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Zenbaba D, Sahiledengle B, Beressa G, Desta F, Teferu Z, Nugusu F, Atlaw D, Shiferaw Z, Gezahegn B, Mamo A, Desalegn T, Negash W, Negash G, Mama M, Nigussie E, Chattu VK. Bacterial contamination of healthcare workers' mobile phones in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trop Med Health 2023; 51:55. [PMID: 37798670 PMCID: PMC10552405 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-023-00547-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mobile phones are potential reservoirs for pathogens and sources of healthcare-associated infections. More microbes can be found on a mobile phone than on a man's lavatory seat, the sole of a shoe, or a door handle. When examining patients, frequent handling of mobile phones can spread bacteria. Nevertheless, evidence of bacterial contamination of mobile phones used by healthcare workers in Africa was inconclusive. Thus, this meta-analysis and systematic review was conducted to estimate the pooled prevalence of bacterial contamination of mobile phones used by healthcare workers and the most frequent bacterial isolates in Africa. METHODS We systematically retrieved relevant studies using PubMed/MEDLINE, POPLINE, HINARI, Science Direct, Cochrane Library databases, and Google Scholar from July 1, 2023 to August 08, 2023. We included observational studies that reported the prevalence of bacterial contamination of mobile phones among healthcare workers. The DerSimonian-random Laird's effect model was used to calculate effect estimates for the pooled prevalence of bacterial contamination in mobile phones and a 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS Among 4544 retrieved studies, 26 eligible articles with a total sample size of 2,887 study participants were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of mobile phone bacterial contamination among healthcare workers was 84.5% (95% CI 81.7, 87.4%; I2 = 97.9%, p value < 0.001). The most dominant type of bacteria isolated in this review was coagulase-negative staphylococci (CONS) which accounted for 44.0% of the pooled contamination rate of mobile phones used by healthcare workers, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (31.3%), and Escherichia coli (10.7%). CONCLUSIONS In this review, the contamination of mobile phones used by HCWs with various bacterial isolates was shown to be considerable. The most prevalent bacteria isolates were coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aurous, and Escherichia coli. The prevalence of bacterial contamination in mobile phones varies by country and sub-region. Hence, healthcare planners and policymakers should establish norms to manage healthcare workers' hand hygiene and disinfection after using mobile phones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demisu Zenbaba
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University, P.O. Box 76, Goba, Ethiopia.
| | - Biniyam Sahiledengle
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University, P.O. Box 76, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Girma Beressa
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University, P.O. Box 76, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Fikreab Desta
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University, P.O. Box 76, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Zinash Teferu
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University, P.O. Box 76, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Fikadu Nugusu
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University, P.O. Box 76, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Atlaw
- Anatomy Unit, School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University, P.O. Box 76, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Zerihun Shiferaw
- Anatomy Unit, School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University, P.O. Box 76, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Bereket Gezahegn
- Anatomy Unit, School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University, P.O. Box 76, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Ayele Mamo
- Departments of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University, P.O. Box 76, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Desalegn
- Departments of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University, P.O. Box 76, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Wogene Negash
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University, P.O. Box 76, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Getahun Negash
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University, P.O. Box 76, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammedaman Mama
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University, P.O. Box 76, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Eshetu Nigussie
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University, P.O. Box 76, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Vijay Kumar Chattu
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, India
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, 442107, India
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Zenbaba D, Yassin A, Abdulkadir A, Mama M. Geographical variation and correlates of substance use among married men in Ethiopia: spatial and multilevel analysis from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e062060. [PMID: 36153037 PMCID: PMC9511580 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The use of substances has become one of the world's most serious public health and socioeconomic issues. Most nations in sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia, are undergoing significant economic transitions, creating a favourable environment for socially destructive substance use. This study aimed to determine the geographical variation, prevalence and correlates of substance use among ever-married men in Ethiopia. DESIGN A community-based cross-sectional survey was undertaken from 18 January 2016 to 27 June 2016. DATA SOURCE Data were used from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS Data from the 2016 EDHS was used, and a total of 7793 ever-married men were involved in the analysis. The spatial autocorrelation statistic (Global Moran's I) was used to determine whether substance use was dispersed, clustered or randomly distributed. A multilevel logistic regression model was used to identify the correlates with substance use, and statistical significance was declared at p<0.05 and 95% CI. RESULTS Of all ever-married men, 72.5% (95% CI 71.5% to 73.4%) were currently using at least one of the three substances (alcohol, cigarettes and chat). The highest hotspot areas of substance use were observed in Ahmara and Tigray regions. The age (adjusted OR, AOR 1.80; 95% CI 1.32 to 2.45), educational status (AOR 0.64; 95% CI 0.51 to 0.82), occupation (AOR 1.36; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.76), watching television (AOR 1.50; 95% CI 1.25 to 1.81) and living in the city (AOR 2.25; 95% CI to 1.36 to 3.74) were individual and community-level correlates found to have a statistically significant association with substance use. CONCLUSION In this study, nearly three-fourths of married men used one of the three substances. Given these findings, it is critical to reducing the problem by improving modifiable individual-level variables such as educational status and reducing substance advertising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demisu Zenbaba
- Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Ahmed Yassin
- Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Adem Abdulkadir
- Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Oromia, Ethiopia
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Said F, Mama M, Naceur I, Ben Achour T, Ben Ghorbel I, Lamloum M, Khanfir M, Houman M. Les critères ACR/EULAR 2019 du lupus érythémateux systémique pourraient-ils écourter notre délai diagnostique ? Rev Med Interne 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2021.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zenbaba D, Sahiledengle B, Takele A, Tekalegn Y, Yassin A, Tura B, Abdulkadir A, Tesa E, Tasew A, Ganfure G, Fikadu G, Seyoum K, Abduku M, Assefa T, Morka G, Kemal M, Gemechu A, Bekele K, Tessema A, Haji S, Haile G, Girma A, Mama M, Negero A, Nigussie E, Gezahegn H, Atlaw D, Regasa T, Usman H, Esmael A. Compliance towards infection prevention measures among health professionals in public hospitals, southeast Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study with implications of COVID-19 prevention. Trop Med Health 2021; 49:30. [PMID: 33863397 PMCID: PMC8050993 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-021-00318-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The new coronavirus disease 2019 is an emerging respiratory disease caused by the highly contagious novel coronavirus which has currently overwhelmed the world. Realizing a comprehensive set of infection prevention measures is a key to minimize the spread of this virus and its impacts in all healthcare settings. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the compliance towards COVID-19 preventive measures and associated factors among health professionals in selected public hospitals, southeast Ethiopia. METHODS A descriptive hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 660 health professionals in public hospitals of southeast Ethiopia from October 1 to 31, 2020. A multistage sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Data were collected by interview using structured and pretested questionnaires. Ordinary logistic regression modeling was used to estimate the crude and adjusted odds ratio. To declare the statistical significance of factors associated with the outcome variable, P-value < 0.05 and 95% confidence interval were used. RESULTS A total of 654 health professionals were involved in the study; of whom, 313 participants were nurses. The overall good compliance and knowledge of health professionals regarding COVID-19 preventive measures were 21.6 and 25.5%, respectively. Working in the general hospital (AOR = 0.55; 95% CI 0.38, 0.79), service year (AOR = 2.10; 95% CI 1.35, 3.21), knowledge (AOR = 1.80; 95% CI 1.14, 2.89), and water availability (AOR = 3.26; 95% CI 2.25, 4.72) were some of the factors found to have a statistically significant association to compliance of health professionals regarding COVID-19 preventive measures. CONCLUSION In this study, nearly one fifth of health professionals had good compliance towards COVID-19 prevention practices. Thus, a consistent supply of COVID-19 prevention materials, facilities, and improving the knowledge of health professionals through on and off-job training are crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demisu Zenbaba
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia.
| | - Biniyam Sahiledengle
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Abulie Takele
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Tekalegn
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Ahmed Yassin
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Birhanu Tura
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Adem Abdulkadir
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Edao Tesa
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Alelign Tasew
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Gemechu Ganfure
- Department of Midwifery, School of Health Science, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Genet Fikadu
- Department of Midwifery, School of Health Science, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Kenbon Seyoum
- Department of Midwifery, School of Health Science, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammedawel Abduku
- Department of Midwifery, School of Health Science, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Assefa
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Science, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Garoma Morka
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Science, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Makida Kemal
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Science, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Adisu Gemechu
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Science, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Kebebe Bekele
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Abdi Tessema
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Safi Haji
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Gebisa Haile
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Alemu Girma
- Department of Anesthesia, School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammedaman Mama
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Asfaw Negero
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Eshetu Nigussie
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Habtamu Gezahegn
- Department of biomedical science, School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Atlaw
- Department of biomedical science, School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Tadele Regasa
- Department of biomedical science, School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Heyder Usman
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Adem Esmael
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Science, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia
