Comparison of Fatty Acid Profile in Egg Yolk from Late-Age Hens Housed in Enriched Cages and in a Free Range System

In recent years, the free-range system for laying hens has increased, driven by societal sensitivity to animal welfare. This study aimed to comparatively analyze the total lipid, cholesterol, and fatty acid composition of egg yolks of late-age laying hens reared in enriched cages (C) and the free-range system (FR). Eggs were collected from Lohmann Brown Classic hens at the 68th, 70th, 72nd, and 74th week of age. The concentrations of total lipids and cholesterol were not affected (p > 0.05) by either factor. Egg yolk from the FR group showed lower (p < 0.01) monounsaturated fatty acids and higher (p < 0.01) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) compared with that of the C group. From a nutritional point of view, the PUFA n-6/n-3 and the PUFA/SFA ratios of egg yolk from the FR group were favorably lower and higher (p < 0.01) compared with the C one. Conversely, hen age did not affect (p > 0.05) the fatty acid composition of yolks. Interactions between factors were found for total n-3 and n-6 PUFA and the n-6/n-3 ratio (p < 0.01), as well as the thrombogenic index (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the results confirmed that the free-range system may improve the nutritional yolk fatty acid profile and its positive impact on human health.

Quality characteristics, lysozyme activity, and albumen viscosity of fresh hatching duck eggs after a week's storage at various temperatures

The study aimed to analyze the qualitative features of Cherry Valley duck' hatching eggs during storage at different temperatures. Eggs were divided into 3 equal groups with 30 eggs each: fresh egg and stored at 7 °C and 17 °C within one week. Qualitative analyses of duck eggs were carried out, considering the morphological composition, physicochemical characteristics, lysozyme activity, and albumen viscosity. The highest weight of yolk and its percentage was found in the 17 °C group. The weight and percentage of albumen were significantly the highest in the group of fresh eggs. Higher egg weight loss was observed in the group stored at higher temperatures. Higher thick albumen height and Haugh units were found in fresh eggs and eggs stored at 7 °C. Different temperatures of egg storage did not affect lysozyme activity in thick and thin albumen. Stored eggs were characterized by lower albumen viscosity only at a shear rate of 10 rpm. The higher viscosity of thick albumen compared to thin ones was demonstrated at 10 and 20 rpm shear rates. The presented research results indicate a large diversity of selected qualitative indicators of hatching duck eggs, which may affect their storage and suitability for incubation.

Growth performance, meat quality, strength of jejunum and leg bones of both sexes Cherry Valley ducks fed with zeolite

Zeolite, as a natural mineral, could be a good additive for ducks, in line with pro-environmental trends. The study aimed to evaluate zeolite additives in feed for broiler ducks of both sexes on production results, meat quality, and the strength of the jejunum, tibia, and femur. The experiment used 200 Cherry Valley ducks, divided into a control group of males (CM) and females (CF) and an experimental group of males (ZM) and females (ZF). In the control groups, a commercial diet was used. In the experimental groups, 1% zeolite was added. The ZM group demonstrated higher body weight and weight gain than the CM group. Zeolite reduced the feed conversion ratio. A higher liver weight was found in the experimental group (ZM). Notably, zeolite influenced the weight of male pectoral muscles. Higher water loss in the pectoral muscles and higher protein content in the leg muscles were found in the same group. Females had a higher weight of neck and wings with skin. Female pectoral muscles had lower protein and water content. Zeolite in feed at a 1% level for broiler ducks could be recommended as a natural additive that positively affects the ducks' production results concerning good quality meat.

Evaluation of coffee husks in pellet bedding, performance characteristics, footpad dermatitis scoring, and meat quality of broiler ducks

The study aimed to analyze the chemical composition of pellet bedding made of straw or coffee husks (10, 25, 50%) and the performance characteristics of broiler ducks and footpad dermatitis. During rearing, the properties of the bedding and utility features of ducks were analyzed, and the frequency of footpad dermatitis (FPD) in ducks was verified. There was a decrease in dry matter from the 28th day of rearing. The crude fiber, NDF, ADF, and nitrogen content decreased compared to fresh bedding, while phosphorus and potassium increased. The highest pH was found in the CH25 and CH50 groups in fresh bedding on day 42 and in CH50 on day 14. High adj. R2 was found due to rearing time and bedding material (0.817-0.985). The ducks' growth rate in the CH25 group was higher at week 6 than in the other groups. In CH10 and CH25 groups, higher carcass weight was found than in group C. In group CH10, a higher weight of pectoral muscles and lower wing proportion was found than in C. In CH25, a higher remains weight was shown than in C and CH50. In CH50, lower water-holding capacity in the pectoral muscles was found than in the other groups. Considering the bedding (the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium), carcass features, and meat quality (water-holding capacity, intramuscular fat, and water content), it is possible to use 10, 25 or 50% of coffee husks in straw pellets in the rearing of broiler ducks. Due to the FPD, the moisture should be lowered.

Use of coffee husks - comparison of pellet bedding quality, performance features, and some welfare indicators of broiler chickens

BACKGROUND

The study aimed to evaluate the influence of wheat straw and different coffee husk (CHs) levels in pellet bedding on its quality, broiler chickens' performance, meat quality, and welfare indicators. In total, 200 Ross 308 chickens were divided into 4 groups: C - control with wheat straw pellet; CH10 - pellet with 10% CHs, CH25 - pellet with 25% CHs, and CH50 - pellet with 50% CHs. During 42 days of rearing, each bedding's physicochemical features were analyzed. The production results were controlled, and the footpad dermatitis, hock burns, and feather quality were assessed. From chosen birds, carcass composition was analyzed, as well as the qualitative features (color, water-holding capacity, drip loss) and breaking bone strength.

