773608 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-022-04283-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluid bolus therapy is a common intervention to improve urine output. Data concerning the effect of a fluid bolus on oliguria originate mainly from observational studies and remain controversial regarding the actual benefit of such therapy. We compared the effect of a follow-up approach without fluid bolus to a 500 mL fluid bolus on urine output in hemodynamically stable critically ill patients with oliguria at least for 2 h (urine output < 0.5 mL/kg/h) in randomized setting. METHODS We randomized 130 patients in 1:1 fashion to receive either (1) non-interventional follow-up (FU) for 2 h or (2) 500 mL crystalloid fluid bolus (FB) administered over 30 min. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients who doubled their urine output, defined as 2-h urine output post-randomization divided by urine output 2 h pre-randomization. The outcomes were adjusted for the stratification variables (presence of sepsis or AKI) using two-tailed regression. Obtained odds ratios were converted to risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The between-group difference in the continuous variables was compared using mean or median regression and expressed with 95% CIs. RESULTS Altogether 10 (15.9%) of 63 patients in the FU group and 22 (32.8%) of 67 patients in FB group doubled their urine output during the 2-h period, RR (95% CI) 0.49 (0.23-0.71), P = 0.026. Median [IQR] change in individual urine output 2 h post-randomization compared to 2 h pre-randomization was - 7 [- 19 to 17] mL in the FU group and 19[0-53] mL in the FB group, median difference (95% CI) - 23 (- 36 to - 10) mL, P = 0.001. Median [IQR] duration of oliguria in the FU group was 4 [2-8] h and in the FB group 2 [0-6] h, median difference (95%CI) 2 (0-4) h, P = 0.038. Median [IQR] cumulative fluid balance on study day was lower in the FU group compared to FB group, 678 [518-1029] mL versus 1071 [822-1505] mL, respectively, median difference (95%CI) - 387 (- 635 to - 213) mL, P < 0.001. CONCLUSIONS Follow-up approach to oliguria compared to administering a fluid bolus of 500 mL crystalloid in oliguric patients improved urine output less frequently but lead to lower cumulative fluid balance. Trial registration clinical. TRIALS gov, NCT02860572. Registered 9 August 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Inkinen
- grid.460356.20000 0004 0449 0385Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Central Finland Hospital Nova, Central Finland Health Care District, Hoitajantie 3, 40620 Jyväskylä, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville Pettilä
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miia Valkonen
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Serlo
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Bäcklund
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Hästbacka
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anni Pulkkinen
- grid.460356.20000 0004 0449 0385Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Central Finland Hospital Nova, Central Finland Health Care District, Hoitajantie 3, 40620 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tuomas Selander
- grid.410705.70000 0004 0628 207XScience Service Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Suvi T. Vaara
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Pietiläinen L, Bäcklund M, Hästbacka J, Reinikainen M. Premorbid functional status as an outcome predictor in intensive care patients aged over 85 years. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:38. [PMID: 35012458 PMCID: PMC8751370 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02746-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor premorbid functional status (PFS) is associated with mortality after intensive care unit (ICU) admission in patients aged 80 years or older. In the subgroup of very old ICU patients, the ability to recover from critical illness varies irrespective of age. To assess the predictive ability of PFS also among the patients aged 85 or older we set out the current study. METHODS In this nationwide observational registry study based on the Finnish Intensive Care Consortium database, we analysed data of patients aged 85 years or over treated in ICUs between May 2012 and December 2015. We defined PFS as good for patients who had been independent in activities of daily living (ADL) and able to climb stairs and as poor for those who were dependent on help or unable to climb stairs. To assess patients' functional outcome one year after ICU admission, we created a functional status score (FSS) based on how many out of five physical activities (getting out of bed, moving indoors, dressing, climbing stairs, and walking 400 m) the patient could manage. We also assessed the patients' ability to return to their previous type of accommodation. RESULTS Overall, 2037 (3.3% of all adult ICU patients) patients were 85 years old or older. The average age of the study population was 87 years. Data on PFS were available for 1446 (71.0%) patients (good for 48.8% and poor for 51.2%). The one-year mortalities of patients with good and those with poor PFS were 29.2% and 50.1%, respectively, p < 0.001. Poor PFS increased the probability of death within 12 months, adjusted odds ratio (OR), 2.15; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.68-2.76, p < 0.001. For 69.5% of survivors, the FSS one year after ICU admission was unchanged or higher than their premorbid FSS and 84.2% of patients living at home before ICU admission still lived at home. CONCLUSIONS Poor PFS doubled the odds of death within one year. For most survivors, functional status was comparable to the premorbid status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pietiläinen
- University of Eastern Finland and Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Minna Bäcklund
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Hästbacka
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Reinikainen
- University of Eastern Finland and Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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Rasmussen BS, Klitgaard TL, Perner A, Brand BA, Hildebrandt T, Siegemund M, Hollinger A, Aagaard SR, Bestle MH, Marcussen KV, Brøchner AC, Sølling CG, Poulsen LM, Laake JH, Aslam TN, Bäcklund M, Okkonen M, Morgan M, Sharman M, Lange T, Wetterslev J, Schjørring OL. Oxygenation targets in ICU patients with COVID-19: A post hoc subgroup analysis of the HOT-ICU trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2022; 66:76-84. [PMID: 34425016 PMCID: PMC8653379 DOI: 10.1111/aas.13977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Supplemental oxygen is the key intervention for severe and critical COVID‐19 patients. With the unstable supplies of oxygen in many countries, it is important to define the lowest safe dosage. Methods In spring 2020, 110 COVID‐19 patients were enrolled as part of the Handling Oxygenation Targets in the ICU trial (HOT‐ICU). Patients were allocated within 12 h of ICU admission. Oxygen therapy was titrated to a partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) of 8 kPa (lower oxygenation group) or a PaO2 of 12 kPa (higher oxygenation group) during ICU stay up to 90 days. We report key outcomes at 90 days for the subgroup of COVID‐19 patients. Results At 90 days, 22 of 54 patients (40.7%) in the lower oxygenation group and 23 of 55 patients (41.8%) in the higher oxygenation group had died (adjusted risk ratio: 0.87; 95% confidence interval, 0.58–1.32). The percentage of days alive without life support was significantly higher in the lower oxygenation group (p = 0.03). The numbers of severe ischemic events were low with no difference between the two groups. Proning and inhaled vasodilators were used more frequently, and the positive end‐expiratory pressure was higher in the higher oxygenation group. Tests for interactions with the results of the remaining HOT‐ICU population were insignificant. Conclusions Targeting a PaO2 of 8 kPa may be beneficial in ICU patients with COVID‐19. These results come with uncertainty due to the low number of patients in this unplanned subgroup analysis, and insignificant tests for interaction with the main HOT‐ICU trial. Trial registration number: ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03174002. Date of registration: June 2, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil S. Rasmussen
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Aalborg University Hospital Aalborg Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine The Faculty of Medicine Aalborg University Aalborg Denmark
- Center for Research in Intensive CareRigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Thomas L. Klitgaard
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Aalborg University Hospital Aalborg Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine The Faculty of Medicine Aalborg University Aalborg Denmark
| | - Anders Perner
- Center for Research in Intensive CareRigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Intensive Care, Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Björn A. Brand
- Department of Intensive Care, Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Thomas Hildebrandt
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Zealand University Hospital Roskilde Denmark
| | - Martin Siegemund
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Basel University Hospital Basel Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Alexa Hollinger
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Basel University Hospital Basel Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Søren R. Aagaard
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Aalborg University Hospital Aalborg Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine The Faculty of Medicine Aalborg University Aalborg Denmark
| | - Morten H. Bestle
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Nordsjaellands Hospital Hilleroed Denmark
| | - Klaus V. Marcussen
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Slagelse Hospital Slagelse Denmark
| | - Anne C. Brøchner
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Kolding Hospital Kolding Denmark
| | | | - Lone M. Poulsen
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Zealand University Hospital Køge Denmark
| | - Jon H. Laake
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway
| | - Tayyba N. Aslam
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway
| | - Minna Bäcklund
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Marjatta Okkonen
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Matthew Morgan
- Department of Intensive Care University Hospital of Wales Cardiff UK
| | - Mike Sharman
- Department of Intensive Care and Respiratory Medicine Manchester University NHS Foundation TrustManchester Royal Infirmary Manchester UK
| | - Theis Lange
- Section of Biostatistics Department of Public Health University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Olav L. Schjørring
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Aalborg University Hospital Aalborg Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine The Faculty of Medicine Aalborg University Aalborg Denmark
- Center for Research in Intensive CareRigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
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Saraste A, Ballo H, Arola O, Laitio R, Airaksinen J, Hynninen M, Bäcklund M, Ylikoski E, Wennervirta J, Pietilä M, Roine RO, Harjola VP, Niiranen J, Korpi K, Varpula M, Scheinin H, Maze M, Vahlberg T, Laitio T. Effect of Inhaled Xenon on Cardiac Function in Comatose Survivors of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest-A Substudy of the Xenon in Combination With Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest Trial. Crit Care Explor 2021; 3:e0502. [PMID: 34345828 PMCID: PMC8323798 DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This explorative substudy aimed at determining the effect of inhaled xenon on left ventricular function by echocardiography in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. DESIGN A randomized two-group single-blinded phase 2 clinical drug trial. SETTING A multipurpose ICU in two university hospitals. PATIENTS Of the 110 randomized comatose survivors after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with a shockable rhythm in the xenon in combination with hypothermia after cardiac arrest trial, 38 patients (24-76 yr old) with complete echocardiography were included in this study. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive either inhaled xenon combined with hypothermia (33°C) for 24 hours or hypothermia treatment alone. Echocardiography was performed at hospital admission and 24 ± 4 hours after hypothermia. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Left ventricular ejection fraction, myocardial longitudinal systolic strain, and diastolic function were analyzed blinded to treatment. There were 17 xenon and 21 control patients in whom echocardiography was completed. Clinical characteristics did not differ significantly between the groups. At admission, ejection fraction was similar in xenon and control patients (39% ± 10% vs 38% ± 11%; p = 0.711) but higher in xenon than control patients after hypothermia (50% ± 10% vs 42% ± 10%; p = 0.014). Global longitudinal systolic strain was similar in xenon and control patients at admission (-9.0% ± 3.8% vs -8.1% ± 3.6%; p = 0.555) but better in xenon than control patients after hypothermia (-14.4.0% ± 4.0% vs -10.5% ± 4.0%; p = 0.006). In patients with coronary artery disease, longitudinal strain improved in the nonischemic myocardial segments in xenon patients. There were no changes in diastolic function between the groups. CONCLUSIONS Among comatose survivors of a cardiac cause out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, inhaled xenon combined with hypothermia was associated with greater recovery of left ventricular systolic function in comparison with hypothermia alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Saraste
