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Konarova M, Batalha N, Fraga G, Ahmed MHM, Pratt S, Laycock B. Integrating PET chemical recycling with pyrolysis of mixed plastic waste via pressureless alkaline depolymerization in a hydrocarbon solvent. Waste Manag 2024; 174:24-30. [PMID: 38000219 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a proof of concept for a technology train that integrates polyethylene terephthalate (PET) recovery from mixed plastic waste and plastic pyrolysis. PET is depolymerized into terephthalic acid (TPA) by hydrolysis using a low volatility oil as medium, which enables (i) low-pressure operation, and (ii) a selective separation and recovery of TPA from the product mix by a simple process of filtration, washing, and precipitation. Full PET conversion and high TPA recovery (>98 %) were achieved at 260 °C. This technology train is demonstrated to be effective for processing mixed waste streams, leading to higher yield and quality of liquid product from thermal pyrolysis when compared with feedstock that has not been pre-treated. Further, the technology could be readily integrated with a plastics pyrolysis process, whereby a by-product from the pyrolysis could be used as the low-volatility oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muxina Konarova
- School of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Nuno Batalha
- School of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l'Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), UMR5256 CNRS-UCB Lyon 1, 2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Gabriel Fraga
- School of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; School of Mechanical, Medical, and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Mohamed H M Ahmed
- School of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Steven Pratt
- School of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bronwyn Laycock
- School of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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Nasser GA, Ahmed MHM, Firdaus MA, Sanhoob MA, Bakare IA, Al-Shafei EN, Al-Bahar MZ, Al-Jishi AN, Yamani ZH, Choi KH, Muraza O. Nano BEA zeolite catalysts for the selective catalytic cracking of n-dodecane to light olefins. RSC Adv 2021; 11:7904-7912. [PMID: 35423304 PMCID: PMC8695071 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07899a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nano BEA zeolite catalysts were synthesized and modified by desilication and then ion-exchanged with Co. The desilication was carried out using 0.1 M of NaOH. The synthesized and modified nano BEA catalysts were characterized via different characterization techniques. Ammonia temperature program desorption (NH3-TPD) and the pyridine Fourier transform infrared (pyridine-FTIR) were utilized to investigate the acidity of catalysts. X-ray diffraction (XRD), 27Al and 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy techniques were used to examine the structure of the catalysts. The XRD patterns of the as-synthesized nano BEA catalysts were identical to that of the reference, while the NMR analysis revealed the distribution of silicon and aluminum in the BEA structure. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis confirmed that the fabricated catalysts were less than 100 nm. The desilication and Co ion-exchange altered the acidity of the catalyst. The catalysts were evaluated in the cracking of sssssss to light olefins in the temperature range from 400 °C to 600 °C. The conversion increased with the increase in the reaction temperature for both catalysts; the conversion was above 90% for the Co-BEA catalyst at a temperature above 450 °C. The yield of light olefins also increased at higher temperatures for both catalysts, while at a lower temperature the yield to light olefins was ca. 40% over that of Co-BEA. Nano BEA zeolite catalysts were synthesized and modified by desilication and then ion-exchanged with Co. The desilication was carried out using 0.1 M of NaOH.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Galal A Nasser
- Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology and Chemical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - M H M Ahmed
- Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology and Chemical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mochamad A Firdaus
- Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology and Chemical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Sanhoob
- Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology and Chemical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - Idris A Bakare
- Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology and Chemical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - E N Al-Shafei
- Research and Development Center, Saudi Aramco Dhahran 31311 Saudi Arabia
| | - M Z Al-Bahar
- Research and Development Center, Saudi Aramco Dhahran 31311 Saudi Arabia
| | - A N Al-Jishi
- Research and Development Center, Saudi Aramco Dhahran 31311 Saudi Arabia
| | - Z H Yamani
- Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology and Chemical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ki-Hyouk Choi
- Research and Development Center, Saudi Aramco Dhahran 31311 Saudi Arabia
| | - Oki Muraza
- Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology and Chemical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
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Atanda L, Fraga GLL, Ahmed MHM, Alothman ZA, Na J, Batalha N, Aslam W, Konarova M. Conversion of agricultural waste into stable biocrude using spinel oxide catalysts. J Hazard Mater 2021; 402:123539. [PMID: 32738784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biomass, the feedstock for biocrude and ultimately renewable diesel is a low energy density feedstock. The transport of this feedstock over long distance has been proven to be a major burden on the commercialisation of biorefining. Therefore, it has been generally accepted that biomass should be upgraded to biocrude (a relatively high energy density liquid) in close proximity to the biomass sources. The biocrude liquid would then be transported to a biorefinery. Biocrude contains large amounts of oxygen (generally up to 38 wt%) that is removed from the crude in the refining process. In this study, we have synthesised a range of spinel oxide based catalysts to remove oxygen from the biocrude during the catalytic fast pyrolysis. The activity of spinel oxide (MgB2O4 where B = Fe, Al, Cr, Ga, La, Y, In) catalysts were screened for the pyrolysis reaction. While all the tested spinel oxides deoxygenated the pyrolysis vapour, MgCr2O4 was found to be effective in terms of oxygen removal efficiency relative to the quantity of bio oil produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqman Atanda