RESULTS

The bedding material and rearing days influenced the content of dry matter, crude fiber, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, NDF, ADF, and pH. The results were inconclusive. The increasing trends in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content were noticed at the end of rearing. Strong coefficient determination in bedding features was found (0.580 - 0.986). The pellet with CHs had no adverse effect on the growth performance of broilers. In the CH50 group, a lower fat percentage was found. A beneficial effect on water-holding capacity was noticed in leg muscles from CH10 and pectoral muscles from CH25. A significant decrease was found in footpad dermatitis incidence in groups CH25 and CH50.

CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded that CHs reuse in broilers as the pellet bedding material is possible due to the beneficial effect on some meat quality features and no adverse effect on the performance of broiler chickens. The positive impact on lower foot pad dermatitis incidence indicated the possibility of using CHs in pellet bedding.

Chopped straw and coffee husks affect bedding chemical composition and the performance and foot pad condition of broiler chickens

Bedding material is a crucial environmental factor for chickens. Coffee husks are waste from the industry that could be reused. The study aimed to analyze the chemical composition of various bedding types and assess their impact on the performance characteristics of broiler chickens and the incidence of footpad dermatitis (FPD). Ross 308 broilers were used in the study. Birds were divided into 3 groups (216 chickens, 72 per group). Group 1 was kept on chopped straw (S). Group 2 was kept on coffee husks (CHs), and the 3rd group (PB) was kept on pellet bedding made from S and CHs in a 1:1 ratio. The dry matter (DM), crude fiber (CF), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) content, and the pH of the bedding were analyzed. Production results were examined during 42 days of rearing. FPD was assessed on a point scale. The tissue composition of the carcasses and qualitative physicochemical characteristics of the meat (pH, color, water holding capacity, drip loss) and bone-breaking strength were analyzed. Straw had a higher CF content. In total, the highest N content in CHs was noticed. P content was lower in the S, and K was the highest in the CHs group, followed by S and PB. The pH of the bedding was lower in the CHs group, higher in PB, and highest in S bedding. The DM was decreasing within the days of rearing. A significant interaction was demonstrated between the type of bedding and rearing days on the bedding (manure) composition. On days 1-14, FCR deteriorated in the PB group compared to the S group. The presence of FPD was significantly lower in the PB group than in the others. In the PB group, chickens had a higher slaughter yield than in the S group and a lower weight and liver share than in the CHs group. The weight and proportion of abdominal fat were higher in the group kept on S than on CHs. It can be concluded that coffee husks as a component of pellets had a beneficial effect on reducing FPD in chickens and their slaughter yield and enriched bedding with nutrients, which with poultry manure, could be a good fertilizer for agricultural soils after rearing. It could be recommended to use pelleted bedding.

Production Efficiency and Utility Features of Broiler Ducks Fed with Feed Thinned with Wheat Grain

The aim of this study was to evaluate the production efficiency (economics), growth, and meat quality of ducks fed with feed partially replaced with wheat. A total of 200 ducks were reared for 49 days. Each group consisted of 50 ducks (5 pens with 10 birds). For slaughter, 10 birds per group were chosen. The control group (C) was provided with a complete feed. In the experimental groups, from 42 to 49 days, the feed was replaced with wheat grains at the level of 10% (W10), 20% (W20), or 40% (W40). In the W20 and W40 groups, the cost of feed was reduced. In the W40 group, the profit per 1 kg carcass was increased by PLN 3.34 (more than 24% higher than the C group profit). A higher percentage of pectoral muscles and intramuscular fat was observed in the W20 group, with lower water content. A lower water-holding capacity (WHC) was observed in the duck leg muscles in group W40. The muscles from the W20 group had higher protein, collagen, and water content, and the fat was highest in the W40 group. A lower toughness of cooked meat was observed in the W20 group, and lower shear force in the pectoral muscles of groups C and W40. Thinning feed with wheat grains could represent an alternative to conventional feeding of broiler ducks, owing to reduced feed costs, with no negative impact on utility features, including growth, except the share of pectoral muscle and water absorption traits.

Growth of broiler chickens, and physical features of the digestive system, and leg bones after aluminosilicates used

The assessment of aluminosilicates' impact on the production of chickens, the physical features of the intestines, and leg bones was done. 500 Ross 308 chickens were used and divided into 5 groups. The control group was I. Groups II, III, IV, and V were fed with halloysite and zeolite (1:3 ratio) at 0,5% (1-35 days; starter, grower 1 and 2) and 1% (36-42 days; finisher) levels. Aluminosilicates were also used for the peat litter: II-500 g of halloysite/m²; III-250 g of halloysite/m² and 250 g of zeolite/m²; IV-500 g of zeolite/m²; V-130 g halloysite/m², 370 g zeolite/m². During 42 days, growth and feed indicators were recorded. 10 birds from each group were selected for slaughter. The digestive tract, femur, and tibia bones were sampled, and physical features were analyzed (weight, length, and strength). A lower feed conversion ratio on days 23-35 was found in the groups with the aluminosilicates addition. In group V a lower weight of the gizzard was found than in group I. A liver weight was higher in group V than in group III. A higher strength of the femurs was demonstrated in group IV. The tibia bones were characterized by higher strength than the femurs of broiler chickens. The aluminosilicates to feed and litter had no adverse effect.

nThe effect of partial replacement of milled finisher feed with wheat grains on the production efficiency and meat quality in broiler chickens

