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Mohd-Taib FS, Ishak SN, Yusof MA, Azhari NN, Md-Lasim A, Md Nor S, Mohd-Sah SA, Neela VK. Leptospirosis: An insight into community structure of small mammal's host in urban environment. Trop Biomed 2020; 37:142-154. [PMID: 33612725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira and most often acquired through contact with environments contaminated with leptospires shed in the urine of infected mammals. In urban environment, rodents are well-known as the main carriers of this bacteria, however there were no intensive study on the population structure of these animals, and how it associated with this disease. Hence, we use a case study from an outbreak in a residential area in Selangor, Malaysia, to investigate how community structure of small mammals, associated with the prevalence of Leptospira. One hundred cage traps were placed randomly in and around these houses in five phases with two months interval for a year. Community structures (species, sex, and age) were assigned for each individual, prior to screening for pathogenic Leptospira, using a partial lipL32 gene from the kidney samples. 185 small mammals from four species were captured, Rattus norvegicus (74.5%, N=138), R. rattus (20%, N=37), Tupaia glis (5%, N=9), and Suncus murinus (0.5%, N=1). From this number, 29 individuals were found PCR positive for pathogenic Leptospira (R. norvegicus, N=20; R. rattus, N=6; T. glis, N=2; S. murinus, N=1). The study shows that Leptospira occurrence in the small mammals were significantly correlated to age category and sampling phases, with Spearman Correlation (rs) p=0.02 and p=0.04 respectively. Adult individuals were significantly more prevalent with Leptospira infection, whereby March and June were found to associate with higher Leptospira prevalent among the small mammals, potentially coincide with low rainfall and relative humidity level. This information is important in designing a specific control method for rodents in Leptospira outbreak areas. In addition, intensive sampling and regular cleaning effort were found to significantly reduce the small mammal Leptospira reservoir, thus should be implemented in intervention strategies in the urban environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Mohd-Taib
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S N Ishak
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M A Yusof
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Science Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - N N Azhari
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A Md-Lasim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S Md Nor
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S A Mohd-Sah
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Science Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - V K Neela
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Jolly JJ, Dzulkiply SK, Yusof MA, Kamaruding NA, Ismail N. Broad-spectrum Antimicrobial Activity of Purified Hemocyanin Subunit IIIA Isolated from Asian Horseshoe Crab, Tachypleus gigas. Pak J Biol Sci 2019; 22:427-434. [PMID: 31930873 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2019.427.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Hemocyanin Subunit IIIA is believed to possess antimicrobial properties, but its efficacy against microbial pathogens is still unclarified. Thus, this study aimed to determine antimicrobial activities of hemocyanin subunit IIIA and to identify the best activator of this protein. MATERIALS AND METHODS The hemocyanin was partially purified using spin column affinity, its fraction was applied to Hi-Prep Sephacryl Exclusion 26/60 2-200 HR column, followed by Hi-Prep 26/10 Desalting Column on fast protein liquid chromatography. The purity of hemocyanin was validated by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight/Mass Spectrometry. The antimicrobial activity was performed by Disc Diffusion Test. RESULTS Purified hemocyanin subunit IIIA was identified to have a molecular weight of 72.9 kDa. SDS was found to be the best activator of hemocyanin, as indicated by elevated level of phenoloxidase. As for antimicrobial activity, hemocyanin was minimally inhibited by all bacteria strains tested (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae), with relatively lower Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) at 0.005 g mL-1, than recorded MIC for fungal test strains. Two fungal strains (Penicillium sp. and A. niger) show susceptible response to phenoloxidase using MgSO4 as inducer. Whereas, lysate-treated CaCl2 induced susceptibility only to A. niger. CONCLUSION Hemocyanin shows better antimicrobial activity than phenoloxidase because of its broad-spectrum activity against bacterial and fungal strains tested. Hence, the hemocyanin may potentially become a new antimicrobial candidate to be discovered for a future use in treatment of resistant bacteria.