- Nanomaterials Centre, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | | | - Mohamed H M Ahmed
- Nanomaterials Centre, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Zeid A Alothman
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jongbeom Na
- Nanomaterials Centre, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Nuno Batalha
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Waqas Aslam
- Nanomaterials Centre, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Muxina Konarova
- Nanomaterials Centre, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
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Ahmed MHM, Batalha N, Qiu T, Hasan MM, Atanda L, Amiralian N, Wang L, Peng H, Konarova M. Red-mud based porous nanocatalysts for valorisation of municipal solid waste. J Hazard Mater 2020; 396:122711. [PMID: 32335378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Red mud samples were used to catalyse in-situ co-pyrolysis of pinewood and low-density polyethylene for the production of high-quality bio-oil. The sodium cation in the crude red-mud was exchanged with barium and calcium cations and further tested to explore their role in oil upgrading. The relationship between red-mud catalytic activity and its constituents was explored using synthetic sodalite. The red-mud catalysts exhibited a considerable aromatisation capacity compared to the thermal co-pyrolysis, as the selectivity towards monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons increased from 12.7 to 19.6%, respectively. Long-chain molecules cracking was more significant in synthetic sodalite associated with their acidic active sites. The addition of barium and calcium cations to the red-mud largely improved oxygen elimination as a result of the enhanced catalyst basicity. In contrast, the aromatisation ability of red-mud significantly impeded by the large cation size (Ba2+ and Ca2+) due to the limited diffusion of pyrolysis vapours to the active sites. Ba-exchanged red-mud catalysts reduced the content of carboxylic acids in the bio-oil to 1.8 % while maintained a high yield of the organic fraction (34 %). Ca-exchanged red-mud catalysts produced the lowest fraction of oxygenated compounds (35.1 %); however, the organic phase yield was as low as 23.6 %. The modified red-mud catalysts reduced the fraction of oxygenated compounds from 69.9-35.1% during the biomass-plastic co-pyrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H M Ahmed
- Nanomaterials Centre, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Nuno Batalha
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Tengfei Qiu
- Nanomaterials Centre, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Md Mahmudul Hasan
- Nanomaterials Centre, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Luqman Atanda
- Nanomaterials Centre, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Nasim Amiralian
- Nanomaterials Centre, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Lianzhou Wang
- Nanomaterials Centre, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Hong Peng
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Muxina Konarova
- Nanomaterials Centre, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
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Ahmed MHM, Batalha N, Mahmudul HMD, Perkins G, Konarova M. A review on advanced catalytic co-pyrolysis of biomass and hydrogen-rich feedstock: Insights into synergistic effect, catalyst development and reaction mechanism. Bioresour Technol 2020; 310:123457. [PMID: 32371033 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The depletion of fossil fuel reserves and the growing demand for alternative energy sources are the main drivers of biomass and carbonaceous waste utilization. Particularly, non-edible lignocellulosic biomass is the most attractive renewable feedstock due to its abundance. Pyrolysis of biomass produces highly oxygenated compounds with oxygen content >35 wt%. The cost-effective elimination of oxygen from the pyrolysis oil is the most challenging task impeding the commercialization of biomass to biofuel processes. The effective hydrogen/carbon ratio in biomass pyrolysis oil is low (0.3), requiring external hydrogen supply to produce hydrocarbon-rich oils. Exploiting hydrogen-rich feedstock particularly, solid waste (plastic, tyre and scum) and other low-cost feedstock (lubricant oil, methane, methanol, and ethanol) offer an eco-friendly solution to upgrade the produced bio-oil. Multi-functional catalysts that are capable of cleaving oxygen, promoting hydrogen transfer and depolymerisation must be developed to produce hydrocarbon-rich oil from biomass. This review compares catalytic co-pyrolysis studies based on zeolites, mesoporous silica and metal oxides. Furthermore, a wide range of catalyst modifications and the role of each feedstock were summarised to give a complete picture of the progress made on biomass co-pyrolysis research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H M Ahmed
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Nuno Batalha
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Hasan M D Mahmudul
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Greg Perkins
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Muxina Konarova
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