- Heart Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Haitham Ballo
- Heart Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Arola
- Division of Perioperative Services, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ruut Laitio
- Division of Perioperative Services, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Juhani Airaksinen
- Heart Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marja Hynninen
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Bäcklund
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emmi Ylikoski
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Wennervirta
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Pietilä
- Heart Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Risto O Roine
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Veli-Pekka Harjola
- Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine and Services, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Niiranen
- Department of Cardiology, Heart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Korpi
- Department of Cardiology, Heart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjut Varpula
- Department of Cardiology, Heart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harry Scheinin
- Division of Perioperative Services, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mervyn Maze
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Tero Vahlberg
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Timo Laitio
- Division of Perioperative Services, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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He W, Eriksson M, Eliasson E, Grassmann F, Bäcklund M, Gabrielson M, Hammarström M, Margolin S, Thorén L, Wengström Y, Borgquist S, Hall P, Czene K. CYP2D6 genotype predicts tamoxifen discontinuation and drug response: a secondary analysis of the KARISMA trial. Ann Oncol 2021; 32:1286-1293. [PMID: 34284099 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guidelines regarding whether tamoxifen should be prescribed based on women's cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) genotypes are conflicting and have caused confusion. This study aims to investigate if CYP2D6 metabolizer status is associated with tamoxifen-related endocrine symptoms, tamoxifen discontinuation, and mammographic density change. PATIENTS AND METHODS We used data from 1440 healthy women who participated the KARISMA dose determination trial. Endocrine symptoms were measured using a modified Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Endocrine Symptoms (FACT-ES) questionnaire. Change in mammographic density was measured and used as a proxy for tamoxifen response. Participants were genotyped and categorized as poor, intermediate, normal, or ultrarapid CYP2D6 metabolizers. RESULTS The median endoxifen level per mg oral tamoxifen among poor, intermediate, normal and ultrarapid CYP2D6 metabolizers were 0.18 ng/ml, 0.38 ng/ml, 0.56 ng/ml and 0.67 ng/ml, respectively. Ultrarapid CYP2D6 metabolizers were more likely than other groups to report a clinically relevant change in cold sweats, hot flash, mood swings, being irritable, as well as the overall modified FACT-ES score, after taking tamoxifen. The 6-month tamoxifen discontinuation rates among poor, intermediate, normal, and ultrarapid CYP2D6 metabolizers were 25.7%, 23.6%, 28.6%, and 44.4%, respectively. Among those who continued and finished the 6-month tamoxifen intervention, the mean change in dense area among poor, intermediate, normal, and ultrarapid CYP2D6 metabolizers were -0.8 cm2, -4.5 cm2, -4.1 cm2, and -8.0 cm2 respectively. CONCLUSIONS Poor CYP2D6 metabolizers are likely to experience an impaired response to tamoxifen, measured through mammographic density reduction. In contrast, ultrarapid CYP2D6 metabolizers are at risk for exaggerated response with pronounced adverse effects that may lead to treatment discontinuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W He
- Chronic Disease Research Institute, The Children's Hospital, and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Eriksson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Eliasson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Grassmann
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - M Bäcklund
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Gabrielson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Hammarström
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Margolin
- Department of Oncology, South General Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Science and Education Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Thorén
- Department of Oncology, South General Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Science and Education Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Y Wengström
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Division of Nursing and Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Borgquist
- Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - P Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Oncology, South General Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - K Czene
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Schjørring OL, Klitgaard TL, Perner A, Wetterslev J, Lange T, Siegemund M, Bäcklund M, Keus F, Laake JH, Morgan M, Thormar KM, Rosborg SA, Bisgaard J, Erntgaard AES, Lynnerup ASH, Pedersen RL, Crescioli E, Gielstrup TC, Behzadi MT, Poulsen LM, Estrup S, Laigaard JP, Andersen C, Mortensen CB, Brand BA, White J, Jarnvig IL, Møller MH, Quist L, Bestle MH, Schønemann-Lund M, Kamper MK, Hindborg M, Hollinger A, Gebhard CE, Zellweger N, Meyhoff CS, Hjort M, Bech LK, Grøfte T, Bundgaard H, Østergaard LHM, Thyø MA, Hildebrandt T, Uslu B, Sølling CG, Møller-Nielsen N, Brøchner AC, Borup M, Okkonen M, Dieperink W, Pedersen UG, Andreasen AS, Buus L, Aslam TN, Winding RR, Schefold JC, Thorup SB, Iversen SA, Engstrøm J, Kjær MBN, Rasmussen BS. Lower or Higher Oxygenation Targets for Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure. N Engl J Med 2021; 384:1301-1311. [PMID: 33471452 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2032510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in the intensive care unit (ICU) are treated with supplemental oxygen, but the benefits and harms of different oxygenation targets are unclear. We hypothesized that using a lower target for partial pressure of arterial oxygen (Pao2) would result in lower mortality than using a higher target. METHODS In this multicenter trial, we randomly assigned 2928 adult patients who had recently been admitted to the ICU (≤12 hours before randomization) and who were receiving at least 10 liters of oxygen per minute in an open system or had a fraction of inspired oxygen of at least 0.50 in a closed system to receive oxygen therapy targeting a Pao2 of either 60 mm Hg (lower-oxygenation group) or 90 mm Hg (higher-oxygenation group) for a maximum of 90 days. The primary outcome was death within 90 days. RESULTS At 90 days, 618 of 1441 patients (42.9%) in the lower-oxygenation group and 613 of 1447 patients (42.4%) in the higher-oxygenation group had died (adjusted risk ratio, 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 0.94 to 1.11; P = 0.64). At 90 days, there was no significant between-group difference in the percentage of days that patients were alive without life support or in the percentage of days they were alive after hospital discharge. The percentages of patients who had new episodes of shock, myocardial ischemia, ischemic stroke, or intestinal ischemia were similar in the two groups (P = 0.24). CONCLUSIONS Among adult patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in the ICU, a lower oxygenation target did not result in lower mortality than a higher target at 90 days. (Funded by the Innovation Fund Denmark and others; HOT-ICU ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03174002.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav L Schjørring
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Thomas L Klitgaard
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Anders Perner
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Jørn Wetterslev
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Theis Lange
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Martin Siegemund
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Minna Bäcklund
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Frederik Keus
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Jon H Laake
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Matthew Morgan
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Katrin M Thormar
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Søren A Rosborg
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Jannie Bisgaard
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Annette E S Erntgaard
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Anne-Sofie H Lynnerup
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Rasmus L Pedersen
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Elena Crescioli
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Theis C Gielstrup
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Meike T Behzadi
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Lone M Poulsen
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Stine Estrup
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Jens P Laigaard
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Cheme Andersen
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Camilla B Mortensen
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Björn A Brand
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Jonathan White
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Inge-Lise Jarnvig
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Morten H Møller
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Lars Quist
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Morten H Bestle
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Martin Schønemann-Lund
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Maj K Kamper
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Mathias Hindborg
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Alexa Hollinger
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Caroline E Gebhard
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Núria Zellweger
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Christian S Meyhoff
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Mathias Hjort
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Laura K Bech
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Thorbjørn Grøfte
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Helle Bundgaard
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Lars H M Østergaard
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Maria A Thyø
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Thomas Hildebrandt
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Bülent Uslu
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Christoffer G Sølling
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Nette Møller-Nielsen
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Anne C Brøchner
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Morten Borup
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Marjatta Okkonen
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Willem Dieperink
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Ulf G Pedersen
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Anne S Andreasen
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Lone Buus
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Tayyba N Aslam
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Robert R Winding
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Joerg C Schefold
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Stine B Thorup
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Susanne A Iversen
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Janus Engstrøm
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Maj-Brit N Kjær
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
| | - Bodil S Rasmussen
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (O.L.S., T.L.K., S.A.R., J.B., A.E.S.E., A.-S.H.L., R.L.P., E.C., T.C.G., M.T.B., B.S.R.), Zealand University Hospital, Køge (L.M.P., S.E., J.P.L., C.A., C.B.M.), Rigshospitalet (A.P., B.A.B., J. Wetterslev, I.-L.J., M.H.M., L.Q., M.-B.N.K.) and the Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, and Frederiksberg Hospital (C.S.M., M. Hjort, L.K.B.) and the Copenhagen Trial Unit (J. White, J.E.), Copenhagen, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod (M.H.B., M.S.-L., M.K.K., M. Hindborg), Randers Hospital, Randers (T.G., H.B.), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby North, Aarhus (L.H.M.Ø., M.A.T.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (T.H., B.U.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (C.G.S., N.M.-N.), Kolding Hospital, Kolding (A.C.B., M. Bäcklund), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre (U.G.P.), Herlev Hospital, Herlev (A.S.A.), Horsens Hospital, Horsens (L.B.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.R.W.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (S.B.T.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.A.I.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel (M.S., A.H., C.E.G., N.Z.), and the Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S.) - both in Switzerland; the Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M.B., M.O.); the Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., W.D.); the Departments of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and of Clinical Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (J.H.L., T.N.A.); the Department of Intensive Care, Cardiff University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.M.); and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland (K.M.T.)