The study's aim was to assess the production efficiency, evaluate the carcass and meat quality of chickens fed with wheat grains. 200 Ross 308 chickens were divided into 4 groups (5 replicates with 10 birds in each): control (C) and experimental groups, including W50, where the finisher feed was diluted with wheat grain in 50%, W25–25%, and W10–10%. The production efficiency and chemical composition of the feed were analyzed. After 42 d of rearing, 10 birds from each group were selected, and the tissue composition, pH, color, water-holding capacity, drip loss, the chemical composition of meat, and the apparent protein digestibility, bone, and jejunum strength were investigated. It was proved that ground feed had an unfavorable effect on the body weight (BW) in all groups. Wheat decreased the protein level (P < 0.001) and digestibility (P < 0.001). The body weight gain (BWG) in group W50 was lower than in groups C and W10 (P = 0.009), however, this had no effect on the final feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P = 0.146). Finisher feed costs were reduced in groups W50, W25 compared to group C (P < 0.001). The European Production Efficiency Factor and the European Broiler Index in groups W10 and W25 were similar to group C, whereas in W50 they were reduced (P = 0.035; 0.034). No negative effect on carcass traits was shown in groups W10 and W25, however, 50% feed replacement was unbeneficial compared to group C. Pectoral muscles from the experimental groups were characterized by higher lightness (P < 0.001). In group W10 femur bones' strength and in group W25 tibia bones' strength was higher than in group W50 (P = 0.014; 0.006). Jejunum tensile strength was higher in group W25 than in W10 (P = 0.002). The nutritional strategies based on the dilution of the feed with wheat grain could be applied at the level of 10/25%, but 50% had a negative effect.

Research Note: Growth and meat features of broiler chicken with the use of halloysite as a technological additive to feed and peat litter

The current trends in the production of broiler chickens indicate the need to look for natural solutions that affect the efficiency of production and the quality of meat. The aim of the study was to evaluate the growth performance and quality of broiler chicken meat with the addition of halloysite in feed and litter. Two hundred Ross 308 were used and divided into 2 groups (10 replicates each). The control group (C) did not have any additive, while in the experimental group (H) 0.5% halloysite was used in feed and 0.500 kg/m² in peat litter. The production results and litter traits were checked. The presence of footpad dermatitis (FPD) was assessed. After 42 d, 20 birds were randomly selected and slaughtered. Dissection was performed. The slaughter yield and the percentage of carcass elements were calculated, including offal. Breast and leg muscles were analysed qualitatively (pH, colour, water-holding capacity, drip loss, chemical composition). In group H there were no changes to FPD, and in group C there were 6 cases of benign lesions and 1 with severe damage and scabs on the soles of the feet. Significantly higher preslaughter body weight was shown, as well as carcass and wings weight in group H. The H group had a higher pH₂₄ than the C group, as well as higher protein and water content, and lower intramuscular fat and salt, both in the breast and leg muscles. No significant differences were found in growth performance carcass, meat’ colour or water-holding capacity features. The litter with halloysite was characterized by a lower pH but without statistical confirmation. Addition of halloysite to feed and litter reduced the occurrence of skin lesions and had a positive effect on higher protein content and lower intramuscular fat in the breast and leg muscles. This demonstrates the potential for the practical use of halloysite in the production of broiler chickens, both as a feed and peat litter additive.

Growth performance and meat quality from broiler chickens reared with zeolite and halloysite in feed and straw pellet

The study's aim was to analyze the effects of different levels of halloysite (H) and zeolite (Z) in feed and pellets on the growth and meat quality in chickens; 500 Ross 308 broilers were assigned to five groups (1 g, control; 2-5 g, experimental). In Groups 2-5, different proportions of Z and H in feed (25:75 ratio; 0.5% to 2%) and pellet in kg/m² (2, 0.650H; 3, 0.325H and 0.325Z; 4, 0.650Z; 5, 0.160H and 0.490Z) were used. Body weight was higher than 1 in all experimental groups, and carcass weight was higher, except for Group 2. The feed consumption was lower in Groups 3 and 5 than in Group 4. The breast muscle weight was higher in Group 3 than in the control group. In Groups 2, 3, and 5, the water holding capacity in the breast muscles was better than in Group 4 and in the leg muscles in Groups 3 and 4 than in Groups 1 and 5. Most of the tested characteristics indicate a beneficial effect of aluminosilicates in feed and litter on the growth and quality of meat.

Aluminosilicates at different levels in rye litter and feed affect the growth and meat quality of broiler chickens

Litter sanitation treatments and feed supplements that stimulate bird growth. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of zeolite (z) and halloysite (h) in feed and rye straw litter on growth performance, meat quality in chickens. 500 males Ross 308 were allocated to 5 groups (10 replicates). Feed for groups 2–5 was supplemented with halloysite and zeolite (25:75). The content of aluminosilicates in the feed was different depending on the feeding phase: 0.5, 1, 1.5, or 2%. The following doses were used in litter: 2, 0.800 kg/m² h; 3, 0.400 kg/m² h and 0.400 kg/m² z; 4, 0.800 kg/m² z; 5, 0.200 kg/m² h, and 0.600 kg/m² z. Growth, and meat quality were analysed. Body weight and body weight gain were higher in groups 2–5 than in group 1, while feed intake was lower in groups 1 and 2 (p < 0.05). Body weight, the weight of carcass, and most of its elements were higher in the experimental groups (p < 0.05). Breast muscles from group 1 were characterised by better water-holding capacity and higher protein content, while those from 4 had higher content of collagen and water (p < 0.05). Breast muscles from group 3 were characterized by lower yellowness than in 2 (p < 0.05). Leg muscles from group 1 were characterized by lower redness than in 4 (p < 0.05). Water-holding capacity was better in group 3 and protein content was higher in 2 (p < 0.05). The content of fat in leg muscle was lower in all experimental groups compared to control (p < 0.05). This indicates the suitability of aluminosilicates in poultry management practice, with better growth and meat quality.

Wheat litter and feed with aluminosilicates for improved growth and meat quality in broiler chickens

BACKGROUND

Natural minerals have many beneficial properties in poultry production, taking into account production as well as hygiene, health, safety, and quality of broiler meat. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of aluminosilicates in feed and litter on the growth performance and meat quality in chickens. Aluminosilicates, including halloysite and zeolite, could be a good alternative for synthetics, as a good solution for the environment in line with the current trends.