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Mamo A, Mama M, Solomon D, Mohammed M. Treatment Outcomes and Predictors Among Tuberculosis Patients at Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Southeast Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 13:4763-4771. [PMID: 33447062 PMCID: PMC7801921 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s285542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) remains a main public health threat worldwide. Over 90% of tuberculosis cases occur in low- and middle-income countries that have fragile health infrastructures and constrained resources available. Ethiopia ranks third in Africa and eighth of 22 from TB burdened countries globally. Case detection as early as possible and ensuring a successful treatment rate should be the main focus points to decrease the burden of TB. Objective To evaluate tuberculosis treatment outcomes and predictors among tuberculosis treatment follow-up patients at Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital. Methods Retrospective document review was conducted among TB patients in the tuberculosis clinic at Goba Referral Hospital from January 1, 2015 to December 30, 2019. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Descriptive and logistic regressions analyses were performed to identify the rate and predictors of tuberculosis treatment outcomes. The odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were calculated to check the association between variables. P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The mean age of participants was 33.8 ± 17.3 years, and more than half of them (58.4%, 218) were males. From the total 373 participants, 65 (17.4%) registered TB patients were diagnosed HIV-positive. The overall success rate was 320 (91.2%) with [95% CI, 88–94.3]. Among these, 91 (25.9%) were cured and 229 (65.2%) completed treatment whereas 8.8% with [95% CI, 5.7–12] were unsuccessful treatment outcomes. Among them, the majority 18 (5.1%) died, 6 (1.7%) were moved to MDR-TB center, 4 (1.1%) were lost to follow-up and 3 (0.9%) were documented as treatment failed. Conclusion The treatment failure rate was 8.8% with [95% CI, 5.7–12]. The proportion of TB patents who died was relatively higher. HIV-positive patients and old age people were predictors of unsuccessful treatment outcomes. Thus, the health facility should strengthen the evaluation of HIV-positive patients and old age patients to minimize mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayele Mamo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammedaman Mama
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Damtew Solomon
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Mesud Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale Goba, Ethiopia
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Mama M, Mamo A, Usman H, Hussen B, Hussen A, Morka G. Inappropriate Antibiotic Use Among Inpatients Attending Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Southeast Ethiopia: Implication for Future Use. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:1403-1409. [PMID: 32494171 PMCID: PMC7229800 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s251151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethiopia is one of the countries where the healthcare system is not yet developed to the required level; hence, it is not uncommon that drugs, particularly antimicrobials, are inappropriately used for infections by any causative agents, with or without prescription, in combination or not, and, of more concern, without sensitivity tests. So, it was considered important to assess the magnitude of inappropriate antimicrobial use among inpatients attending Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, southeast Ethiopia. METHODS A health institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2018 to April 2019. Patient folders from collaborating wards were reviewed for antibiotic use. Inappropriateness of a drug or its dosage, or both, was considered in reference to the Ethiopian national treatment guideline. The information obtained was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Patterns of prescription of antimicrobials for the hospitalized patients were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics. RESULTS A total of 801 antibiotics were written as prescriptions to 471 clients, 228 (47.6%) of whom had received two or more antibiotics at the time of the study. Of the total prescribed antibiotics, 142 (30.1%) had an inappropriate prescription. Genitourinary tract infections accounted for 42 (30.4%) of the inappropriate prescriptions due to the wrong dose and drugs. Cephalosporins were the most extensively prescribed class of antibiotics, 24.4% of which were inappropriately prescribed. Intravenous formulations made up the largest proportion of prescriptions, at 335 (41.8%). The most commonly prescribed antimicrobials were cephalosporins, 178 (38%); nitroimidazoles, 115 (24.5%); and macrolides, 53 (11.3%), while ceftriaxone was prescribed in 249 (53%) and metronidazole in 123 (26.2%) cases. CONCLUSION Low dose, inadequate duration and empiric use of antibiotics were major causes of inappropriate use in the study area. Therefore, local antimicrobial sensitivity tests, antibiotic stewardship and following the national treatment guideline are recommended to overcome inappropriate antimicrobial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammedaman Mama
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Ayele Mamo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Heyder Usman
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Bedru Hussen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Abduljewad Hussen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Geroma Morka
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia
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Hussen S, Mama M, Mekonnen B, Yihun M, Shegaze M, Boti N, Shure M, Tolossie K. Adherence level to antiretroviral therapy predict the time to viral load suppression of adult people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Arba Minch general hospital. Chin Med J (Engl) 2019; 132:2891-2892. [PMID: 31856065 PMCID: PMC6940074 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Hussen
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammedaman Mama
- Department of Laboratory, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Mada-Walabu University, Bale Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Bitewu Mekonnen
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Manaye Yihun
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Shegaze
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Negussie Boti
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Shure
- Department of English Language and Literature, College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Kabtamu Tolossie