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Sam IC, Noraini W, Sandhu SS, Norizah I, Selvanesan S, Thayan R, Yusof MA, Hassan A, Jafar FL, Chan YF. Seasonal influenza activity based on laboratory surveillance in Malaysia, 2011-2016. J Med Virol 2018; 91:498-502. [PMID: 30199092 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Influenza seasonality in equatorial countries is little understood. Seasonal and alert influenza thresholds were determined for Malaysia, using laboratory-based data obtained from the Malaysia Influenza Surveillance System and a major teaching hospital, from 2011 to 2016. Influenza was present year-round, with no clear annual seasons. Variable periods of higher transmission occurred inconsistently, in November to December, January to March, July to September, or a combination of these. These coincide with seasons in the nearby southeast Asian countries or winter seasons of the northern and southern hemispheres. Changes in the predominant circulating influenza type were only sometimes associated with increased transmission. The data can provide public health interventions such as vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Noraini
- Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | | | - Ismail Norizah
- Virology Section, National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Sengol Selvanesan
- Virology Section, National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Ravindran Thayan
- Virology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Apandi Yusof
- Virology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ardalinah Hassan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Faizatul Lela Jafar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Thayan R, Yusof MA, Saat Z, Sekaran SD, Wang SM. Molecular Epidemiology of Chikungunya Virus by Sequencing. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1426:11-19. [PMID: 27233257 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3618-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular surveillance of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is important as it provides data on the circulating CHIKV genotypes in endemic countries and enabling activation of measures to be taken in the event of a pending outbreak. Molecular surveillance is carried out by first detecting CHIKV in susceptible humans or among field-caught mosquitoes. This is followed by sequencing a selected region of the virus which will provide evidence on the source of the virus and possible association of the virus to increased cases of Chikungunya infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindran Thayan
- Virology Unit, Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, 50588, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Apandi Yusof
- Virology Unit, Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, 50588, Malaysia
| | - Zainah Saat
- Virology Unit, Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, 50588, Malaysia
| | - Shamala Devi Sekaran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Jalan Universiti, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Seok Mui Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, Jalan Hospital, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sungai Buloh Campus, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Saha S, Chadha M, Al Mamun A, Rahman M, Sturm-Ramirez K, Chittaganpitch M, Pattamadilok S, Olsen SJ, Sampurno OD, Setiawaty V, Pangesti KNA, Samaan G, Archkhawongs S, Vongphrachanh P, Phonekeo D, Corwin A, Touch S, Buchy P, Chea N, Kitsutani P, Mai LQ, Thiem VD, Lin R, Low C, Kheong CC, Ismail N, Yusof MA, Tandoc A, Roque V, Mishra A, Moen AC, Widdowson MA, Partridge J, Lal RB. Influenza seasonality and vaccination timing in tropical and subtropical areas of southern and south-eastern Asia. Bull World Health Organ 2014; 92:318-30. [PMID: 24839321 PMCID: PMC4007122 DOI: 10.2471/blt.13.124412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize influenza seasonality and identify the best time of the year for vaccination against influenza in tropical and subtropical countries of southern and south-eastern Asia that lie north of the equator. METHODS Weekly influenza surveillance data for 2006 to 2011 were obtained from Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam. Weekly rates of influenza activity were based on the percentage of all nasopharyngeal samples collected during the year that tested positive for influenza virus or viral nucleic acid on any given week. Monthly positivity rates were then calculated to define annual peaks of influenza activity in each country and across countries. FINDINGS Influenza activity peaked between June/July and October in seven countries, three of which showed a second peak in December to February. Countries closer to the equator had year-round circulation without discrete peaks. Viral types and subtypes varied from year to year but not across countries in a given year. The cumulative proportion of specimens that tested positive from June to November was > 60% in Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, the Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam. Thus, these tropical and subtropical countries exhibited earlier influenza activity peaks than temperate climate countries north of the equator. CONCLUSION Most southern and south-eastern Asian countries lying north of the equator should consider vaccinating against influenza from April to June; countries near the equator without a distinct peak in influenza activity can base vaccination timing on local factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Saha
