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Fiedler H, Malone N, Mitchell DRG, Nancarrow M, Jovic V, Waterhouse GIN, Kennedy J, Gupta P. Room Temperature Ion Beam Synthesis of Ultra-Fine Molybdenum Carbide Nanoparticles: Toward a Scalable Fabrication Route for Earth-Abundant Electrodes. Small 2023:e2304118. [PMID: 37438619 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Molybdenum carbides are promising low-cost electrocatalysts for electrolyzers, fuel cells, and batteries. However, synthesis of ultrafine, phase-pure carbide nanoparticles (diameter < 5 nm) with large surface areas remains challenging due to uncontrollable agglomeration that occurs during traditional high temperature syntheses. This work presents a scalable, physical approach to synthesize molybdenum carbide nanoparticles at room temperature by ion implantation. By tuning the implantation conditions, various molybdenum carbide phases, stoichiometries, and nanoparticle sizes can be accessed. For instance, molybdenum ion implantation into glassy carbon at 30 keV energy and to a fluence of 9 × 1016 at cm-2 yields a surface η-Mo3 C2 with a particle diameter of (10 ± 1) nm. Molybdenum implantation into glassy carbon at 60 keV to a fluence of 6 × 1016 at cm-2 yields a buried layer of ultrafine γ'-MoC/η-MoC nanoparticles. Carbon ion implantation at 20 keV into a molybdenum thin film produces a 40 nm thick layer primarily composed of β-Mo2 C. The formation of nanoparticles in each molybdenum carbide phase is explained based on the Mo-C phase diagram and Monte-Carlo simulations of ion-solid interactions invoking the thermal spike model. The approaches presented are widely applicable for synthesis of other transition metal carbide nanoparticles as well.
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Grants
- C05X1905 New Zealand Ministry for Business, Innovation, and Employment
- CO5X1702 New Zealand Ministry for Business, Innovation, and Employment
- MFP-GNS2201 Royal Society Te Apārangi
- LE120100104 Australian Research Council (ARC)-Linkage, Infrastructure, Equipment, and Facilities (LIEF)
- LE160100063 Australian Research Council (ARC)-Linkage, Infrastructure, Equipment, and Facilities (LIEF)
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Fiedler
- National Isotope Centre, GNS Science, 30 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt, 5010, New Zealand
| | - Niall Malone
- National Isotope Centre, GNS Science, 30 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt, 5010, New Zealand
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - David R G Mitchell
- Electron Microscopy Centre, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, Wollongong, 2519, Australia
| | - Mitchell Nancarrow
- Electron Microscopy Centre, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, Wollongong, 2519, Australia
| | - Vedran Jovic
- National Isotope Centre, GNS Science, 30 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt, 5010, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and, Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6040, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey I N Waterhouse
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and, Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6040, New Zealand
| | - John Kennedy
- National Isotope Centre, GNS Science, 30 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt, 5010, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and, Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6040, New Zealand
| | - Prasanth Gupta
- National Isotope Centre, GNS Science, 30 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt, 5010, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and, Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6040, New Zealand
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Bake A, Zhang Q, Ho CS, Causer GL, Zhao W, Yue Z, Nguyen A, Akhgar G, Karel J, Mitchell D, Pastuovic Z, Lewis R, Cole JH, Nancarrow M, Valanoor N, Wang X, Cortie D. Top-down patterning of topological surface and edge states using a focused ion beam. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1693. [PMID: 36973266 PMCID: PMC10042877 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe conducting boundary states of topological insulators appear at an interface where the characteristic invariant ℤ2 switches from 1 to 0. These states offer prospects for quantum electronics; however, a method is needed to spatially-control ℤ2 to pattern conducting channels. It is shown that modifying Sb2Te3 single-crystal surfaces with an ion beam switches the topological insulator into an amorphous state exhibiting negligible bulk and surface conductivity. This is attributed to a transition from ℤ2 = 1 → ℤ2 = 0 at a threshold disorder strength. This observation is supported by density functional theory and model Hamiltonian calculations. Here we show that this ion-beam treatment allows for inverse lithography to pattern arrays of topological surfaces, edges and corners which are the building blocks of topological electronics.