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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Manilal A, Shewangizaw M, Mama M, Gezmu T, Merdekios B. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in HIV patients of Arba Minch province, Ethiopia: Carriage rates, antibiotic resistance, and biofilm formation. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2019; 66:469-483. [PMID: 31198058 DOI: 10.1556/030.66.2019.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged as a significant opportunistic pathogen among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients of Ethiopia. This study aimed at delineating the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and biofilm-forming potentials of nasally colonized MRSA among HIV patients in the Arba Minch province of Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was performed in HIV patients who visit anti-retroviral therapy clinic of the Arba Minch Hospital between February and April 2017. Nasal samples were collected and inspected for Staphylococcus following standard procedures. MRSA was identified using cefoxitin disk and antibiotics sensitivity test was performed as per Kirby-Baur disk diffusion method. The formation of biofilm was inspected using both qualitative and quantitative methods. A total of 307 HIV patients were examined. The overall prevalence of S. aureus was found to be 39.7%. The prevalence of MRSA was 20.8%. The rate of nasal colonization of MRSA was relatively higher among females. In bivariate analysis, MRSA colonization was statistically significant in patients with CD4 count ≤350 (p value = 0.002) and co-trimoxazole prophylaxis (p value = 0.003). Concomitant resistance to erythromycin, tetracycline, and co-trimoxazole were 48.4%, 45.3%, and 39.0%, respectively. Invariably, all MRSA isolates were 100% sensitive to vancomycin. Of the 64 MRSA isolates, 18.7% were considered as multidrug-resistant. The rate of biofilm formation was 34.3%. The results revealed a high prevalence rate in the nasal colonization of MRSA in HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseer Manilal
- 1 Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Misgun Shewangizaw
- 2 Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammedaman Mama
- 3 Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Tigist Gezmu
- 1 Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Behailu Merdekios
- 2 Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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Hussen S, Mama M, Mekonnen B, Yihune M, Shegaze M, Boti N, Shure M. Predictors of Time to Viral Load Suppression of Adult PLWHIV on ART in Arba Minch General Hospital: A Follow up Study. Ethiop J Health Sci 2019; 29:751-758. [PMID: 31741646 PMCID: PMC6842721 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v29i6.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Access to antiretroviral drugs for all infected persons in need is a global health priority. The viral load and CD4 counts should be monitored regularly. The plasma viral load should be reduced by as much and for as short as possible. Identifying factors that predict time to viral load suppression of patients on antiretroviral therapy regimens is thus vital to optimizing therapeutic success. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the time to viral load suppression and identify predictors of time to viral load suppression of patients on antiretroviral therapy at Arba Minch general Hospital. METHODS This study was observational study using data abstracted from medical records, patient interviews and laboratory work-up during 6 months of follow up. The data were collected from 152 naive to anti-retro viral drug patients. The univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were done to identify predictors. RESULT The median survival time of viral load suppression among adult patients living with HIV was 3 months with 95% CI (2.68, 3.32). The Cox-proportional hazard analysis shows baseline CD4 count of <200cells/mm3 (AHR=0.683, CI:0.471, 0.990), baseline viral load of <10,000 copies/ml (AHR=4.135, CI:1.835, 9.317), having baseline Cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (AHR=1.997, CI:1.108, 3.600), having baseline Isoniazid preventive therapy (AHR=3.085, CI:1.721, 5.529) and good adherence level to ART (AHR=2.648, CI: 1.202, 5.834) significantly predict the time to viral load suppression. CONCLUSION Early improvement and maintenance of CD4 count and viral load to normal level should be attained through streamlining and strengthening monitoring and counseling of patients on adherence to ART, Cotrimoxazole and Isoniazid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Hussen
- Arba Minch University, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammedaman Mama
- Madda-Walabu University, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Department of Laboratory, Bale Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Bitew Mekonnen
- Arba Minch University, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Manaye Yihune
- Arba Minch University, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Shegaze
- Arba Minch University, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Negussie Boti
- Arba Minch University, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Shure
- Arba Minch University, College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Department of English Language and Literature, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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Alemu G, Mama M, Misker D, Haftu D. Parasitic contamination of vegetables marketed in Arba Minch town, southern Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:410. [PMID: 31088390 PMCID: PMC6515664 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of unwashed, raw or unhygienically prepared fruits and vegetables act as potential source for the spread of various parasitic diseases. Moreover, the level of contamination and species of contaminant parasites vary from place to place because of variations in environmental and human factors. Therefore local determination of the level of contamination and associated factors is important for efficient intervention of infections acquired via those food items. METHODS A Cross-sectional study was conducted among purchased vegetables in selected markets of Arba Minch town from January to March, 2018. A structured questionnaire was used to capture data about factors associated with parasitic contamination of vegetables in the marketing phase. Selected vegetables were purchased and processed for examination of parasitic contamination using direct wet mount, iodine wet mount and modified zeihl Neelson staining following standard protocols. All data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. RESULTS Among 347 vegetable samples examined, 87(25.1%) were contaminated with at least one parasite species. Tomato (35.0%) was the most commonly contaminated vegetable while green pepper (10.6%) was the least contaminated one. Entameoba histolytica/dispar (29, 8.4%) was the commonest parasitic contaminant detected followed by Giardia lamblia (24, 6.9%) and oocyst of Cryptosporidium species (5.8%). Vegetable type (X2 = 13.5; p = 0.009) and source of vegetables (X2 = 24.1; p < 0.001) were significantly associated with parasitic contamination of vegetables. CONCLUSION Parasitic contamination rate among marketed vegetables in the present study is significantly considerable. Entameoba histolytica /dispar was the most frequently detected parasite. We recommend to the local public health sector to establish a system for continuous monitoring of contamination of vegetables sold at local markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getaneh Alemu
- Department of Medical laboratory Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammedaman Mama
- Department of Medical laboratory Science, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Robe, Ethiopia