METHODS

Five-hundred male Ross 308 chickens were managed in 5 groups (10 replicates/group): LITTER: 1, control; 2, 0.95 kg/m2 of halloysite; 3, 0.475 kg/m2 of halloysite and 0.475 zeolite; 4, 0.95 kg/m2 of zeolite; 5, 0.25 kg/m2of halloysite and 0.7 kg/m2 of zeolite. FEED: groups 2-5, halloysite and zeolite addition (25:75 ratio; 0.5-2%). Growth performance (body weight and feed indicators), carcass, and meat quality (pH, colour, water-holding capacity, chemical composition of muscles) were recorded. The experimental setup, where the aluminosilicate additives were applied simultaneously, was proposed and approved by experts after pilot testing and on the basis of extensive literature where feed or litter additives were tested.

RESULTS

Body weight and its gain were higher in groups 3 and 4 than in 1, and feed intake was higher in 4. The weight of the carcass and some of its components, including muscles and skin with subcutaneous fat, were higher in 2-4. Water loss from leg muscles was lower in 4. The content of protein in muscles was significantly higher in 3. The addition of aluminosilicates in feed and litter had a positive effect on the growth performance and some traits of carcasses and meat quality, especially in group 3. Halloysite and zeolite can be used in feed and litter (especially 0.475 kg/m2 for each mineral in the wheat litter).

Characteristics of carcass and physicochemical traits of meat from male and female ducks fed a diet based on extruded soybean

Duck' meat is characterized by good nutritional properties and gaining popularity in the consumer market. Extruded soybean is potentially more digestible than commonly use soybean meal (SBM), and is expected to influence carcass traits and the quality of breast and leg muscles. The study' aim was to compare meat quality from both sexes' ducks fed a diet with extruded soybean (ESB) as a substitute for SBM. Cherry Valley ducks were divided into two groups. The control group (1) was fed an SBM-based diet, and the treatment group (2) with ESB. Each group was divided into sex subgroups with 50 birds in each (5 replicates, 10 ducks each). Dissection and analysis of meats' pH, colour, water-holding capacity (WHC), drip loss and chemical composition of breast and leg muscles were done. Interaction of Diet and Sex was calculated. In group 2 higher carcass weight, dressing percentage, weight of wings, leg muscles, total muscles, and better WHC were found. Dressing percentage, the proportion of neck with skin, breasts' and stomach' weight, and the weight and proportion of fat, and pH45min were higher in females (P < 0.05). The interaction was found for the pre-slaughter body weight, the weight of carcass remains, WHC in breasts (P < 0.05). The ESB feed had no negative effect on the analyzed traits and can be used in the ducks' diet. Improved the WHC indicates the high suitability of meat for processing. A positive effect of diet on the muscles' proportion and dressing percentage was noticed, which is important for consumers' market. The sex-related differences and interactions between variables suggest separate rearing due to sex.

Ducks' Growth, Meat Quality, Bone Strength, and Jejunum Strength Depend on Zeolite in Feed and Long-Term Factors

Simple Summary

Natural agents ensuring the biosecurity of poultry production and the high quality of meat have again gained increasing interest. Natural zeolites absorb toxic gases and can also stimulate digestion and improve the physicochemical parameters of meat, which is important from the consumer’s point of view. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of a diet with a 4% inclusion of zeolite on the growth, the meat quality, and the strength of the bones and jejunum of Orvia and Cherry Valley ducks of different age and sex. The addition of zeolite was associated with reduced body weight gains and an increased feed conversion ratio, but with a higher water-holding capacity of breast muscles in seven-week-old ducks, and with a higher yellowness and water-holding capacity of leg muscles in six-week-old ducks. Interactions were found between long-term factors (age, sex, and origin) and the addition of zeolite. The results are inconclusive and indicate a need for further research, testing different doses of zeolite in different forms. Studies on the use of zeolite may help reduce the negative impact of poultry production on the environment, and ensure its safety and profitability.

Abstract

The safety of production and the high quality of meat are important aspects of rearing poultry, especially when natural solutions are used. Because of the increasing popularity of duck meat, the aim of the present study was to assess the effect of a diet with an inclusion of zeolite on the growth performance, meat quality, and strength of the bones and jejunum in ducks of different origin, sex, and age at slaughter. The study was conducted on 320 Orvia and Cherry Valley ducks. Birds were allocated to eight groups, according to their sex and origin. Half of the birds received feed with a 4% inclusion of zeolite. Body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio per kilogram of gain were calculated. After six or seven weeks, five birds from each group were selected and slaughtered. After dissection, meat quality (pH, water-holding capacity, colour) and the strength of the bones and gut were analysed. The analysis revealed that zeolite was associated with reduced body weight gains and increased feed conversion ratio, but with a higher water-holding capacity of breast muscles in seven-week-old ducks, and with a higher yellowness and water-holding capacity of leg muscles in six-week-old ducks. A positive effect of long-term factors (age, sex, origin) and the interaction with zeolite was found for most of the analysed traits. Findings on the effect of 4% inclusion of zeolite in duck diet were inconclusive. The study implies the need for further research, since zeolite has potential as a natural sanitizing agent and can improve the quality of produced duck meat.