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Saber SEDM, Ahmed MHM, Obeid M, Ahmed HMA. Root and canal morphology of maxillary premolar teeth in an Egyptian subpopulation using two classification systems: a cone beam computed tomography study. Int Endod J 2018; 52:267-278. [PMID: 30225932 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the number of roots and root canal configurations using two coding systems and the root canal diverging and merging levels in extracted maxillary premolars in an Egyptian subpopulation using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). METHODOLOGY A total of 700 maxillary premolars were examined using CBCT in an Egyptian subpopulation. The number of roots was identified, and root canal configurations were classified according to Vertucci's classification and a new system for classifying root and canal morphology. In addition, the position where roots bifurcated and the levels where canals merged or diverged were identified. Fisher's exact test and independent t-test were used for statistical analysis, and the level of significance was set at 0.05 (P = 0.05). RESULTS More than half of maxillary first premolars were double-rooted, and the majority of maxillary second premolars were single-rooted (P < 0.001). Most of the double-rooted samples had bifurcations in the middle of the root. According to the Vertucci classification, canal configuration type IV was the most common in both first and second maxillary premolars. According to the new system, the code 2 FP B1 P1 was the most common for maxillary first premolars, whilst 2 SP B1 P1 , 1 SP2 and 1 SP2-1 codes were the most common for maxillary second premolars. The three-canalled morphology in double- and three-rooted maxillary premolars had considerable variations. Root canal merging and diverging levels were comparable in both tooth types. CONCLUSION Maxillary premolars in this Egyptian subpopulation had a wide range of root and canal anatomical variations. Clinicians should be aware of where canals merge and diverge to facilitate the treatment of all canals. The new system for classifying canal morphology describes the root and canal configurations in a more accurate and practical manner compared to the Vertucci classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E D M Saber
- Department of Endodontics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Endodontics, British University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M H M Ahmed
- Department of Endodontics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M Obeid
- Department of Endodontics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - H M A Ahmed
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Ahmed MHM, Latiff AA, Arof H, Harun SW. Mode-locking pulse generation with MoS 2-PVA saturable absorber in both anomalous and ultra-long normal dispersion regimes. Appl Opt 2016; 55:4247-4252. [PMID: 27411156 DOI: 10.1364/ao.55.004247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate a stable and simple mode locked erbium doped fiber laser (EDFL) utilizing passive few-layer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) as a saturable absorber. The MoS2 is obtained by liquid phase exfoliation before it is embedded in a polymer composite film and then inserted in the laser cavity. A stable soliton pulse train started at a low threshold pump power of 20 mW in the anomalous dispersion regime after fine-tuning the rotation of the polarization controller. The central wavelength, 3 dB bandwidth, pulse width, and repetition rate of the soliton pulses are 1574.6 nm, 9.5 nm, 790 fs, and 29.5 MHz, respectively. By inserting a 850 m long dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) in the cavity, a dissipative soliton with square pulse train is obtained in the normal dispersion regime where the operating wavelength is centered at 1567.44 nm with a 3 dB bandwidth of 19.68 nm. The dissipative soliton pulse has a pulse width of 90 ns at a low repetition rate of 231.5 kHz due to the long DSF used. These results are a contribution to the pool of knowledge in nonlinear optical properties of two-dimensional nanomaterials especially for ultrafast photonic applications.
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Farag M, Ahmed MHM, Yousef H, El-Badawey SS, Abd El-Ghany MA, Abdel-Rahman AAH. Repellent and insecticide activity of Pelargonium x hortorum against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 67:398-404. [PMID: 23016279 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2012-7-807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Insecticide and repellent activity of an acetone extract and oil from fresh leaves of Pelargonium x hortorum (cv. Orangesonne) were evaluated against the 2nd and 4th instar larvae of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The oil showed medium toxicity against the 2nd instar and low toxicity against the 4th instar larvae, while the extract showed high significant toxicity at all concentrations tested against the two instars. On the other hand, both oil and extract exhibited highly significant repellency against the two tested instars. Volatile constituents of the oil were also identified by GC-MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Farag
- Department of Pest Physiology, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
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Farag M, Ahmed MHM, Yousef H, El-badawey SS, El-Ghany MAA, Abdel-Rahman AAH. Repellent and Insecticide Activity of Pelargonium x hortorum against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). Z NATURFORSCH C 2012; 67:0398. [DOI: 10.5560/znc.2012.67c0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Farag M, Ahmed MHM, Yousef H, Abdel-Rahman AAH. Repellent and insecticidal activities of Melia azedarach L. against cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 66:129-35. [PMID: 21630586 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2011-3-406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A crude acetone extract and oil of ripe fruits from Melia azedarach L. were evaluated against the 2nd and 4th instar larvae of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Both oil and extract exhibited highly significant growth inhibition at all concentrations tested, while the oil of M. azedarach recorded higher insecticidal activity against both instars than the crude extract. GC-MS analysis of the oil revealed the presence of linoleic acid methyl ester, oleic acid methyl ester, and free oleic acid as the main components in addition to hexadecanol, palmitic acid, methyl esters of stearic acid and myristic acid. Fatty acids and their esters were not only the main constituents of essential oil from the ripe fruits of M. azedarach, but also mainly responsible for the insecticidal and growth inhibition activity against S. littoralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Farag
- Department of Pest Physiology, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
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