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Wang Y, Joseph S, Wang X, Weng ZH, Mitchell DRG, Nancarrow M, Taherymoosavi S, Munroe P, Li G, Lin Q, Chen Q, Flury M, Cowie A, Husson O, Van Zwieten L, Kuzyakov Y, Lehmann J, Li B, Shang J. Inducing Inorganic Carbon Accrual in Subsoil through Biochar Application on Calcareous Topsoil. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:1837-1847. [PMID: 36594827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biochar amendments add persistent organic carbon to soil and can stabilize rhizodeposits and existing soil organic carbon (SOC), but effects of biochar on subsoil carbon stocks have been overlooked. We quantified changes in soil inorganic carbon (SIC) and SOC to 2 m depth 10 years after biochar application to calcareous soil. The total soil carbon (i.e., existing SOC, SIC, and biochar-C) increased by 71, 182, and 210% for B30, B60, and B90, respectively. Biochar application at 30, 60, and 90 t ha-1 rates significantly increased SIC by 10, 38, and 68 t ha-1, respectively, with accumulation mainly occurring in the subsoil (below 1 m). This huge increase of SIC (mainly CaCO3) is ∼100 times larger than the inorganic carbon present in the added biochar (0.3, 0.6, or 0.9 t ha-1). The benzene polycarboxylic acid method showed that the biochar-amended soil contained more black carbon particles (6.8 times higher than control soil) in the depth of 1.4-1.6 m, which provided the direct quantitative evidence for biochar migration into subsoil after a decade. Spectral and energy spectrum analysis also showed an obvious biochar structure in the biochar-amended subsoil, accompanied by a Ca/Mg carbonate cluster, which provided further evidence for downward migration of biochar after a decade. To explain SIC accumulation in subsoil with biochar amendment, the interacting mechanisms are proposed: (1) biochar amendment significantly increases subsoil pH (0.3-0.5 units) 10 years after biochar application, thus forming a favorable pH environment in the subsoil to precipitate HCO3-; and (2) the transported biochar in subsoil can act as nuclei to precipitate SIC. Biochar amendment enhanced SIC by up to 80%; thus, the effects on carbon stocks in subsoil must be understood to inform strategies for carbon dioxide removal through biochar application. Our study provided critical knowledge on the impact of biochar application to topsoil on carbon stocks in subsoil in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- College of Land Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Stephen Joseph
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales (NSW), Sydney2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xiang Wang
- College of Land Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Zhe H Weng
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - David R G Mitchell
- Electron Microscopy Centre, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Squires Way, North Wollongong2517, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mitchell Nancarrow
- Electron Microscopy Centre, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Squires Way, North Wollongong2517, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarasadat Taherymoosavi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales (NSW), Sydney2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul Munroe
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales (NSW), Sydney2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Guitong Li
- College of Land Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Qimei Lin
- College of Land Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Qing Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Markus Flury
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Puyallup, Washington98374, United States
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington99164, United States
| | - Annette Cowie
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale2351, New South Wales, Australia
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Armidale2351, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Olivier Husson
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), MontpellierF-34398, France
- Unité Propre de Recherche Agroécologie et Intensification Durable des Cultures Annuelles (UPR AIDA), MontpellierF-34398, France
- AIDA, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, MontpellierF-34398, France
| | - Lukas Van Zwieten
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar Primary Industries Institute, Wollongbar2477, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yakov Kuzyakov
- Department of Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, Department of Agricultural Soil Science, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow117198, Russia
| | - Johannes Lehmann
- Soil and Crop Science, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York14853, United States
| | - Baoguo Li
- College of Land Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Jianying Shang
- College of Land Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