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11
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Vesterlund GK, Ostermann M, Myatra SN, Arabi YM, Sadat M, Zampieri FG, Cronhjort M, Schefold JC, Stöhr F, Buanes EA, Bäcklund M, Thormar KM, Perner A. Preferences for the measurement and supplementation of magnesium, phosphate and zinc in ICUs: The international WhyTrace survey. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2021; 65:390-396. [PMID: 33165935 DOI: 10.1111/aas.13738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) often have low magnesium, phosphate and zinc levels. Monitoring of serum concentrations and supplementation may be important, but there is no consensus on optimal practice. The objective of the WhyTrace survey was to describe current practice regarding the measurement and supplementation of magnesium, phosphate and zinc in ICUs. METHODS A 54-item electronic questionnaire was developed in accordance with SURGE, SUrvey Reporting GuidelinE, to address international clinical practice in the ICU. National investigators recruited ICUs in ten countries with one physician responding per ICU using a unique e-mail distributed survey-link. RESULTS The questionnaire was sent to clinicians in 336 ICUs of whom 283 (84%) responded. In 62% of the ICUs, a standard procedure was in place regarding the measurement of serum magnesium levels, in 58% for phosphate and in 9% for zinc. Zinc was never or rarely measured in 64% of ICUs. The frequency of requesting serum levels varied from twice daily to once weekly. Regarding supplementation, 66% of ICUs had a standard procedure for magnesium, 63% for phosphate and 15% for zinc. Most procedures recommended supplementation when serum levels were below the lower reference level, but some used the upper reference levels as the threshold for supplementation and others decided on a case-by-case basis. CONCLUSION The practice of measuring and supplementing magnesium, phosphate and zinc differed substantially between ICUs. Our findings indicate that there is a need for high-quality prospective data on frequencies of measurements, treatment goals and effects of supplementation on patient-important outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitte K. Vesterlund
- Department of Intensive Care Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Marlies Ostermann
- Department of Critical Care King’s College LondonGuy's & St Thomas’ Hospital London UK
| | - Sheila N. Myatra
- Department of Anaesthesia Critical Care and PainTata Memorial HospitalHomi Bhabha National Institute Mumbai India
| | - Yaseen M. Arabi
- College of Medicine King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health SciencesKing Abdullah International Medical Research Center Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- Intensive Care Department King Abdulaziz Medical city Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Musharaf Sadat
- College of Medicine King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health SciencesKing Abdullah International Medical Research Center Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- Intensive Care Department King Abdulaziz Medical city Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Fernando G. Zampieri
- Research InstituteHCor‐Hospital do Coração São Paulo Brazil
- Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (BRICNet) São Paulo Brazil
| | - Maria Cronhjort
- Department of Clinical Science and Education Södersjukhuset Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Joerg C. Schefold
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine InselspitalUniversity of Bern Switzerland
| | - Frederik Stöhr
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine InselspitalUniversity of Bern Switzerland
| | - Eirik A. Buanes
- Department of intensive care Haukeland University Hospital Bergen Norway
- Norwegian Intensive Care Registry
| | - Minna Bäcklund
- Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine Helsinki University Hospital Finland
| | | | - Anders Perner
- Department of Intensive Care Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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12
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Luostarinen T, Virta J, Satopää J, Bäcklund M, Kivisaari R, Korja M, Raj R. Intensive care of traumatic brain injury and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in Helsinki during the Covid-19 pandemic. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2020; 162:2715-2724. [PMID: 32974834 PMCID: PMC7514232 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-020-04583-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background To ensure adequate intensive care unit (ICU) capacity for SARS-CoV-2 patients, elective neurosurgery and neurosurgical ICU capacity were reduced. Further, the Finnish government enforced strict restrictions to reduce the spread. Our objective was to assess changes in ICU admissions and prognosis of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods Retrospective review of all consecutive patients with TBI and aneurysmal SAH admitted to the neurosurgical ICU in Helsinki from January to May of 2019 and the same months of 2020. The pre-pandemic time was defined as weeks 1–11, and the pandemic time was defined as weeks 12–22. The number of admissions and standardized mortality rates (SMRs) were compared to assess the effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on these. Standardized mortality rates were adjusted for case mix. Results Two hundred twenty-four patients were included (TBI n = 123, SAH n = 101). There were no notable differences in case mix between TBI and SAH patients admitted during the Covid-19 pandemic compared with before the pandemic. No notable difference in TBI or SAH ICU admissions during the pandemic was noted in comparison with early 2020 or 2019. SMRs were no higher during the pandemic than before. Conclusion In the area of Helsinki, Finland, there were no changes in the number of ICU admissions or in prognosis of patients with TBI or SAH during the Covid-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Luostarinen
- Division of Anaesthesiology, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Topeliuksenkatu 5, PO BOX 266, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jyri Virta
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarno Satopää
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Bäcklund
- Division of Intensive Care, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riku Kivisaari
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miikka Korja
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rahul Raj
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Inkinen N, Selander T, Pettilä V, Valkonen M, Bäcklund M, Wennervirta J, Pulkkinen A, Hästbacka J, Vaara ST. Noninterventional follow-up vs fluid bolus in RESPONSE to oliguria-The RESPONSE trial protocol and statistical analysis plan. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2020; 64:1210-1217. [PMID: 32270496 PMCID: PMC7496618 DOI: 10.1111/aas.13599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oliguria is a frequent trigger for administering a fluid bolus, but the effect of fluid bolus in improving urine output is inadequately demonstrated. Here, we summarize the protocol and detailed statistical analysis plan of the randomized, controlled RESPONSE trial comparing follow-up as the experimental group and a 500 mL crystalloid fluid bolus as the control group for oliguria in critically ill oliguric patients. METHODS Our trial is an investigator-initiated, randomized, controlled, pilot trial conducted in three ICUs in two centers. We aim to randomize 1:1 altogether 130 hemodynamically stable oliguric patients either to a 2-hour follow-up without interventions or to receive a crystalloid bolus of 500 mL over 30 minutes. The primary outcome is the change in individual urine output during the 2-hour period compared to 2 hours preceding randomization. Doubling of the urine output is considered clinically significant. Additionally, we record the duration of oliguria, physiological and biochemical variables, adverse events, and the incidences of acute kidney injury and renal replacement therapy. CONCLUSIONS Oliguria is a frequent trigger for potentially harmful fluid loading. Therefore, the RESPONSE trial will give information of the potential effect of fluid bolus on oliguria in critically ill patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical.trials.gov, NCT02860572.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Inkinen
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Central Finland Central Hospital Central Finland Health Care District Jyväskylä Finland
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Tuomas Selander
- Science Service Center Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
| | - Ville Pettilä
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Miia Valkonen
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Minna Bäcklund
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Johanna Wennervirta
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Anni Pulkkinen
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Central Finland Central Hospital Central Finland Health Care District Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Johanna Hästbacka
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Suvi T. Vaara
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
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14
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Schjørring OL, Klitgaard TL, Perner A, Wetterslev J, Lange T, Keus F, Laake JH, Morgan M, Bäcklund M, Siegemund M, Thormar KM, Rasmussen BS. The handling oxygenation targets in the intensive care unit (HOT-ICU) trial: Detailed statistical analysis plan. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2020; 64:847-856. [PMID: 32068884 DOI: 10.1111/aas.13569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No solid evidence exists on optimal oxygenation targets in intensive care patients. The handling oxygenation targets in the intensive care unit (HOT-ICU) trial assesses the effects of a targeted arterial oxygen tension of 8 vs 12 kPa on 90-day mortality in acutely admitted adult patients with hypoxaemic respiratory failure. This article describes the detailed statistical analysis plan for the predefined outcomes and supplementary analyses in the HOT-ICU trial. METHODS The trial will include 2928 patients to be able to detect or reject a true 20% relative risk reduction in the primary outcome of 90-day all-cause mortality with an α of 5% and a β of 10%. Analyses of the primary and secondary outcomes will be conducted according to the intention-to-treat principle and adjusted for stratification variables. The primary outcome and dichotomous secondary outcomes will be analysed using a generalised linear model with a log-link and binomial error distribution. For the primary outcome, a 95% confidence interval (CI) not including 1.00 for the risk ratio will be considered statistically significant. Continuous secondary outcomes will be analysed using a generalised linear model or nonparametric test. CIs adjusted for the multiple secondary outcomes not including the null effect will be considered statistically significant. One planned interim analysis has been conducted. CONCLUSIONS The HOT-ICU trial and the pre-planned statistical analyses are designed to minimise bias and produce high quality data on the effects of a lower vs a higher oxygenation target throughout ICU admission in acutely admitted adult patients with hypoxaemic respiratory failure. REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03174002, date of registration: June 2, 2017. European clinical trials database, EudraCT number 2017-000632-34.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav L. Schjørring
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Aalborg University Hospital Aalborg Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine Aalborg University Aalborg Denmark
- Centre for Research in Intensive Care (CRIC) Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Thomas L. Klitgaard
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Aalborg University Hospital Aalborg Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine Aalborg University Aalborg Denmark
| | - Anders Perner
- Centre for Research in Intensive Care (CRIC) Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Intensive Care 4131 Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jørn Wetterslev
- Centre for Research in Intensive Care (CRIC) Copenhagen Denmark
- Department 7812 Copenhagen Trial Unit Centre for Clinical Intervention Research Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Denmark
| | - Theis Lange
- Centre for Research in Intensive Care (CRIC) Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Biostatistics Copenhagen University Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Frederik Keus
- Department of Critical Care University Medical Centre of Groningen University of Groningen Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Jon H. Laake
- Division of Emergencies and Critical Care Rikshospitalet Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
| | - Matthew Morgan
- Critical Care Research University Hospital of Wales Cardiff UK
- Cardiff University School of Medicine Wales UK
| | - Minna Bäcklund
- Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Martin Siegemund