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Programme, c/o US Embassy, Shanti Path, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudur Rahman
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Sirima Pattamadilok
- National Institute of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Sonja J Olsen
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Programme, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Gina Samaan
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | - Andrew Corwin
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Programme, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Sok Touch
- Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Nora Chea
- World Health Organization, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Paul Kitsutani
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Programme, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Le Quynh Mai
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Vu Dinh Thiem
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | | | | | | | - Norizah Ismail
- National Public Health Laboratory, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Amado Tandoc
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Alabang, Philippines
| | - Vito Roque
- Department of Health, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Ann C Moen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States of America
| | | | - Jeffrey Partridge
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Programme, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Renu B Lal
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Dwyer D, Barr I, Hurt A, Kelso A, Reading P, Sullivan S, Buchy P, Yu H, Zheng J, Shu Y, Wang D, Lam, Aguon A, Oliva RQ, Odagiri T, Tashiro M, Verasahib K, Yusof MA, Nymadawa P, Alexander B, Gourinat AC, Grangeon JP, Jennings L, Huang S, Horwood P, Lucero M, Roque V, Lee Suy L, Cardon P, Tandoc A, Olveda RM, Kang C, Young-Joon P, Cutter J, Lin R, Low C, Mai LTQ, Balish A, Kile J, Mei S, Mcfarland J, Moen A, Olsen S, Samaan G, Xiyan X, Chea N, Diorditsa S, Feldon K, Fox K, Jamsran M, Konings F, Lewis HC, McPherson M, Nilles E, Olowokure B, Partridge J. Seasonal influenza vaccine policies, recommendations and use in the World Health Organization's Western Pacific Region. Western Pac Surveill Response J 2013; 4:51-9. [PMID: 24319615 PMCID: PMC3851365 DOI: 10.5365/wpsar.2013.4.1.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent seasonal influenza and its severe outcomes. The objective of our study was to synthesize information on seasonal influenza vaccination policies, recommendations and practices in place in 2011 for all countries and areas in the Western Pacific Region of the World Health Organization (WHO). METHODS Data were collected via a questionnaire on seasonal influenza vaccination policies, recommendations and practices in place in 2011. RESULTS Thirty-six of the 37 countries and areas (97%) responded to the survey. Eighteen (50%) reported having established seasonal influenza vaccination policies, an additional seven (19%) reported having recommendations for risk groups for seasonal influenza vaccination only and 11 (30%) reported having no policies or recommendations in place. Of the 25 countries and areas with policies or recommendations, health-care workers and the elderly were most frequently recommended for vaccination; 24 (96%) countries and areas recommended vaccinating these groups, followed by pregnant women (19 [76%]), people with chronic illness (18 [72%]) and children (15 [60%]). Twenty-six (72%) countries and areas reported having seasonal influenza vaccines available through public funding, private market purchase or both. Most of these countries and areas purchased only enough vaccine to cover 25% or less of their populations. DISCUSSION In light of the new WHO position paper on influenza vaccines published in 2012 and the increasing availability of country-specific data, countries and areas should consider reviewing or developing their seasonal influenza vaccination policies to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with annual epidemics and as part of ongoing efforts for pandemic preparedness.
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Yusof MA, Rashid TRTA, Thayan R, Othman KA, Hasan NA, Adnan N, Saat Z. Human adenovirus type 7 outbreak in Police Training Center, Malaysia, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 18:852-4. [PMID: 22515984 PMCID: PMC3358062 DOI: 10.3201/eid1805.110865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In March 2011, an outbreak of acute respiratory disease was reported at the Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) Police Training Centre. Approximately 100 trainees were hospitalized and 5 were admitted to the intensive care unit. Three of these 5 trainees died. Human adenovirus type 7 was identified as the etiologic agent.