Impact of aluminosilicates on productivity, carcass traits, meat quality, and jejunum morphology of broiler chickens

The aim of the study was to compare production results and quality of meat, as well as histological features of the jejunum in broiler chickens administered feed with 1% addition of zeolite or halloysite, with the addition of aluminosilicates to litter (4.50 kg/m2) throughout the rearing. In the experiment, 300 male broilers were used for 6 wk. They were divided into 3 groups, each of 10 repetitions (10 birds each). Group 1 was a control, halloysite was added to feed and litter in group 2, while zeolite was applied instead of halloysite in group 3. After rearing, 10 selected birds from each group were slaughtered. Selected production properties and degree of footpad dermatitis were examined, and histomorphometric examination of the jejunum was performed. The lowest yield and the highest proportion of neck with skin in the carcass were demonstrated in group 2 (P < 0.05). The lowest percentage of skin with subcutaneous fat was found in group 3 (P < 0.05). A decrease in lightness (L∗) and yellowness (b∗) was demonstrated in group 2, while redness (a∗) was the lowest in group 3 (P < 0.05). Group 2 was characterized by the lowest water-holding capacity in breast muscles, and in group 3, in leg muscles (P < 0.05). In group 3, the highest fat content and the lowest water content in the breast muscles (P < 0.05) were found. The leg muscles in groups 2 and 3 were characterized by the highest a∗, and in group 2, by b∗. The control group had the lowest protein and the highest fat content in leg muscles. In the intestine from group 2, a higher height (P < 0.05) and surface area (P < 0.01) of intestinal villi were found, in comparison to group 3. The width of intestinal villi was higher in groups 2 and 1 than in group 3 (P < 0.05), similarly the depth of intestinal crypts. The addition of zeolite could be proposed because of the obtained production results, while the halloysite had a positive effect on the histomorphometric features of the jejunum.

The effect of various protein sources in goose diets on meat quality, fatty acid composition, and cholesterol and collagen content in breast muscles

Goose meat is characterized by good quality and a good fatty acid composition. Geese do not need many compounds in their feed to ensure suitable growth. The main source of protein in most feed is soybean meal (SBM). New cultivars of yellow lupin with fewer antinutrients could be a substitute for soybean. The study's aim was to compare the quality of the carcass and meat, as well as the fatty acid composition and the collagen and cholesterol content in the breast muscles from geese fed a diet based on yellow lupin as an replacement for soybean meal. In the study, geese were divided into 2 study groups. The first was a control group (Group 1), fed a feed based on SBM; the second one was an experimental group (Group 2), fed a feed based on yellow lupin “Mister”, potato protein, and brewer's yeast. The rearing period was divided into 3 stages, and the last stage was oat fattening. Each group (105 birds in each group) was divided into 5 replications with 21 birds. After 16 wk of rearing, 10 geese from each group were slaughtered. The carcasses were analyzed for physicochemical traits (dissection, color, water-holding capacity, and chemical composition of the breast and leg muscles, as well as pH level, drip loss, and fatty acid profile of the breast muscles). The drip loss from the breast muscles was higher (P < 0.05) and the water-holding capacity of the leg muscles lower (P < 0.05) in Group 1 than in Group 2. Group 1 also displayed a higher content of protein and water in breast and leg muscles (P < 0.05) but lower fat content than that of Group 2 (P < 0.05). The linoleic acid content of the breast muscles was higher in Group 2 (P < 0.05), whereas the other fatty acid levels were comparable between the groups. The total content of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (n-6 and n-3) and the PUFA/ saturated fatty acid ratio was higher in Group 2 (P < 0.05). Moreover, the thrombogenic index was lower (P < 0.05) in the geese fed a lupin-diet. Overall, the yellow lupin–based feed had beneficial effects on the goose meat's traits, and it can be used as a high-protein compound in diets for geese. It is also possible to produce traditional geese fattened by oats.

Meat quality traits and fatty acid composition of breast muscles from ducks fed with yellow lupin

The protein sources in feed have a huge impact on good-quality and -quantity meat traits. Yellow lupin (YL) seeds have a similar level of protein as soybean meal (SBM). The most popular is SBM that is genetically modified (GMO). During this age, the consumer market requires non-GMO products. Yellow lupin used as a high-protein substitute for SBM in feed has an effect on the quality of meat from broiler ducks. The aim of the study was to analyse and compare meat quality traits in breast and leg muscles as well as fatty acid (FA) composition in breast muscles from ducks fed mixtures containing YL as an alternative to SBM. Two hundred 1-day-old Cherry Valley ducks were kept in pens on litter in two equal dietary groups, four replications with 25 birds per group. The control group (1) received balanced feed containing SBM. The treatment group (2) received balanced feed containing YL. The feed provided to both groups contained 55% of concentrate and 45% of wheat. Birds received feed and water ad libitum and were reared for 8 weeks. After that, 16 ducks (eight from each group) of BW close to the mean for the whole group were slaughtered. Plucked and gutted carcasses were analysed in a laboratory for quality parameters. Meat was analysed for pH, colour, water-holding capacity and drip loss. Samples of breast muscles were analysed for the content of cholesterol, collagen, intramuscular fat and FA composition. The proposed feed mixture containing YL had no impact on meat traits, content of muscles or fat in duck carcasses (P > 0.05). The values of lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) and collagen content in breast muscles were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in group 2 (YL). A lower ability to retain water, that is, higher water-holding capacity (percentage of water lost from meat) (P < 0.05), was found for leg muscles from group 2 (YL). The content of C16:0, C18:0, C20:4 n-6, C22:4 n-6, C22:5 n-3, total content of saturated fatty acids (SFA), values of atherogenic index and thrombogenic index were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in group 2 (YL) than in group 1 (SBM). The content of C18:2 n-6 and the polyunsaturated fatty acids-to-SFA ratio (P/S) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in ducks fed the diet with the inclusion of YL. Diets with YL could be proposed as a partial substitute for SBM in duck-rearing.

The Effect of Diet Based on Legume Seeds and Rapeseed Meal on Pig Performance and Meat Quality

Simple Summary

Pig diets are primarily composed of cereal-based ingredients and contain soybean meal as the main protein source. A growing trend for increased protein requirements has been noted in animal nutrition. The price of extracted soybean meal fluctuates significantly, hence it is worth replacing it with mixtures based on domestic sources of protein. One of the factors that have a direct impact on the quality of meat is animal nutrition. The aim of this work was to assess the impact of a total dietary replacement of extracted soybean meal (SBM) on the body weight gain and pork quality. The fattening pigs, which were offered diets based on SBM, had similar raw meat parameters as the pigs which were fed diets based on legumes and rapeseed as protein sources.