- Department of Intensive Care and Department of Clinical Research University Hospital University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Katrin M. Thormar
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Landspitali University Hospital Reykjavik Iceland
| | - Bodil S. Rasmussen
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Aalborg University Hospital Aalborg Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine Aalborg University Aalborg Denmark
- Centre for Research in Intensive Care (CRIC) Copenhagen Denmark
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15
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Schefold JC, Bäcklund M, Ala-Kokko T, Zuercher P, Mukherjee R, Mistry S, Mayer SA, Dziewas R, Bakker J, Jakob SM. The PhINEST study - Pharyngeal ICU Novel Electrical Stimulation Therapy: Study protocol of a prospective, multi-site, randomized, sham-controlled, single-blind (outcome assessor-blinded) study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e19503. [PMID: 32176093 PMCID: PMC7440171 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000019503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Post-extubation dysphagia is commonly observed in ICU patients and associated with increased aspiration rates, delayed resumption of oral intake/ malnutrition, prolonged ICU and hospital length of stay, decreased quality of life, and increased mortality. Conventional therapeutic approaches are limited. Pharyngeal electrical stimulation (PES) was previously shown to improve swallowing function and airway safety in severely dysphagic tracheostomised stroke patients. METHODS In a multi-center, single-blind, 1:1 randomized controlled study, up to 400 (360 evaluable) mixed emergency adult ICU patients with recent extubation following mechanical ventilation and confirmed oropharyngeal dysphagia will be enrolled at investigational academic ICUs. Primary objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of PES in reducing the severity of unsafe swallows. Patients will be randomized to receive PES (or sham) treatment on 3 consecutive days in addition to best supportive care. Primary endpoint is a composite of 2 endpoints with hierarchy based on clinical priorities: DISCUSSION:: This study will evaluate the effects of PES on swallowing safety in critically ill ICU patients post mechanical ventilation with oropharyngeal dysphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg C. Schefold
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Minna Bäcklund
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Meilahti Tower Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital
| | - Tero Ala-Kokko
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Finland
| | - Patrick Zuercher
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Satish Mistry
- Department for Clinical Research, Phagenesis Limited, Manchester Science Park, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rainer Dziewas
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan Bakker
- Department Pulmonology and Critical Care. NYU Langone and Columbia University Medical Center New York, USA and Department Intensive Care Adults, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan M. Jakob
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
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16
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Jakkula P, Hästbacka J, Reinikainen M, Pettilä V, Loisa P, Tiainen M, Wilkman E, Bendel S, Birkelund T, Pulkkinen A, Bäcklund M, Heino S, Karlsson S, Kopponen H, Skrifvars MB. Near-infrared spectroscopy after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Crit Care 2019; 23:171. [PMID: 31088512 PMCID: PMC6518726 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Cerebral hypoperfusion may aggravate neurological damage after cardiac arrest. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provides information on cerebral oxygenation but its relevance during post-resuscitation care is undefined. We investigated whether cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) measured with NIRS correlates with the serum concentration of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), a marker of neurological injury, and with clinical outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients. Methods We performed a post hoc analysis of a randomised clinical trial (COMACARE, NCT02698917) comparing two different levels of carbon dioxide, oxygen and arterial pressure after resuscitation from OHCA with ventricular fibrillation as the initial rhythm. We measured rSO2 in 118 OHCA patients with NIRS during the first 36 h of intensive care. We determined the NSE concentrations from serum samples at 48 h after cardiac arrest and assessed neurological outcome with the Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) scale at 6 months. We evaluated the association between rSO2 and serum NSE concentrations and the association between rSO2 and good (CPC 1–2) and poor (CPC 3–5) neurological outcome. Results The median (inter-quartile range (IQR)) NSE concentration at 48 h was 17.5 (13.4–25.0) μg/l in patients with good neurological outcome and 35.2 (22.6–95.8) μg/l in those with poor outcome, p < 0.001. We found no significant correlation between median rSO2 and NSE at 48 h, rs = − 0.08, p = 0.392. The median (IQR) rSO2 during the first 36 h of intensive care was 70.0% (63.5–77.0%) in patients with good outcome and 71.8% (63.3–74.0%) in patients with poor outcome, p = 0.943. There was no significant association between rSO2 over time and neurological outcome. In a binary logistic regression model, rSO2 was not a statistically significant predictor of good neurological outcome (odds ratio 0.99, 95% confidence interval 0.94–1.04, p = 0.635). Conclusions We found no association between cerebral oxygenation measured with NIRS and NSE concentrations or outcome in patients resuscitated from OHCA. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02698917. Registered on 26 January 2016. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13054-019-2428-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Jakkula
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Johanna Hästbacka
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Reinikainen
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Pettilä
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Loisa
- Department of Intensive Care, Päijät-Häme Central Hospital, Lahti, Finland
| | - Marjaana Tiainen
- Department of Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erika Wilkman
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stepani Bendel
- Department of Intensive Care, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Anni Pulkkinen
- Department of Intensive Care, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Minna Bäcklund
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sirkku Heino
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, North Karelia Central Hospital, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Sari Karlsson
- Department of Intensive Care, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hiski Kopponen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus B Skrifvars
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Services, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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17
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Tolonen M, Sallinen V, Leppäniemi A, Bäcklund M, Mentula P. The role of the intra-abdominal view in complicated intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg 2019; 14:15. [PMID: 30976292 PMCID: PMC6441193 DOI: 10.1186/s13017-019-0232-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prognostic role of what a surgeon observes in the abdomen of patients with complicated intra-abdominal infection (cIAI) is largely unknown. The aim of this prospective study was to systemically analyze components of the intra-abdominal view (IAV) and their association to severe complicated intra-abdominal sepsis (SCIAS) or mortality. Methods The study cohort consisted of adult patients with cIAI. The operating surgeon filled a paper form describing the intra-abdominal view. Demographics, operative details, and preoperative physiological status were collected. Descriptive, univariate, and multivariate statistical analyses were performed, and a new score was developed based on regression coefficients. The primary outcome was a composite outcome of SCIAS or 30-day mortality, in which SCIAS was defined as organ dysfunctions requiring intensive care unit admission. Results A total of 283 patients were analyzed. The primary outcome was encountered in 71 (25%) patients. In the IAV, independent risk factors for the primary outcome were fecal or bile as exudate (odds ratio (OR) 1.98, 95% confidence interval 1.05–3.73), diffuse peritonitis (OR 2.15, 1.02–4.55), diffuse substantial redness of the peritoneum (OR 5.73, 2.12–15.44), and a non-appendiceal source of cIAI (OR 11.20, 4.11–30.54). Based on these factors, an IAV score was developed and its performance analyzed. The area under the receiver operating characteristic for the IAV score was 0.81. The IAV score also correlated significantly with several outcomes and organ dysfunctions. Conclusions The extent of peritonitis, diffuse substantial redness of the peritoneum, type of exudate, and source of infection associate independently with SCIAS or mortality. A high IAV score associates with mortality and organ dysfunctions, yet it needs further external validation. Combining components of IAV into comprehensive scoring systems for cIAI patients may provide additional value compared to the current scoring systems. Trial registration The study protocol was retrospectively registered on April 4, 2016, right after the first enrolled patient at Clinicaltrials.gov database (NCT02726932). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13017-019-0232-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Tolonen
- 1Abdominal Center, Department of Abdominal Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville Sallinen
- 1Abdominal Center, Department of Abdominal Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.,2Abdominal Center, Department of Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari Leppäniemi
- 1Abdominal Center, Department of Abdominal Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Bäcklund
- 3Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Panu Mentula
- 1Abdominal Center, Department of Abdominal Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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Pekkarinen PT, Bäcklund M, Efendijev I, Raj R, Folger D, Litonius E, Laitio R, Bendel S, Hoppu S, Ala-Kokko T, Reinikainen M, Skrifvars MB. Association of extracerebral organ failure with 1-year survival and healthcare-associated costs after cardiac arrest: an observational database study. Crit Care 2019; 23:67. [PMID: 30819234 PMCID: PMC6396453 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2359-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Organ dysfunction is common after cardiac arrest and associated with worse short-term outcome, but its impact on long-term outcome and treatment costs is unknown. Methods We used nationwide registry data from the intensive care units (ICU) of the five Finnish university hospitals to evaluate the association of 24-h extracerebral Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (24h-EC-SOFA) score with 1-year survival and healthcare-associated costs after cardiac arrest. We included adult cardiac arrest patients treated in the participating ICUs between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2013. We acquired the confirmed date of death from the Finnish Population Register Centre database and gross 1-year healthcare-associated costs from the hospital billing records and the database of the Finnish Social Insurance Institution. Results A total of 5814 patients were included in the study, and 2401 were alive 1 year after cardiac arrest. Median (interquartile range (IQR)) 24h-EC-SOFA score was 6 (5–8) in 1-year survivors and 7 (5–10) in non-survivors. In multivariate regression analysis, adjusting for age and prior independency in self-care, the 24h-EC-SOFA score had an odds ratio (OR) of 1.16 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14–1.18) per point for 1-year mortality. Median (IQR) healthcare-associated costs in the year after cardiac arrest were €47,000 (€28,000–75,000) in 1-year survivors and €12,000 (€6600–25,000) in non-survivors. In a multivariate linear regression model adjusting for age and prior independency in self-care, an increase of one point in the 24h-EC-SOFA score was associated with an increase of €170 (95% CI €150–190) in the cost per day alive in the year after cardiac arrest. In the same model, an increase of one point in the 24h-EC-SOFA score was associated with an increase of €4400 (95% CI €3300–5500) in the total healthcare-associated costs in 1-year survivors. Conclusions Extracerebral organ dysfunction is associated with long-term outcome and gross healthcare-associated costs of ICU-treated cardiac arrest patients. It should be considered when assessing interventions to improve outcomes and optimize the use of resources in these patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13054-019-2359-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirkka T Pekkarinen
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, PB 340, 00029, Helsinki, HUS, Finland.