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Leang SK, Deng YM, Shaw R, Caldwell N, Iannello P, Komadina N, Buchy P, Chittaganpitch M, Dwyer DE, Fagan P, Gourinat AC, Hammill F, Horwood PF, Huang QS, Ip PK, Jennings L, Kesson A, Kok T, Kool JL, Levy A, Lin C, Lindsay K, Osman O, Papadakis G, Rahnamal F, Rawlinson W, Redden C, Ridgway J, Sam IC, Svobodova S, Tandoc A, Wickramasinghe G, Williamson J, Wilson N, Yusof MA, Kelso A, Barr IG, Hurt AC. Influenza antiviral resistance in the Asia-Pacific region during 2011. Antiviral Res 2012; 97:206-10. [PMID: 23274624 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite greater than 99% of influenza A viruses circulating in the Asia-Pacific region being resistant to the adamantane antiviral drugs in 2011, the large majority of influenza A (>97%) and B strains (∼99%) remained susceptible to the neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir. However, compared to the first year of the 2009 pandemic, cases of oseltamivir-resistant A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses with the H275Y neuraminidase mutation increased in 2011, primarily due to an outbreak of oseltamivir-resistant viruses that occurred in Newcastle, as reported in Hurt et al. (2011c, 2012a), where the majority of the resistant viruses were from community patients not being treated with oseltamivir. A small number of influenza B viruses with reduced oseltamivir or zanamivir susceptibility were also detected. The increased detection of neuraminidase inhibitor resistant strains circulating in the community and the detection of novel variants with reduced susceptibility are reminders that monitoring of influenza viruses is important to ensure that antiviral treatment guidelines remain appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook-Kwan Leang
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Suppiah J, Yusof MA, Othman KA, Saraswathy TS, Thayan R, Kasim FM, Murad S, Saat Z. Monitoring of the h275y mutation in pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 strains isolated in Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2011; 42:100-104. [PMID: 21323171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Abstract. The 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) infection in Malaysia was first reported in May 2009 and oseltamivir was advocated for confirmed cases in postexposure prophylaxis. However, there are cases of oseltamivir-resistance reported among H1N1-positive patients in other countries. Resistance is due to substitution of histidine by tyrosine at residue 275 (H275Y) of neuraminidase (NA). In this study, we have employed Sanger sequencing method to investigate the occurrence of mutations in NA segments of 67 pandemic 2009 A(H1N1) viral isolates from Malaysian patients that could lead to probable oseltamivir resistance. The sequencing analysis did not yield mutation at residue 275 for all 67 isolates indicating that our viral isolates belong to the wild type and do not confer resistance to oseltamivir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyanthi Suppiah
- Virology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Saat Z, Abdul Rashid TRT, Yusof MA, Kassim FM, Thayan R, Kuen LS, Othman KA, Saraswathy TS. Seasonal influenza virus strains circulating in Malaysia from 2005 to 2009. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2010; 41:1368-1373. [PMID: 21329312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
From 2005 to 2009, the Institute for Medical Research (IMR), Kuala Lumpur received a total of 7,117 respiratory specimens from patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) for influenza screening. Seasonal influenza virus was isolated from 17.3% of patients with ILI in 2005, 31.6% in 2006, 12.8% in 2007, 10.2% in 2008 and 13.5% in 2009. There were one or more influenza A and B virus strains circulating in Malaysia throughout the year, with distinctly a peak in May to August. The predominant circulating strains of seasonal influenza A were A/California/7/2004-like (H3N2) in 2005, A/New Caledonia/20/99-like (H1N1) in 2006, A/ Brisbane/10/2007-like (H3N2) in 2007 and 2008, and A/Perth/16/2009-like (H3N2) virus in 2009. The predominant circulating strains of influenza B were B/Hong Kong/330/2001-like in 2005, B/Malaysia/2506/2004-like in 2006, B/Florida/4/2006-like in 2007 and 2008, and B/Brisbane/60/2008-like in 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainah Saat
- Virology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Perera D, Yusof MA, Podin Y, Ooi MH, Thao NTT, Wong KK, Zaki A, Chua KB, Malik YA, Tu PV, Tien NTK, Puthavathana P, McMinn PC, Cardosa MJ. Molecular phylogeny of modern coxsackievirus A16. Arch Virol 2007; 152:1201-8. [PMID: 17308978 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0934-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A phylogenetic analysis of VP1 and VP4 nucleotide sequences of 52 recent CVA16 strains demonstrated two distinct CVA16 genogroups, A and B, with the prototype strain being the only member of genogroup A. CVA16 G-10, the prototype strain, showed a nucleotide difference of 27.7-30.2% and 19.9-25.2% in VP1 and VP4, respectively, in relation to other CVA16 strains, which formed two separate lineages in genogroup B with nucleotide variation of less than 13.4% and less than 16.3% in VP1 and VP4, respectively. Lineage 1 strains circulating before 2000 were later displaced by lineage 2 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Perera
- Institute of Health and Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