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Bake A, Rahman MR, Evans PJ, Cortie M, Nancarrow M, Abrudan R, Radu F, Khaydukov Y, Causer G, Livesey KL, Callori S, Mitchell DRG, Pastuovic Z, Wang X, Cortie D. Ultra-small cobalt particles embedded in titania by ion beam synthesis: Additional datasets including electron microscopy, neutron reflectometry, modelling outputs and particle size analysis. Data Brief 2021; 40:107674. [PMID: 34917713 PMCID: PMC8668830 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.107674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This Data-in-brief article includes datasets of electron microscopy, polarised neutron reflectometry and magnetometry for ultra-small cobalt particles formed in titania thin films via ion beam synthesis. Raw data for polarised neutron reflectometry, magnetometry and the particle size distribution are included and made available on a public repository. Additional elemental maps from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) are also presented. Data were obtained using the following types of equipment: the NREX and PLATYPUS polarised neutron reflectometers; a Quantum Design Physical Property Measurement System (14 T); a JEOL JSM-6490LV SEM, and a JEOL ARM-200F scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). The data is provided as supporting evidence for the article in Applied Surface Science (A. Bake et al., Appl. Surf. Sci., vol. 570, p. 151068, 2021, DOI 10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.151068), where a full discussion is given. The additional supplementary reflectometry and modelling datasets are intended to assist future scientific software development of advanced fitting algorithms for magnetization gradients in thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhakim Bake
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, NSW 2519, Australia.,Electron Microscopy Centre, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, NSW, 2519, Australia
| | - Md Rezoanur Rahman
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, NSW 2519, Australia
| | - Peter J Evans
- The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Michael Cortie
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo 2007, Australia
| | - Mitchell Nancarrow
- Electron Microscopy Centre, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, NSW, 2519, Australia
| | - Radu Abrudan
- BESSY, Hahn-Meitner-Platz Ultra-small cobalt particles embedded 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florin Radu
- BESSY, Hahn-Meitner-Platz Ultra-small cobalt particles embedded 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yury Khaydukov
- Max Planck Society, Outstation at the MLZ, 85748 Garching Germany/Max Planck Institute für Festkörperforschung, Stuttgart, 70569 Germany
| | - Grace Causer
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, NSW 2519, Australia
| | - Karen L Livesey
- The University of Newcastle, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Sara Callori
- Department of Physics, California State University, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - David R G Mitchell
- Electron Microscopy Centre, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, NSW, 2519, Australia
| | - Zeljko Pastuovic
- The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, NSW 2519, Australia
| | - David Cortie
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, NSW 2519, Australia.,The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2232, Australia
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Ren L, Sun S, Casillas-Garcia G, Nancarrow M, Peleckis G, Turdy M, Du K, Xu X, Li W, Jiang L, Dou SX, Du Y. A Liquid-Metal-Based Magnetoactive Slurry for Stimuli-Responsive Mechanically Adaptive Electrodes. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1802595. [PMID: 30015992 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrical communication between a biological system and outside equipment allows one to monitor and influence the state of the tissue and nervous networks. As the bridge, bioelectrodes should possess both electrical conductivity and adaptive mechanical properties matching the target soft biosystem, but this is still a big challenge. A family of liquid-metal-based magnetoactive slurries (LMMSs) formed by dispersing magnetic iron particles in a Ga-based liquid metal (LM) matrix is reported here. The mechanical properties, viscosity, and stiffness of such materials rapidly respond to the stimulus of an applied magnetic field. By varying the intensity of the magnetic field, regulation within a factor of 1000 of the Young's modulus from ≈kPa to ≈MPa, and the ability to reach GPa with more dense iron particles inside the LMMS are demonstrated. With the advantage of high conductivity of the LM matrix, the functions of the LMMS are not only limited to the soft implanted electrodes or penetrating electrodes in biosystems: the electrical response based on the LMMS electrodes can also be precisely tuned by simply regulating the applied magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Ren
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
- Department of Physics, and BUAA-UOW Joint Research Centre, Beihang University, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Shuaishuai Sun
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | | | - Mitchell Nancarrow
- Electron Microscopy Center, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Germanas Peleckis
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Mirzat Turdy
- Department of Physics, and BUAA-UOW Joint Research Centre, Beihang University, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Kunrong Du
- Department of Physics, and BUAA-UOW Joint Research Centre, Beihang University, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Xun Xu
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
- Department of Physics, and BUAA-UOW Joint Research Centre, Beihang University, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Weihua Li
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Physics, and BUAA-UOW Joint Research Centre, Beihang University, Beijing, 100091, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shi Xue Dou
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
- Department of Physics, and BUAA-UOW Joint Research Centre, Beihang University, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yi Du
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
- Department of Physics, and BUAA-UOW Joint Research Centre, Beihang University, Beijing, 100091, China
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