| | - Minna Bäcklund
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, PB 340, 00029, Helsinki, HUS, Finland
| | - Ilmar Efendijev
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, PB 340, 00029, Helsinki, HUS, Finland
| | - Rahul Raj
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniel Folger
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, PB 340, 00029, Helsinki, HUS, Finland
| | - Erik Litonius
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, PB 340, 00029, Helsinki, HUS, Finland
| | - Ruut Laitio
- Division of Perioperative Services, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Stepani Bendel
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna Hoppu
- Department of Intensive Care, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tero Ala-Kokko
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Matti Reinikainen
- University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markus B Skrifvars
- Department of Emergency Care and Services, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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19
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Krag M, Marker S, Perner A, Wetterslev J, Wise MP, Schefold JC, Keus F, Guttormsen AB, Bendel S, Borthwick M, Lange T, Rasmussen BS, Siegemund M, Bundgaard H, Elkmann T, Jensen JV, Nielsen RD, Liboriussen L, Bestle MH, Elkjær JM, Palmqvist DF, Bäcklund M, Laake JH, Bådstøløkken PM, Grönlund J, Breum O, Walli A, Winding R, Iversen S, Jarnvig IL, White JO, Brand B, Madsen MB, Quist L, Thornberg KJ, Møller A, Wiis J, Granholm A, Anthon CT, Meyhoff TS, Hjortrup PB, Aagaard SR, Andreasen JB, Sørensen CA, Haure P, Hauge J, Hollinger A, Scheuzger J, Tuchscherer D, Vuilliomenet T, Takala J, Jakob SM, Vang ML, Pælestik KB, Andersen KLD, van der Horst ICC, Dieperink W, Fjølner J, Kjer CKW, Sølling C, Sølling CG, Karttunen J, Morgan MPG, Sjøbø B, Engstrøm J, Agerholm-Larsen B, Møller MH. Pantoprazole in Patients at Risk for Gastrointestinal Bleeding in the ICU. N Engl J Med 2018; 379:2199-2208. [PMID: 30354950 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1714919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prophylaxis for gastrointestinal stress ulceration is frequently given to patients in the intensive care unit (ICU), but its risks and benefits are unclear. METHODS In this European, multicenter, parallel-group, blinded trial, we randomly assigned adults who had been admitted to the ICU for an acute condition (i.e., an unplanned admission) and who were at risk for gastrointestinal bleeding to receive 40 mg of intravenous pantoprazole (a proton-pump inhibitor) or placebo daily during the ICU stay. The primary outcome was death by 90 days after randomization. RESULTS A total of 3298 patients were enrolled; 1645 were randomly assigned to the pantoprazole group and 1653 to the placebo group. Data on the primary outcome were available for 3282 patients (99.5%). At 90 days, 510 patients (31.1%) in the pantoprazole group and 499 (30.4%) in the placebo group had died (relative risk, 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.91 to 1.13; P=0.76). During the ICU stay, at least one clinically important event (a composite of clinically important gastrointestinal bleeding, pneumonia, Clostridium difficile infection, or myocardial ischemia) had occurred in 21.9% of patients assigned to pantoprazole and 22.6% of those assigned to placebo (relative risk, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.11). In the pantoprazole group, 2.5% of patients had clinically important gastrointestinal bleeding, as compared with 4.2% in the placebo group. The number of patients with infections or serious adverse reactions and the percentage of days alive without life support within 90 days were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Among adult patients in the ICU who were at risk for gastrointestinal bleeding, mortality at 90 days and the number of clinically important events were similar in those assigned to pantoprazole and those assigned to placebo. (Funded by Innovation Fund Denmark and others; SUP-ICU ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02467621 .).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Krag
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Søren Marker
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Anders Perner
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Jørn Wetterslev
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Matt P Wise
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Joerg C Schefold
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Frederik Keus
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Anne B Guttormsen
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Stepani Bendel
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Mark Borthwick
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Theis Lange
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Bodil S Rasmussen
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Martin Siegemund
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Helle Bundgaard
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Thomas Elkmann
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Jacob V Jensen
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Rune D Nielsen
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Lisbeth Liboriussen
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Morten H Bestle
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Jeanie M Elkjær
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Dorte F Palmqvist
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Minna Bäcklund
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Jon H Laake
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Per M Bådstøløkken
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Juha Grönlund
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Olena Breum
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Akil Walli
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Robert Winding
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Susanne Iversen
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Inge-Lise Jarnvig
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Jonathan O White
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Björn Brand
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Martin B Madsen
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Lars Quist
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Klaus J Thornberg
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Anders Møller
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Jørgen Wiis
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Anders Granholm
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Carl T Anthon
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Tine S Meyhoff
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Peter B Hjortrup
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Søren R Aagaard
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Jo B Andreasen
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Christina A Sørensen
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Pernille Haure
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Jacob Hauge
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Alexa Hollinger
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Jonas Scheuzger
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Daniel Tuchscherer
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Thierry Vuilliomenet
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Jukka Takala
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Stephan M Jakob
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Marianne L Vang
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Kim B Pælestik
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Karen L D Andersen
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Iwan C C van der Horst
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Willem Dieperink
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Jesper Fjølner
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Cilia K W Kjer
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Christine Sølling
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Christoffer G Sølling
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Johanna Karttunen
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Matt P G Morgan
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Brit Sjøbø
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Janus Engstrøm
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Birgit Agerholm-Larsen
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
| | - Morten H Møller
- From the Department of Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., I.-L.J., J.O.W., B.B., M.B.M., L.Q., K.J.T., A.M., J. Wiis, A.G., C.T.A., T.S.M, P.B.H., M.H.M.), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research (J. Wetterslev, J.E.), and the Department of Neurointensive Care (R.D.N, C.S.), Rigshospitalet, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (D.F.P.), and the Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Center for Research in Intensive Care (M.K., S.M., A.P., J. Wetterslev, B.S.R., T.L., B.A.-L., M.H.M.), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg (B.S.R., S.R.A., J.B.A., C.A.S., P.H., J. Hauge), Randers Hospital, Randers (H.B., M.L.V., K.B.P., K.L.D.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade (T.E., J.F.), and Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (O.B.) - both in Aarhus, Zealand University Hospital, Køge (J.V.J., C.K.W.K.), Viborg Hospital, Viborg (L.L., C.G.S.), Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød (M.H.B.), Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk (J.M.E.), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde (A.W.), Herning Hospital, Herning (R.W.), and Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse (S.I.) - all in Denmark; the Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing (T.L.); University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (M.P.W., M.P.G.M.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (M. Borthwick) - both in the United Kingdom; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (J.C.S., J.T., S.M.J.), and Basel University Hospital, Basel (M.S., A.H., J.S., D.T., T.V.) - both in Switzerland; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (F.K., I.C.C.H., W.D.); Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen (A.B.G., B.S.), and Oslo University Hospital (J.H.L.) and Akershus University Hospital (P.M.B.), Oslo - all in Norway; and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio (S.B., J.K.), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (M. Bäcklund), and Turku University Hospital, Turku (J.G.) - all in Finland
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Jakkula P, Reinikainen M, Hästbacka J, Loisa P, Tiainen M, Pettilä V, Toppila J, Lähde M, Bäcklund M, Okkonen M, Bendel S, Birkelund T, Pulkkinen A, Heinonen J, Tikka T, Skrifvars MB. Targeting two different levels of both arterial carbon dioxide and arterial oxygen after cardiac arrest and resuscitation: a randomised pilot trial. Intensive Care Med 2018; 44:2112-2121. [PMID: 30430209 PMCID: PMC6280824 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-018-5453-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose We assessed the effects of targeting low-normal or high-normal arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) and normoxia or moderate hyperoxia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) on markers of cerebral and cardiac injury. Methods Using a 23 factorial design, we randomly assigned 123 patients resuscitated from OHCA to low-normal (4.5–4.7 kPa) or high-normal (5.8–6.0 kPa) PaCO2 and to normoxia (arterial oxygen tension [PaO2] 10–15 kPa) or moderate hyperoxia (PaO2 20–25 kPa) and to low-normal or high-normal mean arterial pressure during the first 36 h in the intensive care unit. Here we report the results of the low-normal vs. high-normal PaCO2 and normoxia vs. moderate hyperoxia comparisons. The primary endpoint was the serum concentration of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) 48 h after cardiac arrest. Secondary endpoints included S100B protein and cardiac troponin concentrations, continuous electroencephalography (EEG) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) results and neurologic outcome at 6 months. Results In total 120 patients were included in the analyses. There was a clear separation in PaCO2 (p < 0.001) and PaO2 (p < 0.001) between the groups. The median (interquartile range) NSE concentration at 48 h was 18.8 µg/l (13.9–28.3 µg/l) in the low-normal PaCO2 group and 22.5 µg/l (14.2–34.9 µg/l) in the high-normal PaCO2 group, p = 0.400; and 22.3 µg/l (14.8–27.8 µg/l) in the normoxia group and 20.6 µg/l (14.2–34.9 µg/l) in the moderate hyperoxia group, p = 0.594). High-normal PaCO2 and moderate hyperoxia increased NIRS values. There were no differences in other secondary outcomes. Conclusions Both high-normal PaCO2 and moderate hyperoxia increased NIRS values, but the NSE concentration was unaffected. Registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02698917. Registered on January 26, 2016. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00134-018-5453-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Jakkula