| | - Direslgne Misker
- Department of public health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Desta Haftu
- Department of public health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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Mama M, Said F, Khanfir M, Houman M. Profil étiologique des anémies hémolytiques auto-immunes dans un service de médecine interne. Rev Med Interne 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2018.10.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Mama M, Said F, Raies L, Khanfir M, Zouaghi M, Houman M. Atteinte rénale au cours de la granulomatose éosinophilique avec polyangéite : et si ce n’est pas une glomérulonéphrite extracapillaire. Rev Med Interne 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2018.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mama M, Manilal A, Gezmu T, Kidanewold A, Gosa F, Gebresilasie A. Prevalence and associated factors of urinary tract infections among diabetic patients in Arba Minch Hospital, Arba Minch province, South Ethiopia. Turk J Urol 2018; 45:56-62. [PMID: 30468427 DOI: 10.5152/tud.2018.32855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common and grave health problem in the world. In fact, patients with diabetes mellitus have an immense risk for developing UTI. The development of resistance among uropathogens to antibiotics is a major crisis which limits the use of drug of choice for the treatment of UTI. On this view point, the aim of the present study is to elucidate the prevalence of UTI, associated factors, causative agents and their antimicrobial susceptibility amongst diabetic patients attending Arba Minch Hospital, Arba Minch, Ethiopia. MATERIAL AND METHODS A facility based cross-sectional study was carried out in diabetic patients visiting the Internal Medicine Unit of Arba Minch Hospital (AMH) during the study period (March to May 2016). Pre-tested structured questionnaire was used for collecting the data pertaining to socio-demographic characteristics and possible risk factors. In order to quantify the uropathogens, midstream urine samples were collected in sterile leak proof culture bottles and streaked onto diverse bacteriological media. All the positive urine cultures showing significant bacteriuria as per the Kass count (>105 organisms/mL) were further subjected to biochemical tests. The antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed to determine the resistance/susceptibility pattern of isolated uropathogens. Data entry and analysis were done using Statistical Package for Social Services, version 20. RESULTS In total, 239 diabetic patients were included in the study of which 60.2% (n=144) were females. A total of 81 (33.8%) diabetic patients had positive urine cultures. Sixty-eight (83.9%) female diabetic patients had significant bacteriuria (p=0.000). Fifty-two (64.1%) participants had drinking habit and 79 (97.5%) of respondents had higher glucose levels (≥126 mg/dL) (p=0.004 and p=0.003), respectively. According to the biochemical tests, in a total of 90 isolates from patients with significant bacteriuria, eight species of uropathogens such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Proteus sp., Citrobacter spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CNS), Enterococcus faecalis and yeast isolates were identified. The antibiogram evidenced that 79.6% (n=51) of Gram-negative bacteria were invariably resistant to amoxicillin and penicillin whereas 73.4% (n=47) and 65.6 % (n=42) of them were resistant to trimethoprim, erythromycin and chloramphenicol, respectively. Regarding the Gram-positive bacteria, high degree of resistance was exhibited towards penicillin and trimethoprim (100%, n=24) followed by amoxicillin (83.3%, n=20) and gentamicin (62.5%, n=15). Invariably, all the Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative bacilli were susceptible (100%) to amikacin, doxycycline, ceftriaxone and nitrofurantoin. CONCLUSION The prevalence of UTI is higher in diabetic patients. Results revealed that the predominant pathogens of UTI were Gram-negative bacilli (Enterobacteriaceae), particularly E. coli. Significant bacteriuria had an association with the consumption of alcohol, gender and glucose level. Based on the results of antimicrobial susceptibility tests, it might be inferred that the antibiotics such as amikacin, doxycycline, ceftriaxone and nitrofurantoin are the drugs of choice for the management of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive uropathogenic bacteria in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammedaman Mama
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Aseer Manilal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Tigist Gezmu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Aschalew Kidanewold
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Firew Gosa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Atsede Gebresilasie
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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Alemu G, Mama M. Asymptomatic Malaria Infection and Associated Factors among Blood Donors Attending Arba Minch Blood Bank, Southwest Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci 2018; 28:315-322. [PMID: 29983531 PMCID: PMC6016360 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v28i3.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is well known that malaria can be transmitted via blood transfusion. However, it is not documented in the national donor screening protocol. Magnitude of asymptomatic malaria among donors would be the key to decide on the need of donor screening. Despite this, there is lack of such data in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was thus to estimate the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria and associated factors among blood donors. Methods An institution based cross-sectional study was conducted in Arba Minch blood bank from February to June, 2015. Data was collected from donors who passed the clinical donor selection criteria and recruited by systematic random sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was used to capture data on socio-demographic characteristics. Giemsa stained blood films were examined for plasmodium parasites. Magnitude of asymptomatic malaria was calculated and association of factors with malaria was assessed by multivariable logistic regressions using SPSS version 20.0. Results A total of 416 donors participated in the study. The proportion of infected donors was 4.1% (17/416). Eight donors were infected with Plasmodium falciparum while 9 donors were infected with Plasmodium vivax. Most positive blood films (13/17) were with parasite loads ranging from 100 – 500 parasites/µl. Donors with blood group O were more susceptible to malaria parasitemia compared to all other ABO blood groups together (AOR=6.899, 95%CI=1.951–24.391, p=0.003). Conclusion Magnitude of malaria parasitemia in the present study was high as compared to the national malaria prevalence. Hence, in malaria endemic areas of Ethiopia, blood should be screened before donation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getaneh Alemu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammedaman Mama