Abstract

The aim of this work was to assess the impact of a total dietary replacement of extracted soybean meal (SBM) on body weight gain and pork quality. DanBred hybrid piglets were divided into four groups of 10 piglets each. Groups I (males) and II (females) were the control groups and fed a standardized SBM-based complete feed. The experimental groups III (males) and IV (females) were offered a diet in which the SBM was replaced with extracted rapeseed meal (RSM) and legume plants (pea and yellow lupin). After 83 days of fattening, the animals were slaughtered. Based on the collected data, the daily weight gain (DWG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated. In addition, longissimus dorsi muscle was subjected to physicochemical analyses, including the basic chemical composition. All the analyses were performed in accordance with the applicable methodologies. As a result of this experiment, no interactions were found between the experimental factors (sex and diet). The replacement of SMB by legumes and RSM resulted in a significant reduction in the final body weight of growing–finishing pigs. Additionally, daily body weight gain was reduced between 35–83 days, and through the whole fattening period (0–83 days). Most pork meat quality parameters were not affected by the type of mix feed and sex (p > 0.05). The fattening pigs that were fed legume seeds and RSM had significantly reduced fatness (p > 0.05) compared to the control pigs. In males, there was also a significantly lower pH₄₅ (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that feeding pigs with diets containing legume plants and extracted rapeseed meal does not affect the pork meat quality, but it may worsen the body weight gain.

Growth performance and Carcass quality in broiler chickens fed on legume seeds and rapeseed meal

The aim of this study was to compare the growth performance parameters, carcass quality, and meat traits in broiler chickens fed on diets containing legume seeds and rapeseed meal as an alternative to soybean meal. In this study, 448 male ROSS 308 chicks were divided into subgroups: a control group (I) fed on soybean meal (SBM), and six experimental groups II-rapeseed meal (RSM); III-white lupin (WY); IV-yellow lupin (YL); V-narrow-leaved lupin NLL; VI-pea (Pe); and VII-faba bean (FB). After 42 days of rearing, 10 birds from each group were slaughtered and dissected. The control group was characterized by better growth performance compared to the other groups. In addition, the European Broiler Index was lower in each experimental group compared to the SBM group. A lower dressing percentage was found only in the NLL group. The muscle content in birds from the RSM and FB groups was significantly higher than in the other groups, but the fat content was lower. Meat from SBM group was characterized by the highest protein content, but a reduced content of fat and water in the muscles. The most similar results were found between the control group and the FB group receiving a diet based on faba beans. Furthermore, lupins had a similar effect on the carcass traits when used in the diets. The quality of meat in broilers fed on faba beans with the addition of potato protein and brewers' yeast was similar to that of those fed on soybean meal, because the antinutrients were the lowest in faba bean seeds. Faba beans are proposed as a possible alternative source of protein in poultry diets. Other legume seeds should be analyzed in future studies.

Effect of faba bean-based diets on the meat quality and fatty acids composition in breast muscles of broiler chickens

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of feed containing faba bean on the physicochemical properties of breast and leg muscles. The study was conducted on 340 Ross 308 broiler chickens reared for 6 weeks. The control group received feed based on soybean meal. The treatment group received a feed mixture with faba bean as the source of protein. Different sources of protein in the diet were also associated with changes in the content of n-6 fatty acids (C16:0, C22:4) and the n-6/n-3 ratio in breast muscles, which was higher (P < 0.05) in treatment group. The collagen content was higher (P < 0.05) in breast muscles from control group. The study revealed that the use of faba bean as a substitute for soybean meal had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on water holding capacity, drip loss, or major chemical components of breast and leg muscles. The P/S ratio, AI and TI, and the content of cholesterol in breast muscles were comparable (P > 0.05) in both groups. The values of lightness (L*) for leg muscles were lower (P < 0.05) in treatment group. The use of faba bean instead to soybean meal in diets for broiler chickens had positive effects on meat quality traits.

Quality and Physicochemical Traits of Carcasses and Meat from Geese Fed with Lupin-Rich Feed

Simple Summary

In the past, lupin seeds were not used in poultry feeding because of their alkaloid content, which affected the growth performance, producing negative results. Nowadays, new cultivars of lupins have reduced the anti-nutrition content and have been characterized by a high level of protein, similar to the level in soybean meal. Goose production is not popular and, generally, should be done by an extensive or semi-intensive system, which is corelated with small costs of feeds. Lupins can be used for crops where it is not possible to produce soybean (environmental conditions). Our study indicated that it is possible to produce goose meat with a good quality, where the feeding was based on various cultivars of lupins. Yellow, as well as white, lupin-rich feed had a positive effect on the meat traits and meat quality. Narrow-leaved lupin worsens the growth performance.

Abstract

The aim of the study was to analyze the quality of geese meat receiving feed with soybean meal (group 1), yellow lupin (group 2), narrow-leaved lupin (group 3), or white lupin (group 4). In total, 400 male White Kołuda^® geese were randomly assigned to four groups, with 10 replicates and 10 birds each, during the 77-day rearing period. After the end of the rearing period, 10 birds from each group were slaughtered and dissected. Meat quality traits were measured. Based on the production results, it can be concluded that geese use fodder with yellow and white lupin to the same degree as in the case of the control group and higher body weight gain was recorded in the first rearing period. In contrast, the use of narrow-leaved lupin in mixtures for geese worsened the feed used. Meat traits were similar in all groups, including the content of muscles and fat in the carcass (p > 0.05), excluding abdominal fat. The weight of abdominal fat and its proportion in the carcass were higher (p < 0.05) in geese from group 4. A higher (p < 0.05) pH was found in group 1. The protein and intramuscular fat content in breast muscles was highest (p < 0.05) in geese from group 4, and a higher water content was found in group 1. The protein content in leg muscles was higher in group 3, and the fat content was higher in group 4 (p < 0.05). The color and water-holding capacity of meat were comparable in all groups (p > 0.05). The analysis revealed a positive effect of replacing soybean meal with alternative protein sources, especially yellow and white lupin, on the growth performance and quality of goose meat.