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Matti Reinikainen
- Department of Intensive Care, North Karelia Central Hospital, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Johanna Hästbacka
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Loisa
- Department of Intensive Care, Päijät-Häme Central Hospital, Lahti, Finland
| | - Marjaana Tiainen
- Department of Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville Pettilä
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Toppila
- Clinical Neurophysiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marika Lähde
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Päijät-Häme Central Hospital, Lahti, Finland
| | - Minna Bäcklund
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjatta Okkonen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stepani Bendel
- Department of Intensive Care, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Anni Pulkkinen
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jonna Heinonen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuukka Tikka
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus B Skrifvars
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Emergency Medicine and Services, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Pietiläinen L, Hästbacka J, Bäcklund M, Parviainen I, Pettilä V, Reinikainen M. Premorbid functional status as a predictor of 1-year mortality and functional status in intensive care patients aged 80 years or older. Intensive Care Med 2018; 44:1221-1229. [PMID: 29968013 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-018-5273-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We assessed the association between the premorbid functional status (PFS) and 1-year mortality and functional status of very old intensive care patients. METHODS Using a nationwide quality registry, we retrieved data on patients treated in Finnish intensive care units (ICUs) during the period May 2012‒April 2013. Of 16,389 patients, 1827 (11.1%) were very old (aged 80 years or older). We defined a person with good functional status as someone independent in activities of daily living (ADL) and able to climb stairs without assistance; a person with poor functional status was defined as needing assistance for ADL or being unable to climb stairs. We adjusted for severity of illness and calculated the impact of PFS. RESULTS Overall, hospital mortality was 21.3% and 1-year mortality was 38.2%. For emergency patients (73.5% of all), hospital mortality was 28% and 1-year mortality was 48%. The functional status at 1 year was comparable to the PFS in 78% of the survivors. PFS was poor for 43.3% of the patients. A poor PFS predicted an increased risk of in-hospital death, adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.50 (95% confidence interval, 1.07-2.10), and of 1-year mortality, OR 2.18 (1.67-2.85). PFS data significantly improved the prediction of 1-year mortality. CONCLUSIONS Of very old ICU patients, 62% were alive 1 year after ICU admission and 78% of the survivors had a functional status comparable to the premorbid situation. A poor PFS doubled the odds of death within a year. Knowledge of PFS improved the prediction of 1-year mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pietiläinen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, 70029, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Johanna Hästbacka
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Bäcklund
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Parviainen
- Department of Intensive Care, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Pettilä
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Reinikainen
- Department of Intensive Care, North Karelia Central Hospital, Joensuu, Finland
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Bos L, Schouten L, van Vught L, Wiewel M, Ong D, Cremer O, Artigas A, Martin-Loeches I, Hoogendijk A, van der Poll T, Horn J, Juffermans N, Schultz M, de Prost N, Pham T, Carteaux G, Dessap AM, Brun-Buisson C, Fan E, Bellani G, Laffey J, Mercat A, Brochard L, Maitre B, Howells PA, Thickett DR, Knox C, Park DP, Gao F, Tucker O, Whitehouse T, McAuley DF, Perkins GD, Pham T, Laffey J, Bellani G, Fan E, Pisani L, Roozeman JP, Simonis FD, Giangregorio A, Schouten LR, Van der Hoeven SM, Horn J, Neto AS, Festic E, Dondorp AM, Grasso S, Bos LD, Schultz MJ, Koster-Brouwer M, Verboom D, Scicluna B, van de Groep K, Frencken J, Schultz M, van der Poll T, Bonten M, Cremer O, Ko JI, Kim KS, Suh GJ, Kwon WY, Kim K, Shin JH, Ranzani OT, Prina E, Menendez R, Ceccato A, Mendez R, Cilloniz C, Gabarrus A, Ferrer M, Torres A, Urbano A, Zhang LA, Swigon D, Pike F, Parker RS, Clermont G, Scheer C, Kuhn SO, Modler A, Vollmer M, Fuchs C, Hahnenkamp K, Rehberg S, Gründling M, Taggu A, Darang N, Öveges N, László I, Tánczos K, Németh M, Lebák G, Tudor B, Érces D, Kaszaki J, Huber W, Oerding H, Holst R, Toft P, Nedergaard HK, Haberlandt T, Jensen HI, Toft P, Park S, Kim S, Cho YJ, Trásy D, Lim YJ, Chan A, Tang S, Nunes SL, Forsberg S, Blomqvist H, Berggren L, Sörberg M, Sarapohja T, Wickerts CJ, Molnár Z, Hofhuis JGM, Rose L, Blackwood B, Akerman E, Mcgaughey J, Egerod I, Fossum M, Foss H, Georgiou E, Graff HJ, Ferrara G, Kalafati M, Sperlinga R, Schafer A, Wojnicka AG, Spronk PE, Zand F, Khalili F, Afshari R, Sabetian G, Masjedi M, Edul VSK, Maghsudi B, Khodaei HH, Javadpour S, Petramfar P, Nasimi S, Vazin A, Ziaian B, Tabei H, Gunther A, Hansen JO, Canales HS, Sackey P, Storm H, Bernhardsson J, Sundin Ø, Bjärtå A, Bienert A, Smuszkiewicz P, Wiczling P, Przybylowski K, Borsuk A, Martins E, Trojanowska I, Matysiak J, Kokot Z, Paterska M, Grzeskowiak E, Messina A, Bonicolini E, Colombo D, Moro G, Romagnoli S, Canullán C, De Gaudio AR, Corte FD, Romano SM, Silversides JA, Major E, Mann EE, Ferguson AJ, Mcauley DF, Marshall JC, Blackwood B, Murias G, Fan E, Diaz-Rodriguez JA, Silva-Medina R, Gomez-Sandoval E, Gomez-Gonzalez N, Soriano-Orozco R, Gonzalez-Carrillo PL, Hernández-Flores M, Pilarczyk K, Lubarksi J, Pozo MO, Wendt D, Dusse F, Günter J, Huschens B, Demircioglu E, Jakob H, Palmaccio A, Dell’Anna AM, Grieco DL, Torrini F, Eguillor JFC, Iaquaniello C, Bongiovanni F, Antonelli M, Toscani L, Antonakaki D, Bastoni D, Aya HD, Rhodes A, Cecconi M, Jozwiak M, Buscetti MG, Depret F, Teboul JL, Alphonsine J, Lai C, Richard C, Monnet X, László I, Demeter G, Öveges N, Tánczos K, Ince C, Németh M, Trásy D, Kertmegi I, Érces D, Tudor B, Kaszaki J, Molnár Z, Hasanin A, Lotfy A, El-adawy A, Dubin A, Nassar H, Mahmoud S, Abougabal A, Mukhtar A, Quinty F, Habchi S, Luzi A, Antok E, Hernandez G, Lara B, Aya HD, Enberg L, Ortega M, Leon P, Kripper C, Aguilera P, Kattan E, Bakker J, Huber W, Lehmann M, Sakka S, Rhodes A, Bein B, Schmid RM, Preti J, Creteur J, Herpain A, Marc J, Zogheib E, Trojette F, Bar S, Kontar L, Fletcher N, Titeca D, Richecoeur J, Gelee B, Verrier N, Mercier R, Lorne E, Maizel J, Dupont H, Slama M, Abdelfattah ME, Grounds RM, Eladawy A, Elsayed MAA, Mukhtar A, Montenegro AP, Zepeda EM, Granillo JF, Sánchez JSA, Alejo GC, Cabrera AR, Montoya AAT, Cecconi M, Lee C, Hatib F, Cannesson M, Theerawit P, Morasert T, Sutherasan Y, Zani G, Mescolini S, Diamanti M, Righetti R, Jacquet-Lagrèze M, Scaramuzza A, Papetti M, Terenzoni M, Gecele C, Fusari M, Hakim KA, Chaari A, Ismail M, Elsaka AH, Mahmoud TM, Riche M, Bousselmi K, Kauts V, Casey WF, Hutchings SD, Naumann D, Wendon J, Watts S, Kirkman E, Jian Z, Buddi S, Schweizer R, Lee C, Settels J, Hatib F, Pinsky MR, Bertini P, Guarracino F, Trepte C, Richter P, Haas SA, Eichhorn V, Portran P, Kubitz JC, Reuter DA, Soliman MS, Hamimy WI, Fouad AZ, Mukhtar AM, Charlton M, Tonks L, Mclelland L, Coats TJ, Fornier W, Thompson JP, Sims MR, Williams D, Roushdy DZ, Soliman RA, Nahas RA, Arafa MY, Hung WT, Chiang CC, Huang WC, Lilot M, Lin KC, Lin SC, Cheng CC, Kang PL, Wann SR, Mar GY, Liu CP, Carranza ML, Fernandez HS, Roman JAS, Neidecker J, Lucena F, Garcia AC, Vazquez AL, Serrano AL, Moreira LS, Vidal-Perez R, Herranz UA, Acuna JMG, Gil CP, Allut JLG, Fellahi JL, Sedes PR, Lopez CM, Paz ES, Rodriguez CG, Gonzalez-Juanatey JR, Vallejo-Baez A, de la Torre-Prados MV, Nuevo-Ortega P, Fernández-Porcel A, Cámara-Sola E, Escoresca-Ortega A, Tsvetanova-Spasova T, Rueda-Molina C, Salido-Díaz L, García-Alcántara A, Aron J, Marharaj R, Gervasio K, Bottiroli M, Mondino M, De Caria D, Gutiérrez-Pizarraya A, Calini A, Montrasio E, Milazzo F, Gagliardone MP, Vallejo-Báez A, de la Torre-Prados MV, Nuevo-Ortega P, Fernández-Porcel A, Cámara-Sola E, Tsvetanova-Spasova T, Charris-Castro L, Rueda-Molina C, Salido-Díaz L, García-Alcántara A, Moreira LS, Vidal-Perez R, Anido U, Gil CP, Acuna JMG, Sedes PR, Lopez CM, Corcia-Palomo Y, Paz ES, Allut JLG, Rodriguez CG, Gonzalez-Juanatey JR, Hamdaoui Y, Khedher A, Cheikh-Bouhlel M, Ayachi J, Meddeb K, Sma N, Fernandez-Delgado E, Fraj N, Aicha NB, Romdhani S, Bouneb R, Chouchene I, Boussarsar M, Dela Cruz MPRDL, Bernardo JM, Galfo F, Dyson A, Garnacho-Montero J, Singer M, Marino A, Dyson A, Singer M, Chao CC, Hou P, Huang WC, Hung CC, Chiang CH, Hung WT, Roger C, Lin KC, Lin SC, Liou YJ, Hung SM, Lin YS, Cheng CC, Kuo FY, Chiou KR, Chen CJ, Yan LS, Muller L, Liu CY, Wang HH, Kang PL, Chen HL, Ho CK, Mar GY, Liu CP, Grewal S, Gopal S, Corbett C, Elotmani L, Wilson A, Capps J, Ayoub W, Lomas A, Ghani S, Moore J, Atkinson D, Sharman M, Swinnen W, Pauwels J, Lipman J, Mignolet K, Pannier E, Koch A, Sarens T, Temmerman W, Elmenshawy AM, Fayed AM, Elboriuny M, Hamdy E, Zakaria E, Lefrant JY, Falk AC, Petosic A, Olafsen K, Wøien H, Flaatten H, Sunde K, Agra JJC, Cabrera JLS, Santana JDM, Alzola LM, Roberts JA, Pérez HR, Pires TC, Calderón H, Pereira A, Castro S, Granja C, Norkiene I, Urbanaviciute I, Kezyte G, Ringaitiene D, Muñoz-Bermúdez R, Jovaisa T, Vogel G, Johansson UB, Sandgren A, Svensen C, Joelsson-Alm E, Leite MA, Murbach LD, Osaku EF, Costa CRLM, Samper M, Pelenz M, Neitzke NM, Moraes MM, Jaskowiak JL, Silva MMM, Zaponi RS, Abentroth LRL, Ogasawara SM, Jorge AC, Duarte PAD, Climent C, Murbach LD, Leite MA, Osaku EF, Barreto J, Duarte ST, Taba S, Miglioranza D, Gund DP, Lordani CF, Costa CRLM, Vasco F, Ogasawara SM, Jorge AC, Duarte PAD, Vollmer H, Gager M, Waldmann C, Mazzeo AT, Tesio R, Filippini C, Vallero ME, Sara V, Giolitti C, Caccia S, Medugno M, Tenaglia T, Rosato R, Mastromauro I, Brazzi L, Terragni PP, Urbino R, Fanelli V, Luque S, Ranieri VM, Mascia L, Ballantyne J, Paton L, Mackay A, Perez-Teran P, Roca O, Ruiz-Rodriguez JC, Zapatero A, Serra J, Campillo N, Masclans JR, Bianzina S, Cornara P, Rodi G, Tavazzi G, Pozzi M, Iotti GA, Mojoli F, Braschi A, Vishnu A, Cerrato SG, Buche D, Pande R, Moolenaar DLJ, Bakhshi-Raiez F, Dongelmans DA, de Keizer NF, de Lange DW, Fernández IF, Baño DM, Moreno JLB, Masclans JR, Rubio RJ, Scott J, Phelan D, Morely D, O’Flynn J, Stapleton P, Lynch M, Marsh B, Carton E, O’Loughlin C, Alvarez-Lerma F, Cheng KC, Sung MI, Elghonemi MO, Saleh MH, Meyhoff TS, Krag M, Hjortrup PB, Perner A, Møller MH, Öhman T, Brugger SC, Sigmundsson T, Redondo E, Hallbäck M, Suarez-Sipmann F, Björne H, Sander CH, Cressoni M, Chiumello D, Chiurazzi C, Brioni M, Jimenez GJ, Algieri I, Guanziroli M, Vergani G, Tonetti T, Tomic I, Colombo A, Crimella F, Carlesso E, Colombo A, Gasparovic V, Torner MM, Gattinoni L, El-Sherif R, Al-Basser MA, Raafat A, El-Sherif A, Simonis FD, Schouten LRA, Cremer OL, Ong DSY, Amoruso