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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Alemu G, Mama M, Siraj M. Bacterial contamination of vegetables sold in Arba Minch Town, Southern Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:775. [PMID: 30376882 PMCID: PMC6208072 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3889-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Unhygienically handled fruits and vegetables which are usually consumed in raw serve to transmit various infectious diseases. Bacteria are among the common vegetable contaminants. However, the species of contaminants and rate of contamination depends on various environmental and human factors. Hence, a cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the level of bacterial contamination and associated factors among vegetables marketed in Arba Minch town from January to March, 2018. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data regarding factors associated with bacterial contamination of vegetables. Selected vegetables were purchased and processed for examination of bacterial contamination by standard culture technique following standard protocols. All data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Results A total of 347 vegetable samples were examined, of which 169 (48.7%) were positive for bacteria contamination. Cabbage (71.9%) was the most frequently contaminated vegetable. E. coli (31.4%) was the most frequent contaminant detected. Type of vegetables (p = 0.000) and market place (p = 0.039) show significant association with bacterial contamination. Bacterial contamination rate in the present study was significantly considerable. Therefore we recommend for the local health office to continuously monitor the contamination status of raw edible vegetables and take respective measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getaneh Alemu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | - Mohammedaman Mama
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale-Robe, Ethiopia
| | - Munira Siraj
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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Mama M, Manilal A, Tesfa H, Mohammed H, Erbo E. Prevalence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Associated Factors Among HIV Positive Patients Attending Antiretroviral Therapy Clinic at Arba Minch General Hospital, Southern Ethiopia. Open Microbiol J 2018; 12:163-171. [PMID: 29997701 PMCID: PMC5997845 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801812010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is an extremely contagious disease detrimentally affecting virtually every organ, most importantly the lungs. Pulmonary complications have been one of the commonest causes of morbidity and mortality since the advent of AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) pandemic. The AIDS virus has considerably reshape the epidemiology of TB by widening the risk of reactivating latent TB, increasing the possibility of TB infection once contracted to tubercle bacilli (re-infection) and by elevating the risk of rapid progression instantly after the infection. In this background, this study is intended to understand the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis and associated factors amongst Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) positive patients attending antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinic in Arba Minch General hospital during the study period (March to May, 2016). Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out at Arba Minch Hospital from March to May, 2016. To assess the associated factors, a pre-tested structured questionnaire has been used. Sputum samples were collected and examined microscopically by using acid fast staining. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Services, version 20. Results: Totally, 291 HIV positive patients were included in this study of which 71.5% were females and 28.5% were males. It was found that 42.3% of respondents were in the age ranged between 31-40 years. Of the 291 patients screened, 21 were positively diagnosed with pulmonary TB making the overall prevalence rate of 7.2%. From this study, it was revealed that CD4 count, previous history of tuberculosis and smoking were the significant predictors of tuberculosis (p˂0.05) in HIV patients. Conclusion: The results of the present study envisaged that the prevalence of HIV/TB co-infection was 7.2%. Previous history of TB, CD4 count less than 200/μl, and smoking habit were the possible risk factors elucidated. Therefore, TB screening among HIV-positive patients, public awareness, and community mobilization should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammedaman Mama
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Aseer Manilal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Haile Tesfa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Hawa Mohammed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Endeshaw Erbo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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Ben Haj Ali E, Mama M, Bouker A, Guiga A, Atig A, Bahri F, Ghannouchi N. Le profil étiologique des nécroses digitales dans un service de médecine interne : à propos de 22 cas. Rev Med Interne 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2017.03.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Alemu G, Mama M. Intestinal helminth co-infection and associated factors among tuberculosis patients in Arba Minch, Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:68. [PMID: 28086814 PMCID: PMC5237157 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helminths affect the outcome of tuberculosis by shifting cell mediated immune response to humoral and by total suppression of the host immune system. On the reverse, Mycobacterium infection favors immune escape of helminths. Therefore assessing helminth co-infection rate and predisposing factors in tuberculosis patients is mandatory to set strategies for better case management. METHODS Facility based cross-sectional study was conducted in Arba Minch to assess the prevalence and associated factors of intestinal helminths among pulmonary tuberculosis patients from January to August, 2016. A structured questionnaire was used to capture data about socio-demographic characteristics, clinical history and possible risk factors for intestinal helminth infections. Height and weight were measured to calculate body-mass index. Appropriate amount of stool was collected and processed by direct saline and formol-ether concentration techniques following standard protocols. All the data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. RESULTS A total of 213 (57.3% male and 42.7% female) pulmonary tuberculosis patients were participated in the study. The overall co-infection rate of intestinal parasites was 26.3%. The infection rate of intestinal helminths account 24.4% and that of intestinal protozoa was 6.1%. Ascaris lumbricoides accounted the highest frequency of 11.3%. Living in rural residence (AOR = 3.175, 95% CI: 1.102-9.153, p = 0.032), Eating vegetables/ fruits without washing or peeling off (AOR = 2.208, 95% CI: 1.030-4.733, p = 0.042) and having body-mass index <18.5 (AOR = 3.511, 95% CI: 1.646-7.489, p = 0.001) were associated with intestinal helminth infection. CONCLUSION The infection rate by intestinal helminths was 24.4%. Ascaris lumbricoides was the most prevalent helminth. Residence, habit of washing vegetables/fruits before use and body-mass index were associated factors with intestinal helminthiasis. Therefore health care providers should screen and treat TB patients for intestinal helminthiasis in order to ensure good prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getaneh Alemu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammedaman Mama