The Quality of Carcass and Meat from Geese Fed Diets with or without Soybean Meal

The aim of the study was to compare the carcass and meat quality of geese fed with soybean meal or yellow lupin. In total, 210 White Kołuda^® geese were divided into 2 groups (1, soybean meal (SBM); 2, yellow lupin (YL), potato protein, and brewer's yeast) of 5 replications (21 birds per each). After 16 weeks, 10 geese (5 females, 5 males) from each group were slaughtered. Carcass dissection was done, and major physicochemical traits were analysed (pH, water holding capacity, drip loss, color, and chemical composition of muscles). Weight of leg muscles and their proportion in the carcass were higher (p < 0.05) in SBM. Breast muscles from SBM were characterized by increased (p < 0.05) drip loss, enhanced (p < 0.05) content of protein, water, collagen and connective tissue, and lower (p < 0.05) fat content. Leg muscles from SBM were characterized by higher (p < 0.05) protein and water content but decreased (p < 0.05) salt and fat content compared to YL. The addition of YL (approx. 28%), potato protein, and brewer's yeast had no negative effect on most meat traits and could partly replace SBM as a protein source in geese feeding. Hence, yellow lupin, potato protein and brewer's yeast can be used in geese rearing followed by fattening with oats. Some producers do not have the option of using soybean meal. Small-scale farms use their own crop resources, so lupins can be an alternative source of protein for soybean meal.

Interstitial micelles in binary blends of ABA triblock copolymers and homopolymers

We investigate triblock-homopolymer blends of types A1BA2/A and A1BA2/B, using a lattice Monte Carlo method. While the simulated triblock chains are compositionally symmetric in terms of the A-to-B volume ratio, the A1 block is significantly shorter than the A2 block. For the pure A1BA2 melt and the A1BA2 solutions in selective solvent the phase behavior is relatively well known, including existence and stability of the interstitial micelles which were discovered in previous Monte Carlo simulations. In this paper we study the stability of the interstitial micelles as a function of triblock volume fraction in selective homopolymers of either type A or type B, using two significantly different homopolymer chain lengths. We found that adding selective homopolymer of type A shifts the stability of the interstitial micelles into significantly higher temperatures. We also obtained, via self-assembly, intriguing new nanostructures which can be identified as ordered truncated octahedra. Finally, we established that the phase behavior of the triblock-homopolymer blends depends relatively weakly on the chain length of the added homopolymer.

The analysis of meat and bone traits of Plymouth Rock cockerels and capons (P55) at different age

The aim of the study was the comparison of Plymouth Rock cockerels and capons and the evaluation of the influence of their age on slaughter yield, meat quality, and bone traits. The studies were conducted on cockerels and capons from P55 strain (Plymouth Rock). At 16, 18, and 20 wk of rearing, a dissection of whole carcasses of cockerels and capons was conducted, and breast and leg muscles were evaluated in terms of the physical and chemical traits, as well as the chemical composition. Also, traits of femur and tibia bones were studied. It was indicated that capons were characterized by a higher body weight (BW) before slaughter and higher weight of the eviscerated carcass than cockerels at consecutive dates of slaughter. Based on BW, the slaughter yield and muscle content of carcasses, it was found that the most optimal slaughter time in Plymouth Rock cockerels is at 18 wk and capons at 20 wk. It was observed that caponization had a significant effect on the chemical composition of breast muscles with respect to water and protein content. Along with bird age, collagen content in muscles decreased; however, significant differences were observed only in capons. At consecutive dates of evaluating cockerels, resistance and toughness of their femur and tibia bones increased significantly. Significant changes in the physical characteristics of bones were also found.

Towards entropy-driven interstitial micelles at elevated temperatures from selective A1BA2 triblock solutions

We simulate selective A1BA2-A and A1BA2-B triblock solutions (that is, mixtures of the A1BA2 triblock with a solvent of either type A or type B) using a lattice Monte Carlo method. Although the simulated triblock chains are compositionally symmetric in terms of the A to B volume ratio, the A1 block is significantly shorter than the A2 block. For the pure A1BA2 melt the phase behavior is relatively well known, including the existence and stability of the recently discovered interstitial micelles which were found at the very strong segregation limit. In this paper, we investigate the stability of the interstitial micelles as a function of triblock volume fraction in a selective solvent of either type A or type B. The main finding of this paper is that adding a selective solvent of type A shifts the stability of the interstitial micelles into significantly higher temperatures which may provide a pathway towards experimental studies of interstitial micelles in real triblock solutions. We also find that adding selective solvents to the A1BA2 melt gives rise to a variety of nonlamellar nanostructures for temperatures and compositions at which the interstitial micelles are stable.

The analysis of meat traits of Sussex cockerels and capons (S11) at different ages

The aim of the study was to compare Sussex cockerels and capons as well as to estimate the influence of age on slaughter yield and meat quality. The tests were performed on cockerels and capons from strain S11 (Sussex). At 16, 18, and 20 wk of age, a dissection of the entire carcass was conducted. The breast and leg muscles were tested for physio-chemical traits, as well as chemical parameters. It was noted that, due to significant differences in BW of the eviscerated carcasses between wk 18 and 20 of slaughter, the best time to cease rearing S11 cockerels could be wk 20. However, for S11 capons, the optimal time for slaughter appeared to be wk 18 (no significant differences in BW and carcass weight or musculature between wk 18 and 20). The trait which did not differ between cockerels and capons slaughtered at different ages was slaughter yield. Fatness of the cockerels increased with age whilst the weight of capons' skin with subcutaneous fat was the same at wk 18 and 20 of evaluation. With increasing age, pH indicators of cockerels and capons' breast muscles were increasing; the water holding capacity of capons' breast muscles were also increasing. Both cockerels and capons showed darker color of breast muscle at wk 20 compared to wk 16 of evaluation. Redness of the breast muscle in the following periods of evaluation did not show significant differences, although with age, the yellowness of the cockerels and capons' breast muscle increased significantly. Among cockerels and capons, the water content in the breast and leg muscles were decreasing with age whilst the protein content was increasing. A significant growing tendency of the percentage of fat share in the breast and leg muscles with age was noted in the capon group. Conclusions for breeding practice are as follows: due to meat and quality traits, Sussex cockerels and capons can be used until wk 18 or 20 of life.