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Podin Y, Gias ELM, Ong F, Leong YW, Yee SF, Yusof MA, Perera D, Teo B, Wee TY, Yao SC, Yao SK, Kiyu A, Arif MT, Cardosa MJ. Sentinel surveillance for human enterovirus 71 in Sarawak, Malaysia: lessons from the first 7 years. BMC Public Health 2006; 6:180. [PMID: 16827926 PMCID: PMC1543637 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-6-180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A major outbreak of human enterovirus 71-associated hand, foot and mouth disease in Sarawak in 1997 marked the beginning of a series of outbreaks in the Asia Pacific region. Some of these outbreaks had unusually high numbers of fatalities and this generated much fear and anxiety in the region. Methods We established a sentinel surveillance programme for hand, foot and mouth disease in Sarawak, Malaysia, in March 1998, and the observations of the first 7 years are described here. Virus isolation, serotyping and genotyping were performed on throat, rectal, vesicle and other swabs. Results During this period Sarawak had two outbreaks of human enterovirus 71, in 2000 and 2003. The predominant strains circulating in the outbreaks of 1997, 2000 and 2003 were all from genogroup B, but the strains isolated during each outbreak were genetically distinct from each other. Human enterovirus 71 outbreaks occurred in a cyclical pattern every three years and Coxsackievirus A16 co-circulated with human enterovirus 71. Although vesicles were most likely to yield an isolate, this sample was not generally available from most cases and obtaining throat swabs was thus found to be the most efficient way to obtain virological information. Conclusion Knowledge of the epidemiology of human enterovirus 71 transmission will allow public health personnel to predict when outbreaks might occur and to plan interventions in an effective manner in order to reduce the burden of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwana Podin
- Institute of Health & Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Jalan Datuk Musa, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Edna LM Gias
- Institute of Health & Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Jalan Datuk Musa, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Flora Ong
- Sarawak Health Department, Jalan Tun Abang Haji Openg, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Yee-Wei Leong
- Institute of Health & Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Jalan Datuk Musa, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Siew-Fung Yee
- Institute of Health & Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Jalan Datuk Musa, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Apandi Yusof
- Institute of Health & Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Jalan Datuk Musa, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - David Perera
- Institute of Health & Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Jalan Datuk Musa, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Bibiana Teo
- B Teo's Specialist Clinic, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Thian-Yew Wee
- TY Wee Specialist Clinic for Children, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Sik-Chi Yao
- Sarawak Health Department, Jalan Tun Abang Haji Openg, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Sik-King Yao
- Sarawak Health Department, Jalan Tun Abang Haji Openg, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Andrew Kiyu
- Sarawak Health Department, Jalan Tun Abang Haji Openg, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Taha Arif
- Sarawak Health Department, Jalan Tun Abang Haji Openg, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Jalan Datuk Musa, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Mary Jane Cardosa
- Institute of Health & Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Jalan Datuk Musa, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
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Shimizu H, Utama A, Yoshii K, Yoshida H, Yoneyama T, Sinniah M, Yusof MA, Okuno Y, Okabe N, Shih SR, Chen HY, Wang GR, Kao CL, Chang KS, Miyamura T, Hagiwara A. Enterovirus 71 from fatal and nonfatal cases of hand, foot and mouth disease epidemics in Malaysia, Japan and Taiwan in 1997-1998. Jpn J Infect Dis 1999; 52:12-5. [PMID: 10808253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71), one of the major causative agents for hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), is sometimes associated with severe central nervous system diseases. In 1997, in Malaysia and Japan, and in 1998 in Taiwan, there were HFMD epidemics involving sudden deaths among young children, and EV71 was isolated from the HFMD patients, including the fatal cases. The nucleotide sequences of each EV71 isolate were determined and compared by phylogenetical analysis. EV71 strains from previously reported epidemics belonged to genotype A-1, while those from recent epidemics could be divided into two genotypes, A-2 and B. In Malaysia, genotype A-2 was more prevalent, while in Japan and Taiwan, B genotype was more prevalent. Two isolates from fatal cases in Malaysia and one isolate from a fatal case in Japan were genotype A-2. However, all isolates from three fatal cases in Taiwan belonged to genotype B. The severity of the HFMD did not link directly to certain genotypes of EV71.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shimizu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
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