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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Mama M, Mrouki M, Ben Dahmen F, Cherif Y, Ben Achour T, Abdallah M. HTAP et hémoglobinopathies : à propos de deux observations. Rev Med Interne 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2016.10.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mama M, Alemu G. Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and associated risk factors of Shigella and Salmonella among food handlers in Arba Minch University, South Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:686. [PMID: 27871241 PMCID: PMC5117698 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-2035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The availability of safe food improves health of the people that contributes to productivity and provides an effective platform for development and poverty alleviation. On the other hand, unsafe food handling and processing can serve as a vehicle for the transmission of a variety of disease causing agents. The risk of food getting contaminated depends largely on the health status of the food handlers, their personal hygiene, knowledge and practice of food hygiene. Food borne diseases are therefore a public health problem in developed and developing countries which is also true for Ethiopia. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and associated risk factors of Shigella and Salmonella among food handlers in Arba Minch University, South Ethiopia. METHODS A cross sectional study was conducted among food handlers in Arba Minch University students' cafeteria from April- June, 2015. Structured questionnaire was used to collect socio demographic data and associated risk factors. Stool sample was collected and examined for pathogens following standard procedures. Biochemical tests were done to identify the species of pathogens and sensitivity test was done using Kirby- Baur disk diffusion technique. RESULTS A total of 376 food handlers were enrolled in the study with the response rate of 100% for data collected by questionnaire. About 7.4% were aged less than 20 years with majority (63.3%) lay in the working age group of 21-35 years. However, a total of 345 food handlers participated for stool examination of whom, stool cultures revealed 6.9% of Salmonella and 3% Shigella isolates. Finger nail status (AOR=0.033), hand washing practice after toilet (AOR= 0.006) and touching food with bare hands (AOR= p < 0.001) were independent predictors of infectious enteric diseases among the food handlers. All isolated pathogens were resistant to amoxicillin (100%), followed by clarithromycin (41%) and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (35%). CONCLUSION The present study showed high prevalence of enteropathogens among the study participants. The study also revealed poor personal hygiene like poor practice of hand washing. Therefore, pre placement, in service training on personal and food hygiene should be provided to all food handlers with regular sanitary inspection to improve adherence of food handlers to personal hygiene and food safety practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammedaman Mama
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Getaneh Alemu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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Mama M, Alemu G. Prevalence and factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections among food handlers of Southern Ethiopia: cross sectional study. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:105. [PMID: 26831331 PMCID: PMC4736149 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2790-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally about one third of the total population is estimated to be infected with intestinal parasites, of which, the majority are people living in tropical and sub-tropical parts of the world. Cases of intestinal parasitosis are also highly abundant in Ethiopia and hence the aim of present study was to assess prevalence and predictors of intestinal parasitic infections among food handlers working in Arba Minch University students' cafeteria, South Ethiopia. METHOD A cross sectional study was conducted among food handlers working in Arba Minch University from April to June, 2015. A pretested structured questionnaire was used for collecting data about socio-demographic characteristics and possible risk factors. Stool specimens were collected and examined microscopically for the presence of eggs, cysts and trophozoites of intestinal parasites. Data entry and analysis were done using SPSS version 20 software. RESULTS A total of 376 food handlers were enrolled in the study of which thirty one of them were not willing to participate for a stool examination. The majority of study participants were females 273 (72.6 %). About 123 (36 %) of food handlers were found to be positive for different intestinal parasites with the most abundant parasite of Entamoeba histolytica/dispar 48 (14 %) followed by Ascaris lumbricoides 32 (9.27 %). Finger nail status (AOR: 2.2, 95 % CI: 1.29-3.72), hand washing practice after toilet (AOR: 1.71, 95 % CI: 1.06-2.77), hand washing practice before food handling (AOR: 1.69, 95 % CI: 1.04-2.75), preparing food when suffering from diseases (AOR: 3.08, 95 % CI: 1.17-8.13), and using common knife for cutting raw flesh food and other food (AOR: 1.72, 95 % CI: 1.01-2.92) were independent predictors of intestinal parasitic infection among the food handlers. CONCLUSION This study revealed a high prevalence of intestinal parasites among food handlers. Since most of the intestinal parasites are transmitted by the feco-oral route, food handlers could be an important source of infection to the students and general population. Therefore, constant epidemiological surveillance through biannual routine parasitological tests and treatment of the infected cases along with the improvement of personal hygiene and environmental sanitation are recommended to control the parasitic infection in food handlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammedaman Mama
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.
| | - Getaneh Alemu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.