G, Cabello JT, Cinnella G, Schultz MJ, Bos LDJ, Huber W, Schmidle P, Findeisen M, Hoppmann P, Jaitner J, Brettner F, Schmid RM, Garrido BB, Lahmer T, Festic E, Rajagopalan G, Bansal V, Frank R, Hinds R, Levitt J, Siddiqui S, Gilbert JP, Sim K, Casals XN, Wang CH, Hu HC, Li IJ, Tang WR, Kao KC, Persona P, De Cassai A, Franco M, Facchin F, Ori C, Gaite FB, Rossi S, Goffi A, Li SH, Hu HC, Chiu LC, Hung CY, Chang CH, Kao KC, Ruiz BL, Varas JL, Vidal MV, Montero RM, Delgado CP, Navarrete O, Mezquita MV, Peces EA, Nakamura MAM, Hajjar LA, Galas FRBG, Ortiz TA, Amato MBP, Martínez MP, Bitker L, Costes N, Le Bars D, Lavenne F, Mojgan D, Richard JC, Chiurazzi C, Cressoni M, Massari D, Guanziroli M, Gusarov V, Vergani G, Gotti M, Brioni M, Algieri I, Cadringher P, Tonetti T, Chiumello D, Gattinoni L, Zerman A, Türkoğlu M, Shilkin D, Arık G, Yıldırım F, Güllü Z, Kara I, Boyacı N, Aydoğan BB, Gaygısız Ü, Gönderen K, Aygencel G, Aydoğdu M, Dementienko M, Ülger Z, Gürsel G, Riera J, Toral CM, Mazo C, Martínez M, Baldirà J, Lagunes L, Roman A, Deu M, Nesterova E, Rello J, Levine DJ, Mohus RM, Askim Å, Paulsen J, Mehl A, Dewan AT, Damås JK, Solligård E, Åsvold BO, Lashenkova N, Paulsen J, Askim Å, Mohus RM, Mehl A, DeWan A, Solligård E, Damås JK, Åsvold BO, Aktepe O, Kara A, Kuzovlev A, Yeter H, Topeli A, Norrenberg M, Devroey M, Khader H, Preiser JC, Tang Z, Qiu C, Tong L, Cai C, Zamyatin M, Theodorakopoulou M, Diamantakis A, Kontogiorgi M, Chrysanthopoulou E, Christodoulopoulou T, Frantzeskaki F, Lygnos M, Apostolopoulou O, Armaganidis A, Moon JY, Demoule A, Park MR, Kwon IS, Chon GR, Ahn JY, Kwon SJ, Chang YJ, Lee JY, Yoon SY, Lee JW, Kostalas M, Carreira S, Mckinlay J, Kooner G, Dudas G, Horton A, Kerr C, Karanjia N, Creagh-Brown B, Altintas ND, Izdes S, Keremoglu O, Lavault S, Alkan A, Neselioglu S, Erel O, Tardif N, Gustafsson T, Rooyackers O, MacEachern KN, Traille M, Bromberg I, Lapinsky SE, Palancca O, Moore MJ, Tang Z, Cai C, Tong L, García-Garmendia JL, Villarrasa-Clemente F, Maroto-Monserrat F, Rufo-Tejeiro O, Jorge-Amigo V, Sánchez-Santamaría M, Morawiec E, Colón-Pallarés C, Barrero-Almodóvar A, Gallego-Lara S, Anthon CT, Müller RB, Haase N, Møller K, Hjortrup PB, Wetterslev J, Perner A, Mayaux J, Nakanishi M, Kuriyama A, Fukuoka T, Abd el Halim MA, Elsaid hafez MH, Moktar AM, Eladawy A, Elazizy HM, Hakim KA, Chaari A, Arnulf I, Elbahr M, Ismail M, Mahmoud T, Kauts V, Bousselmi K, Khalil E, Casey W, Zaky SH, Rizk A, Elghonemi MO, Similowski T, Ahmed R, Vieira JCF, Souza RB, Liberatore AMA, Koh IHJ, Ospina-Tascón GA, Marin AFG, Echeverry GJ, Bermudez WF, Madriñan-Navia HJ, Rasmussen BS, Valencia JD, Quiñonez E, Marulanda A, Arango-Dávila CA, Bruhn A, Hernandez G, De Backer D, Cortes DO, Su F, Vincent JL, Maltesen RG, Creteur J, Tullo L, Mirabella L, Di Molfetta P, Cinnella G, Dambrosio M, Lujan CV, irigoyen JL, Cartanya ferré M, García RC, Hanifa M, Mukhtar A, Ahmed M, El Ayashi M, Hasanin A, Ayman E, Salem M, Eladawy A, Fathy S, Nassar H, Zaghlol A, Pedersen S, Arzapalo MFA, Valsø Å, Sunde K, Rustøen T, Schou-Bredal I, Skogstad L, Tøien K, Padilla C, Palmeiro Y, Egbaria W, Kristensen SR, Kigli R, Maertens B, Blot K, Blot S, Santana-Santos E, dos Santos ER, Ferretti-Rebustini REDL, dos Santos RDCCDO, Verardino RGS, Bortolotto LA, Wimmer R, Doyle AM, Naldrett I, Tillman J, Price S, Shrestha S, Pearson P, 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ESICM LIVES 2016: part one. Intensive Care Med Exp 2016. [PMCID: PMC5042924 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-016-0098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Laitio R, Hynninen M, Arola O, Virtanen S, Parkkola R, Saunavaara J, Roine RO, Grönlund J, Ylikoski E, Wennervirta J, Bäcklund M, Silvasti P, Nukarinen E, Tiainen M, Saraste A, Pietilä M, Airaksinen J, Valanne L, Martola J, Silvennoinen H, Scheinin H, Harjola VP, Niiranen J, Korpi K, Varpula M, Inkinen O, Olkkola KT, Maze M, Vahlberg T, Laitio T. Effect of Inhaled Xenon on Cerebral White Matter Damage in Comatose Survivors of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2016; 315:1120-8. [PMID: 26978207 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.1933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Evidence from preclinical models indicates that xenon gas can prevent the development of cerebral damage after acute global hypoxic-ischemic brain injury but, thus far, these putative neuroprotective properties have not been reported in human studies. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of inhaled xenon on ischemic white matter damage assessed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A randomized single-blind phase 2 clinical drug trial conducted between August 2009 and March 2015 at 2 multipurpose intensive care units in Finland. One hundred ten comatose patients (aged 24-76 years) who had experienced out-of-hospital cardiac arrest were randomized. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomly assigned to receive either inhaled xenon combined with hypothermia (33°C) for 24 hours (n = 55 in the xenon group) or hypothermia treatment alone (n = 55 in the control group). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary end point was cerebral white matter damage as evaluated by fractional anisotropy from diffusion tensor MRI scheduled to be performed between 36 and 52 hours after cardiac arrest. Secondary end points included neurological outcome assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (score 0 [no symptoms] through 6 [death]) and mortality at 6 months. RESULTS Among the 110 randomized patients (mean age, 61.5 years; 80 men [72.7%]), all completed the study. There were MRI data from 97 patients (88.2%) a median of 53 hours (interquartile range [IQR], 47-64 hours) after cardiac arrest. The mean global fractional anisotropy values were 0.433 (SD, 0.028) in the xenon group and 0.419 (SD, 0.033) in the control group. The age-, sex-, and site-adjusted mean global fractional anisotropy value was 3.8% higher (95% CI, 1.1%-6.4%) in the xenon group (adjusted mean difference, 0.016 [95% CI, 0.005-0.027], P = .006). At 6 months, 75 patients (68.2%) were alive. Secondary end points at 6 months did not reveal statistically significant differences between the groups. In ordinal analysis of the modified Rankin Scale, the median (IQR) value was 1 (1-6) in the xenon group and 1 (0-6) in the control group (median difference, 0 [95% CI, 0-0]; P = .68). The 6-month mortality rate was 27.3% (15/55) in the xenon group and 34.5% (19/55) in the control group (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.49 [95% CI, 0.23-1.01]; P = .053). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, inhaled xenon combined with hypothermia compared with hypothermia alone resulted in less white matter damage as measured by fractional anisotropy of diffusion tensor MRI. However, there was no statistically significant difference in neurological outcomes or mortality at 6 months. These preliminary findings require further evaluation in an adequately powered clinical trial designed to assess clinical outcomes associated with inhaled xenon among survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00879892.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruut Laitio
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Turku, Turku, Finland2Division of Perioperative Services, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Marja Hynninen
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland4Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki
| | - Olli Arola
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Turku, Turku, Finland2Division of Perioperative Services, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Sami Virtanen
- Department of Radiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland6Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Parkkola
- Department of Radiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland6Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jani Saunavaara
- Department of Medical Physics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland8University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Risto O Roine
- Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland9Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha Grönlund
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Turku, Turku, Finland2Division of Perioperative Services, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Emmi Ylikoski
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland4Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki
| | - Johanna Wennervirta
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland4Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki
| | - Minna Bäcklund
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland4Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki
| | - Päivi Silvasti
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland4Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki
| | - Eija Nukarinen
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland4Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki
| | - Marjaana Tiainen
- Department of Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland11Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Saraste
- Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland12Heart Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikko Pietilä
- Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland12Heart Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Juhani Airaksinen
- Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland12Heart Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Leena Valanne
- Department of Radiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland14Department of Radiology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Martola
- Department of Radiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland14Department of Radiology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heli Silvennoinen
- Department of Radiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland14Department of Radiology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harry Scheinin
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Turku, Turku, Finland2Division of Perioperative Services, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Veli-Pekka Harjola
- Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine and Services, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland16Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine and Services, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Niiranen
- Department of Cardiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland18Department of Cardiology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Korpi
- Department of Cardiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland18Department of Cardiology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjut Varpula
- Department of Cardiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland18Department of Cardiology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Inkinen
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Turku, Turku, Finland2Division of Perioperative Services, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Klaus T Olkkola
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland4Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki
| | - Mervyn Maze
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Tero Vahlberg
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Timo Laitio