Simulations on a swollen gyroid nanostructure in thin films relevant to systems of ionic block copolymers

Self-assembly of symmetric A/S-B copolymer melt to gyroid nanostructure, partitioning space into interpenetrating nano-labyrinths (channels), in thin films, is investigated using a minimal lattice model with short-range interactions. This model is relevant to poly(styrenesulfonate)-b -polymethylbutylene melt consisting of three types of segments, A, B and S, corresponding to styrene, methylbutylene and styrenesulfonate, respectively. A single sequence of A, B, and S is used in simulations and the fraction of S segments is fixed at p = 0.647 which corresponds to experimental data. The film thickness, L(z), is restricted to nine values (L(z) = 17 , 22, 26, 30, 34, 42, 51, 60, and 68 in units of the underlying lattice constant). The gyroid nanostructure is found to be stable if the film thickness is equal to or greater than the bulk period of the nanophase. The observed gyroid is referred to as swollen since the volume fraction of two continuous networks made of the B segments is anomalous with respect to that of conventional diblock copolymers. In contrast to bulk state, we do not directly observe the order-disorder transition to the gyroid nanophase for thin films. In this case, however, simulations indicate a direct order-disorder transition to a lamellar phase and the order-disorder transition temperature is higher than that in the bulk state, varying strongly with the film thickness.

Intraglobular structures in multiblock copolymer chains from a Monte Carlo simulation

Multiblock copolymer chains in implicit nonselective solvents are studied by using a Monte Carlo method, which employs a parallel tempering algorithm. Chains consisting of 120 A and 120 B monomers, arranged in three distinct microarchitectures: (10-10)12, (6-6)20, and (3-3)40, collapse to globular states upon cooling, as expected. By varying both the reduced temperature T* and the compatibility between monomers ω, numerous intraglobular structures are obtained: diclusters (handshake, spiral, torus with a core, etc.), triclusters, and n clusters with n>3 (lamellar and other), which are reminiscent of the block copolymer nanophases for spherically confined geometries. Phase diagrams for various chains in the (T*,ω) space are mapped. The structure factor S(k), for a selected microarchitecture and ω, is calculated. Since S(k) can be measured in scattering experiments, it can be used to relate simulation results to an experiment. Self-assembly in those systems is interpreted in terms of competition between minimization of the interfacial area separating different types of monomers and minimization of contacts between chain and solvent. Finally, the relevance of this model to the protein folding is addressed.

Effects of compositional asymmetry in phase behavior of ABA triblock copolymer melts from Monte Carlo simulation

We simulate ABA triblock copolymer melts using a lattice Monte Carlo method, known as cooperative motion algorithm, probing various degrees of compositional asymmetry. Selected order-disorder transition lines are determined in terms of the segment incompatibility, quantified by product χN , and the triblock asymmetry parameters, α and β. We correlate the results of the simulation with the self-consistent field theory and an experimental study of polyisoprene-polystyrene-polyisoprene triblock melt by Hamersky and coworkers. In particular, we confirm the mean-field prediction that for highly asymmetric triblocks the short A -block is localized in the middle of the B -domain due to an entropic advantage. This results in the middle block relaxation and is consistent with the experimental data indicating that as the relatively short A -blocks are grown into AB diblock, from the B -block side, the order-disorder transition temperature is considerably depressed.

Low-temperature ordering effects in diblock copolymer melts from lattice simulation

A lattice simulation of a model diblock copolymer melt is presented. In a series of simulation experiments an 8-8 diblock melt is quenched from an athermal state to 47 lower temperatures. A set of simulation boxes, 30 x 32 x 30, 40 x 32 x 60, 50 x 32 x 30, and 60 x 32 x 30, is used in order to explore the size effects. Energy, specific heat, copolymer end-to-end distance, lamellar spacing, and the degree of interfacial ordering are reported. For all sizes considered, the low-temperature interfacial ordering is noticeable.

Computer simulation of structure and microphase separation in model A-B-A triblock copolymers

A set of computer simulations for three symmetric A-B-A triblock copolymer microarchitectures at varying temperatures is reported. By using the cooperative motion algorithm we obtain energy, specific heat, end-to-end distance, and bridging fraction as a function of the reduced temperature. The order-disorder transition temperatures are determined, an outline of a symmetric A-B-A triblock copolymer phase diagram is presented, and the visualization of different microstructures is given. A bicontinuous microstructure is reported at 67% fraction of A component.

Computer simulation of microphase separation in ionic copolymers

The formation of lamella microphases in symmetric neutral-ionic block copolymers has been investigated by constant volume-constant temperature (NVT) molecular-dynamics computer simulations using a generic coarse-grain model. Computations of counterion diffusion, pressure tensor, and the anisotropy of the structure factor are used to characterize the order-disorder transition (ODT). There is strong counterion condensation on the ionic blocks at temperatures well above the ODT; this creates a slight imbalance in the volume composition of the two blocks and results in a perforated lamella structure in the microphase. Below the ODT counterion diffusion is decoupled from the chain motions but is strongly anisotropic due to the microphase morphology. The high counterion diffusional mobility is discussed in terms of the relatively low value of the glass transition for the ionic blocks.