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Aklilu A, Kahase D, Dessalegn M, Tarekegn N, Gebremichael S, Zenebe S, Desta K, Mulugeta G, Mamuye Y, Mama M. Prevalence of intestinal parasites, salmonella and shigella among apparently health food handlers of Addis Ababa University student's cafeteria, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:17. [PMID: 25616876 PMCID: PMC4310029 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-014-0967-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Food contamination may occur at any point during its journey through production, processing, distribution, and preparation. The risk of food getting contaminated depends largely on the health status of the food handlers, their personal hygiene, knowledge and practice of food hygiene. Food borne diseases are a public health problem in developed and developing countries like Ethiopia. Method A cross sectional study was conducted among food handlers in Addis Ababa student’s cafeteria from January to May 2013. Structured questionnaire was used to collect socio demographic data and associated risk factors. Stool specimens were examined for bacteria and intestinal parasites following standard procedures. Biochemical tests were done to identify the species of bacterial isolates. Sensitivity testing was done using Kirby- Baur disk diffusion method. Result A total of 172 food handlers were enrolled in the study. The majority of study participants were females 134 (77.9%). About 78 (45.3%) of food handlers were found to be positive for different intestinal parasites with the most abundant parasite of Entameoba histolytica/dispar 68 (70.8%) followed by Giardia lamblia 18 (18.8%), Taenia species 5 (5.2%), Ascaris lumbricoides 2 (2.1%), hookworm 2 (2.1%) and Trichuris trichiura 1 (1.1%). Stool cultures revealed 3.5% of Salmonella isolates (Sero-grouping on Salmonella isolate was not done), while Shigella species was not isolated from any of the stool samples obtained from Food handlers. All isolates of Salmonella were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, amikacin and gentamicin but resistant to ampicillin, clindamycin, and erythromycin. Conclusion The present study revealed a high prevalence of intestinal parasite in asymptomatic (apparently health) food handlers. Such infected food handlers can contaminate food, drinks and could serve as source of infection to consumers via food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addis Aklilu
- Medicine and Health Sciences College, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.
| | - Daniel Kahase
- Health Sciences College, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia.
| | | | | | | | - Seyfe Zenebe
- Ras Desta General Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Kassu Desta
- College of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Gebru Mulugeta
- College of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Yeshiwodim Mamuye
- St. Paul's Hospital Mellinium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Mohammedaman Mama
- Medicine and Health Sciences College, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.
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Mama M, Abdissa A, Sewunet T. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates from wound infection and their sensitivity to alternative topical agents at Jimma University Specialized Hospital, South-West Ethiopia. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2014; 13:14. [PMID: 24731394 PMCID: PMC4017222 DOI: 10.1186/1476-0711-13-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wound infection is one of the health problems that are caused and aggravated by the invasion of pathogenic organisms. Information on local pathogens and sensitivity to antimicrobial agents, and topical agents like acetic acid is crucial for successful treatment of wounds. Objectives To determine antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates from wound infection and their sensitivity to alternative topical agents at Jimma University Specialized Hospital. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted among patients with wound infection visiting Jimma University Specialized Hospital, from May to September 2013. Wound swab was collected using sterile cotton swabs and processed for bacterial isolation and susceptibility testing to antimicrobial agents, acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide and dabkin solution following standard bacteriological techniques. Biochemical tests were done to identify the species of the organisms. Sensitivity testing was done using Kirby- Baur disk diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration was done using tube dilution method. Results In this study 145 bacterial isolates were recovered from 150 specimens showing an isolation rate of 87.3%. The predominant bacteria isolated from the infected wounds were Staphylococcus aureus 47 (32.4%) followed by Escherichia coli 29 (20%), Proteus species 23 (16%), Coagulase negative Staphylococci 21 (14.5%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 14 (10%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 11 (8%). All isolates showed high frequency of resistance to ampicillin, penicillin, cephalothin and tetracycline. The overall multiple drug resistance patterns were found to be 85%. Acetic acid (0.5%), Dabkin solution (1%) and 3% hydrogen peroxide were bactericidal to all isolated bacteria and lethal effect observed when applied for 10 minutes. Conclusions On in vitro sensitivity testing, ampicillin, penicillin, cephalothin and tetracycline were the least effective. Gentamicin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin and amikacin were the most effective antibiotics. Acetic acid (0.5%), dabkin solution (1%) and H2O2 (3%) were bactericidal to all isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tsegaye Sewunet
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Pathology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
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