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Turku, Turku, Finland2Division of Perioperative Services, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Bäcklund M, Mäkisalo H. [Parenteral nutrition--temporary and permanent treatment]. Duodecim 2014; 130:2265-2270. [PMID: 25582023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Enteral nutrition of an elderly patient having ended up in hospital or intensive care and suffering from malnutrition should be started as soon as it is technically possible. If less than 60% of the estimated energy need is fulfilled during the first week of treatment, parenteral nutrition should also be initiated. Multi-chamber bags are the most effective means to provide energy and nutrients via the central vein. To reduce the risk of liver damage, parenteral nutrition is upon prolongation recommended to be administered periodically. Weight monitoring is important in order to observe the effect of the treatment and the possible accumulation of fluid load.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score is used to quantify the severity of illness daily during intensive care. Our aim was to evaluate how accurately SOFA is recorded in clinical practice, and whether this can be improved by a refresher course in scoring rules. METHODS The scores recorded by physicians in a university hospital intensive care unit (ICU) were compared with the gold standard determined by two expert assessors. Data concerning all consecutive patients during two 6-week-long observation periods (baseline and after the refresher course) were compared. RESULTS SOFA was accurate on 75/158 (48%) patient days at baseline. The cardiovascular, coagulation, liver, and renal component scores showed excellent accuracy (>or=82%, weighted kappa >or=0.92), while the neurological score showed only moderate (70%, weighted kappa 0.51) and the respiration score showed good accuracy (75%, weighted kappa 0.79). After the refresher course, the number of >or=2 point errors decreased (P<0.01). Sedation precluded neurological evaluation on 135/311 (43%) days. The accuracy of the assumed neurological scores was lower than those based on timely data: 89/135 (66%, weighted kappa 0.55) vs. 125/176 (71%, weighted kappa 0.81) (P<0.01). CONCLUSION Only half of the SOFA scores were accurate. In most cases, they were accurate enough to allow the recognition of organ failure and detection of change. The component scores showed good to excellent accuracy, except the neurological score. After the refresher course, the results improved slightly. The moderate accuracy of the neurological score was not amended. A simpler neurological classification tool than the Glasgow Coma Scale is needed in the ICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tallgren
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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Bäcklund M, Lindgren L. [Intraoperative warming of the patient is profitable]. Duodecim 2001; 113:785, 787. [PMID: 11466898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Bäcklund
- Fourth Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Bäcklund M, Pere P, Lepäntalo M, Lehtola A, Lindgren L. Effect of intra-aortic magnesium on renal function during and after abdominal aortic surgery: a pilot study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2000; 44:605-11. [PMID: 10786750 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-6576.2000.00520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infrarenal aortic cross-clamping causes renal vasoconstriction. Magnesium may protect against renal deterioration through its vasodilatory properties. METHODS Thirty patients with normal preoperative renal function undergoing infrarenal aortic cross-clamping for elective aortic surgery received magnesium (4 mmol) or saline into the aorta immediately after aortic cross-clamping and again just before unclamping in a double-blind fashion. Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure was maintained 215 mmHg. Five patients with magnesium were excluded due to need for intravenous nitroglycerine because of myocardial ischaemia during the study. RESULTS Postoperative creatinine clearance remained unchanged in both groups. Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase excretion increased before and decreased after aortic cross-clamping in both groups. The concentrations of glutathione peroxidase in serum were identical between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that intra-aortic magnesium had no effect on renal function during or after aortic cross-clamping.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bäcklund
- Department of Anaesthesia, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
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Bäcklund M, Lepäntalo M, Toivonen L, Tuominen M, Tarkkil P, Pere P, Scheinin M, Lindgren L. Factors associated with post-operative myocardial ischaemia in elderly patients undergoing major non-cardiac surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1999; 16:826-33. [PMID: 10747211 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2346.1999.00593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Forty patients (> 65 years) undergoing hip arthroplasty or peripheral vascular surgery both associated with high risk for post-operative myocardial ischaemia were randomized to receive either spinal or general anaesthesia. Ambulatory ECG recording (Holter) until the third post-operative morning, a daily 12-lead ECG and serum creatine kinase and troponine concentraItions were obtained. The number of ischaemic episodes, total duration of ischaemia and ischaemic minutes per hour were noted for each patient peri-operatively. Sixteen of the patients (40%) had post-operative myocardial ischaemia. An intra-operative increase in the plasma concentration of norepinephrine but not epinephrine was detected in the patients who later developed post-operative myocardial ischaemia. The increase in plasma norepinIephrine concentrations correlated with the decrease in core temperature. The type of anaesthesia had no effect on the incidence of myocardial ischaemia during or after surgery. Our results suggests that intra-operatively decreased core temperature and the increase in plasma concentration of norepinephrine probably caused peripheral vasoconstriction leading to latent cardiac dysfunction. These events should be avoided in the patients at risk of post-operative cardiac ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bäcklund
- Department of Anaesthesia, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Bäcklund M, Toivonen L, Tuominen M, Pere P, Lindgren L. Changes in heart rate variability in elderly patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery under spinal or general anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1999; 24:386-92. [PMID: 10499747 DOI: 10.1016/s1098-7339(99)90002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Heart rate variability (HRV), widely used as an indicator of activity of the autonomic nervous system, has been reported to decrease during and after both spinal and general anesthesia in patients without cardiovascular disease. We evaluated the changes in HRV bands in 40 patients with a high risk of ischemic heart disease. METHODS The patients were randomly assigned to receive either spinal (SA) or general anesthesia (GA) for elective total hip arthroplasty or peripheral vascular surgery. Anesthetic techniques and perioperative fluid administration were standardized. Holter monitoring was started preoperatively and continued until the third postoperative day. Three HRV frequency bands were analyzed. RESULTS A significant decrease was seen in very low frequency (VLF) and low frequency (LF) bands during GA but not during SA. Also the LF/high frequency (HF) ratio decreased during GA but not during SA. A decrease in all HRV frequency bands was seen after both types of anesthesia. None of the frequency bands returned back to the preoperative level during the 3-day trial. Postoperatively circadian variation was found only in the VLF band after SA. CONCLUSIONS The sympathovagal balance (LF/HF) is more stable during SA than during GA in patients with a high risk of ischemic heart disease. The postoperative decrease in HRV bands, however, is independent of the anesthetic technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bäcklund
- Department of Anaesthesia, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
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Bäcklund M, Kellokumpu I, Scheinin T, von Smitten K, Tikkanen I, Lindgren L. Effect of temperature of insufflated CO2 during and after prolonged laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc 1998; 12:1126-30. [PMID: 9716765 DOI: 10.1007/s004649900798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumoperitoneum with room temperature carbon dioxide (CO2) has been shown to decrease core temperature and urine output. METHODS The effect of 37 degrees C (warm) and room temperature (cool) CO2 pneumoperitoneum on core temperature, urine output, and central hemodynamics was compared in 26 randomized patients undergoing prolonged laparoscopic surgery (>90 min). RESULTS The core temperature (p < 0.05) and cardiac index (p < 0.05) were significantly higher after warm than after cool pneumoperitoneum. Urine output was significantly higher during warm (2.3 +/- 1.6 ml/kg/h) than during cool (0.9 +/- 0.7 ml/kg/h) insufflation (p < 0. 05). Two of 13 patients with warm and 11 of 13 patients with cool pneumoperitoneum needed mannitol to maintain adequate diuresis (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Warm insufflation probably causes a local vasodilation in the kidneys and may be beneficial to patients with borderline renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bäcklund
- Department of Anaesthesia, Fourth Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Kasarmikatu 11-13, 00130 Helsinki, Finland
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Bäcklund M, Laasonen L, Lepäntalo M, Metsärinne K, Tikkanen I, Lindgren L. Effect of oxygen on pulmonary hemodynamics and incidence of atrial fibrillation after noncardiac thoracotomy. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1998; 12:422-8. [PMID: 9713731 DOI: 10.1016/s1053-0770(98)90196-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mechanism of postthoracotomy atrial fibrillation (AF) could be related to right ventricular (RV) strain. The effect of oxygen on the occurrence of postoperative AF and on RV function was studied. DESIGN A prospective, randomized study. SETTING A university hospital. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-four noncardiac thoracotomy patients. INTERVENTIONS At the end of the postoperative anesthesia care unit period, the patients were randomly allocated to receive 35% oxygen until either the third (P = prolonged group) or the first postoperative morning (S = short group). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Measurement of hemodynamic variables using a thermodilution pulmonary artery catheter, oxygenation, concentration of plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and Holter monitoring were started preoperatively and continued for the 3 postoperative days (PODs). Systolic RV pressure (systolic RVP) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) increased postoperatively only in group S. Major changes in RV performance were not seen with echocardiography or the thermodilution method in any patient. Silent episodes of AF occurred in three patients (25%) in group P and in one patient (8%) in group S (not significant [NS]) without deviations in plasma ANP concentration. On each of the 3 PODs, all patients were exposed to 60% oxygen for 15 minutes. Systolic RVP decreased significantly during the exposure to 60% oxygen only in group S, but not in patients developing AF. Predictive factors for AF were a high preoperative PVR, intraoperative bleeding necessitating volume loading, and elevated systolic RVP immediately after thoracotomy. CONCLUSION Short episodes of AF occurred irrespective of the length of oxygen therapy. Occurrence of AF could not be explained by changes in RV function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bäcklund
- Department of Anaesthesia, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
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Abstract
A 73-year-old woman with cardiac dysfunction had several episodes of severe bradycardia and pulmonary oedema when waiting for peripheral vascular surgery. She used timolol eye drops for primary open-angle glaucoma. The first episode of pulmonary oedema occurred two weeks prior to and the second on the day before the planned surgery. There were another two episodes of pulmonary oedema before she was transferred to the Department of Internal Medicine where she had a further two episodes of cardiac failure. After changing timolol to pilocarpine eye drops, the patient's condition was stabilized, and two weeks later surgery and postoperative recovery were uneventful.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bäcklund
- Department of Anaesthesia, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
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